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Van Breukelen offers a promising method for modeling both response speed and response accuracy. However, the underlying conception of both dependent measures is somewhat flawed, leading the author to conclude that the approach possesses limitations that, under revised assumptions, may not hold. The central misconception, and a set of related misconceptions, is addressed, and it is suggested that this approach holds a good deal of promise for application in the perceptual and cognitive sciences.

The Indian subcontinent is highly susceptible to natural disasters. To abate the effect of the disasters, the government emanates institutional mechanisms and strategies for disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. Although there is well-established institutional framework in India for disaster management, there is no study that proposes a disaster supply chain structure under the institutional framework and integrates information and digital technologies (IDT) of industry 4.0 within it. The present study overcomes this research gap. It introduces an IDT structure within the institutional framework of India for multi-agency information sharing, coordination and decision making. It formulates a mathematical model and analyses the impact of IDT on the total response time through three scenarios. The results of scenario analysis reveal the significance of IDT on the disaster supply chains and its capability to handle information delays and IDT failure. The present study can be adopted by disaster management institutions to construct and implement better response practices at the operational, planning and strategic levels. Furthermore, the proposed model in the study can be used for vaccination planning, which includes vaccine distribution, monitoring, regulation and effective implmentation as a response against the current pandemic situation caused due to SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors utilizing mesoporous materials have garnered significant interest; however, they are primarily designed for detecting a single analyte. In this study, we successfully synthesized a three-dimensional (3D) hollow mesoporous α-Fe 2 O 3 using a nanocasting process for the purpose of sensing LPG and humidity. The α-Fe 2 O 3 obtained in this study maintained the cubic framework structure of MCM-48, demonstrating a mesoporous and hollow architecture. The Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) sensing characteristics of mesoporous α-Fe 2 O 3 were examined at different operating temperatures (170–210 °C). The gas sensing response was optimized 99.3 % at 190 °C and the response/recovery time comes out to be 11.79 s & 0.84 s respectively. The humidity sensor's traits were evaluated at room temperature, with relative humidity (RH%) ranging from 11 % to 98 %, using mesoporous α- Fe 2 O 3. The response/recovery time of mesoporous α-Fe 2 O 3 as a humidity sensor comes out to be 6.3 s & 7.2 s respectively. The highly sensitive nature of the sensor along with negligible hysteresis, excellent repeatability and considerable stability for 30 days makes it a promisable candidate for real-time subtle respiration monitoring. Meanwhile, mesoporous α-Fe 2 O 3 humidity sensor is also utilized for evaluation of sleep hypopnea-apnea syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology incorporating various hardware devices and software applications to exchange, analyze, and process a huge amount of data. IoT uses cloud and fog infrastructures, comprising different hardware and software components like computing machines, networking components, storage, and virtualization elements. They can receive, process, store, and exchange data in real time. A cloud is a centralized system containing large data centres that are far from client devices. However, as IoT generates massive amounts of data, issues like latency, response time, execution of tasks within their deadline, and bandwidth arise when data is sent to the cloud for processing. Compared to the cloud, fog computing is vital as a distributed system consisting of millions of devices located at the minimum distance from the client devices. In addition, fog infrastructure reduces bandwidth and latency because it is closer to the end-user. However, maximizing utilization of resources, minimizing response time, and ensuring the completion of deadline-constrained tasks within their deadline are important research problems in fog computing. This research proposes a task scheduling technique called Resource Aware Prioritized Task Scheduling (RAPTS) in a heterogeneous fog computing environment. The aim is to execute deadline-constrained tasks within their deadlines, minimize response time and cost, as well as makespan, and maximize resource utilization of the fog layer. The RAPTS is implemented using iFogSim and its performance is evaluated regarding response time, resource utilization, task deadlines, cost, and makespan. The results have been compared with state-of-the-art fog schedulers like RACE (CFP) and RACE (FOP). The results reveal that the RAPTS have shown up to 29%, 53%, 15%, 11%, and 43% improvement in terms of resource utilization, response time, makespan, cost, and meeting task deadlines, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allocating emergency resources effectively is an essential aspect of disaster preparation and response. The Emergency Siting Problem (ESP) involves identifying the best places to locate emergency services in order that it can serve the most people in the least amount of time. Maintaining time limitations is of greatest significance in situations where each second matters, such as during disasters or public health emergencies. In this study, we concentrate on the difficulty of solving the ESP under extreme time limits. In this research, Genetic-adaptive reptile search optimization (GRSO) is proposed to provide a different way to solve the ESP problem within the constraints of limited time. The proposed GRSO method takes into account travel times, prospective facility places, and the geographic location of demand sites while keeping to the established time restrictions. In this study, the proposed method demonstrating superior performance accuracy in locating transportation facilities under extreme time limits for Emergency Service Planning (ESP), outperforming established optimization strategies and heuristics commonly applied to ESP problems. A fitness function is created to assess the standard of responses based on elements including response speed, coverage, and meeting deadlines. The GRSO algorithm has been modified and altered to handle the distinctive features of the ESP, such as precise facility placements and time constraints. Simulated and real-world datasets describing emergency circumstances are used in computational research to confirm the efficiency of the proposed method. The results are evaluated with established optimization strategies and heuristics generally applied to ESP problems. Results show that the GRSOapproach provides solutions that are more in pace with time limit constraints without sacrificing sufficient degrees of coverage or response time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores humidity sensing of 3-D mesoporous SnO2, presenting a novel approach for addressing the growing demand for advanced nanomaterials in environmental monitoring and remediation. We examined the variations in electrical resistance of mesoporous SnO2 in response to different humidity levels. Mesoporous SnO2 was made using MCM-48 as a hard template by nanocasting method and analysed using suitable techniques. The finding indicates the successful replication of the cubic mesoporous structure of MCM-48 using SnO2. The SnO2 replica maintains the unique three-dimensional cubic arrangement and the high specific surface area characteristic of MCM-48, with a measured surface area of 823.45 m²/g. Mesoporous SnO2 humidity sensors exhibit remarkable sensitivity (1180.229 Ω/RH%) attributed to the altered resistance under variety of humidity conditions, which improves the accuracy of moisture measurement. Notably, the sensor shows a linear declination of resistance towards mid-range of relative humidity, indicating high sensitivity. The sensor exhibits a significant resistance shift of 4.5 orders, with a rapid response time of 8.2s and a recovery time of 9.5s. This study emphasizes the versatility of mesoporous SnO2 and highlights its potential to address current challenges in humidity sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding brain-behavior relationships is the core goal of cognitive neuroscience. However, these relationships—especially those related to complex cognitive and psychopathological behaviors—have recently been shown to suffer from very small effect sizes (0.1 or less), requiring potentially thousands of participants to yield robust findings. Here, we focus on a much more optimistic case utilizing task-based fMRI and a multi-echo acquisition with trial-level brain-behavior associations measured within participant. In a visual object identification task for which the behavioral measure is response time (RT), we show that while trial-level associations between BOLD and RT can similarly suffer from weak effect sizes, converting these associations to their corresponding group-level effects can yield robust peak effect sizes (Cohen's d = 1.0 or larger). Multi-echo denoising (Multi-Echo ICA or ME-ICA) yields larger effects than optimally combined multi-echo with no denoising, which is in turn an improvement over standard single-echo acquisition. While estimating these brain-behavior relationships benefits from the inclusion of a large number of trials per participant, even a modest number of trials (20–30 or more) yields robust group-level effect sizes, with replicable effects obtainable with relatively standard sample sizes (N = 20–30 participants per sample). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aims to develop an R function to develop and visualize thresholds that describe the response time of individuals concerning their sample. The function utilizes the cumulative proportion correct (CUMP) approach, to estimate item-specific time threshold, which originated in the work of Guo and his colleagues. Besides the CUMP approach, the present function presents response time profiles on a measure using the mean of the sample and + 1SD times so that it can discern between thoughtful engagement and processing with an item (termed problem-solving behavior) and rapid responding, guessing, and disengagement with the test. The advantage of the CUMP model utilized here is that it simultaneously engages both response time and response correctness to establish thresholds that differentiate engaged from disengaged participants. Methods: Given data on a measure of reading comprehension for students in Saudi Arabia (n = 494) using the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS 2021) international assessment, high and low-achieving individuals that engaged in different behavior patterns were identified and plotted against their sample. Results and conclusion: Results pointed to the importance and necessity of the RTcutoff function to identify variable forms of engagement that have implications for person-score validity but also have implications for test validity and the need to increase measurement precisio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromic technology plays a pivotal role in various industries, offering significant benefits in energy efficiency and sustainability. By efficiently modulating sunlight, it reduces dependence on traditional climate control systems, thus decreasing overall energy consumption. Among electrochromic materials, tungsten oxide (WO 3) is highly favored for its outstanding stability and superior optical modulation amplitude. However, the escalating demands of commercial applications necessitate enhancements in electrochromic performance, achievable through doping or composite designs. This study investigates the electrochromic characteristics of novel niobium tungsten oxide (Nb 18 W 16 O 93) thin films, employing a gel electrolyte and examining their structural, optical, and electrochemical attributes. Compared to pure WO 3 , the Nb 18 W 16 O 93 -based electrochromic device exhibited a significant optical modulation of 55.1% in the visible spectrum and 31.3% in the near-infrared region. The gel-based device not only provides safety benefits over liquid electrolytes by mitigating leakage risks but also features rapid switching response times, with a coloration duration of 3.9 s and a bleaching interval of 3.6 s. Moreover, the device showcases exceptional long-term stability, retaining a ΔT of nearly 72% after 10,000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Response Time Concealed Information Test can reveal that a person recognizes a relevant item (probe, e.g., a murder weapon) among other, irrelevant items (controls), based on slower responses to the probe compared to the controls. A previous study (Lukács, 2022, JARMAC) analyzed the data of 14 experiments and demonstrated that classification accuracy is increased by increased test length (i.e., increased number of trials included in the analysis). However, that study left the important question open whether prior practice (whose trials are not included in the analysis) influences the classification accuracy of subsequent testing (i.e., subsequent trials included in the analysis). Reanalyzing the same data from the 14 experiments (comprising 2223 individual tests), we show that different sections of the test (each with the same number of trials), such as the first and second half of each examined test, do not differ substantially in their classification accuracy. The main implications for real‐life application are that, at least up to about 600 trials, prior practice does not affect subsequent tests' results, and the number of examined relevant items or their order of presentation may be freely chosen without compromising the method's validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Introduction Methods Results or findings Discussion Conclusion and implications for nursing and/or health policy This study aims to examine the influence of single and double‐shift work schedules on hand function and cognitive capacities, specifically working memory, attention, and response time in nurses.Shift work, particularly in extended formats, is known to affect various physical and cognitive functions critical to nursing duties. Understanding these impacts is vital for managing nurse schedules to minimize health risks and maximize performance.With an increase in demands on healthcare systems, nurses often endure prolonged working hours, which may impair their cognitive and manual abilities, thereby affecting patient care quality.This study involved 45 nurses aged 20–40 years from shift‐oriented units providing direct patient care. Hand function was assessed using the Nine‐Hole Peg Test (9‐HPT). Cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, and response time were evaluated using the digit span task and the Stroop test, respectively. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis, assessing the interactions of time and shift type, with a significance level set at p < 0.05.The results revealed significant changes in all tested variables between pre‐ and post‐shift assessments and between single and double‐shift conditions. Notably, the double‐shift work significantly exacerbated declines in all measured functions.These findings suggest that double shifts may intensify the deterioration of essential nursing skills, potentially compromising patient care.This study underscores the detrimental effects of extended shift work on nurses' cognitive and manual functions. These insights should guide healthcare institutions in revising nurse scheduling practices to safeguard their well‐being and maintain high standards of patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptual decision-making involves multiple cognitive processes, including accumulation of sensory evidence, planning, and executing a motor action. How these processes are intertwined is unclear; some models assume that decision-related processes precede motor execution, whereas others propose that movements reflecting ongoing decision processes occur before commitment to a choice. Here we combine two complementary methods to study the relationship between decision processes and the movements leading up to a choice. The first is a free-response pulse-based evidence accumulation task, in which stimuli continue until choice is reported, and the second is a motion-based drift diffusion model (mDDM), in which movement variables from video pose estimation constrain decision parameters on a trial-by-trial basis. We find that the mDDM provides a better fit to rats' decisions in the free-response accumulation task than traditional drift diffusion models. Interestingly, on each trial we observed a period, before choice, that was characterized by head immobility. The length of this period was positively correlated with the rats' decision bounds, and stimuli presented during this period had the greatest impact on choice. Together these results support a model in which internal decision dynamics are reflected in movements and demonstrate that inclusion of movement parameters improves the performance of diffusion-to-bound decision models. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: In this study we combine a novel pulse-based evidence accumulation task with a newly developed motion-based drift diffusion model (mDDM). In this model, we incorporate movement parameters derived from high-resolution video data to estimate parameters of the model on a trial-by-trial basis. We find that this new model is an improved description of animal choice behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An ERP study of hazard perception in drivers with and without traffic violations was conducted. • Violation-involved drivers had longer reaction times than did violation-free drivers. • The N1 latency can differ from that of drivers with and without previous violations. • The N2 amplitude was greater in the no-hazard situation than in the other hazard situations. Hazard perception, which is closely related to crash risk, is the ability to anticipate potential dangers on the road. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drivers' previous traffic violation history on their neural processing of hazard perception under different hazard types. A mixed experimental design was employed, involving two groups of drivers (driver group: violation-involved, violation-free) and three types of images (no-hazard image, covert hazard image, overt hazard image). Twenty covert hazard images, 20 overt hazard images and 40 no-hazard images were randomly presented to 19 drivers with previous violation histories and 28 drivers without violations. The participants were asked to detect whether there was a hazardous situation in the images and press the keyboard quickly after detecting one. Response time, response accuracy and changes in the N1 (100–140 ms), N2 (250–300 ms) and P300 (300–400 ms) components of event-related potentials (ERP) were obtained and analysed. The response time to the covert hazard images was significantly greater than that to the no-hazard and overt hazard images, and the lower accuracy also revealed that the covert hazard images were harder to detect than the no-hazard and overt hazard images. Under both overt and covert hazard images, the response time of violation-involved drivers was longer, and their accuracy was worse than that of violation-free drivers. The N1 latency of violation-involved drivers was significantly longer than that of violation-free drivers. The amplitude of N2 was significantly larger in the no-hazard image than in the covert and overt hazard images. The P300 amplitude was significantly greater in the overt hazard images than in the covert and no-hazard images. Violation-involved drivers have poorer hazard perception abilities than violation-free drivers regardless of hazard type. N1 latency can differ from that of drivers with and without previous violations. These findings provide support for the development of hazard perception training systems for drivers who are prone to traffic violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cloud load balancer should be proficient to modify it's approach to handle the various task kinds and the dynamic environment. In order to prevent situations where computing resources are excess or underutilized, an efficient task scheduling system is always necessary for optimum or efficient utilization of resources in cloud computing. Task Scheduling can be thought of as an optimization problem. As task scheduling in the cloud is an NP-Complete problem, the best solution cannot be found using gradient-based methods that look for optimal solutions to NP-Complete problems in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, the task scheduling problem should be solved using evolutionary and meta-heuristic techniques. This study proposes a novel approach to task scheduling using the Cuckoo Optimization algorithm. With this approach, the load is effectively distributed among the virtual machines that are available, all the while keeping the total response time and average task processing time(PT) low. The comparative simulation results show that the proposed strategy performs better than state-of-the-art techniques such as Particle Swarm optimization, Ant Colony optimization, Genetic Algorithm and Stochastic Hill Climbing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Reducing the delay between the detection of a fire and the arrival of the initial attack (IA) crew can have a significant impact on the likelihood of the IA's success. Aims. The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing same-day getaway time, next-day getaway time and travel time of helitack IA crews in the province of Quebec, Canada. Methods. Using generalised linear modelling and model selection, we analysed the impact of multiple factors on these three distinct times. Key results. Our results show that factors such as the distance between the departure base and the fire, the number of flight legs to reach a fire, dispatch hour, departure base location, the fire's rate of spread, Julian date, the number of active fires, fuel type and the fire's size at detection all influenced getaway time and travel time with varying degrees of influence. Conclusions. The factors with the highest influence were distance for travel time and dispatch hour for both same-day and next-day getaway times. Implications. Addressing these high-impact factors through the modification of deployment policies and the positioning of helitack crews could help reduce response times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propagation of meteorological drought (MD) to agricultural drought (AD) is influenced by various factors, particularly the climate type. This research examined the characteristics of drought propagation, encompassing propagation rates, lag time, and response time, from MD to AD within the context of Iran's diverse climate conditions. This was accomplished using three crucial meteorological and agricultural drought indices, namely the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Standardized Soil Moisture Index. The research data included in-situ and ERA5 datasets from 30 basins (catchments) across Iran in the 1979–2021 period. Based on reports from the Global Drought Observatory, the three most prominent MD events were identified in 1999–2002, 2008–2009, and 2017–2019. The correlation coefficients between MD and AD indices across various timescales, in climates ranging from hyper-arid to humid, exhibited a decline from 0.75 to 0.44. The response time, varying between 2.42 to 6.63 months, was determined by the strong correlation between SPI (or SPEI) and SSI1 (or SSI2) within the studied basins. Furthermore, the lag time, which was affected by the onset of MD and AD events, fluctuated between 2 to 6 months in hyper-arid and arid basins, revealing a 1–3 month variation compared to humid basins. The findings on propagation rates highlighted heightened sensitivity or response from meteorological to agricultural drought in humid climates, as opposed to hyper-arid climates. In light of these outcomes, comprehending the transition from MD to AD holds substantial significance for predicting, issuing early warnings, and fortifying preparedness in managing drought risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of cognitive processes that form the basis of decision-making in paradigms involving continuous outcomes has gained the interest of modeling researchers who aim to develop a dynamic decision theory that accounts for both speed and accuracy. One of the most important of these continuous models is the circular diffusion model (CDM, Smith. Psychological Review, 123(4), 425. 2016), which posits a noisy accumulation process mathematically described as a stochastic two-dimensional Wiener process inside a disk. Despite the considerable benefits of this model, its mathematical intricacy has limited its utilization among scholars. Here, we propose a straightforward and user-friendly method for estimating the CDM parameters and fitting the model to continuous-scale data using simple formulas that can be readily computed and do not require theoretical knowledge of model fitting or extensive programming. Notwithstanding its simplicity, we demonstrate that the aforementioned method performs with a level of accuracy that is comparable to that of the maximum likelihood estimation method. Furthermore, a robust version of the method is presented, which maintains its simplicity while exhibiting a high degree of resistance to contaminant responses. Additionally, we show that the approach is capable of reliably measuring the key parameters of the CDM, even when these values are subject to across-trial variability. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of the method on experimental data. Specifically, an illustrative example is presented wherein the method is employed along with estimating the probability of guessing. It is hoped that the straightforward methodology presented here will, on the one hand, help narrow the divide between theoretical constructs and empirical observations on continuous response tasks and, on the other hand, inspire cognitive psychology researchers to shift their laboratory investigations towards continuous response paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions A 45‐min interval from injury to intubation has been proposed as a performance indicator for severe trauma patient management. In the Sydney pre‐hospital system a previous change in case identification systems was associated with activation delay. We aimed to determine if this also decreased the proportion of patients intubated within this benchmark.Retrospective cohort study of patients intubated by a helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) over two time periods. Period 1 dispatch was via HEMS crew directly screening the computerised dispatch system, and period 2 was via paramedics in a central control room. Times from emergency call to intubation were compared.In the HEMS crew screening period 46/58 (79.31%) intubations met the target, compared with 137/314 (43.6%) in the central control period (P < 0.001). The median (interquartile range) time to intubation in the direct crew screening period was 33 (25–41) min, versus the central control period at 47 (38–60) min (P < 0.001).On multivariate modelling, distance to the scene was related to time to intubation (P < 0.001; Incident Rate Ratio = 1.018, 95% confidence interval 1.015–1.020) as was dispatch system, entrapment/access difficulty and indication for intubation (all P < 0.001).Time from emergency call to intubation was significantly shorter in the HEMS screening period where all non‐trapped cases less than 50 km distant were intubated within the 45‐min benchmark. There was no distance where intubation within 45 min could be assured for non‐trapped patients in the central control period due to dispatch delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study presents picture-naming norms for a large set of 800 high-quality photographs of 200 natural objects and artefacts spanning a range of categories, with four unique images per object. Participants were asked to provide a single, most appropriate name for each image seen. We report recognition latencies for each image, and several normed variables for the provided names: agreement, H-statistic (i.e. level of naming uncertainty), Zipf word frequency and word length. Rather than simply focusing on a single name per image (i.e. the modal or most common name), analysis of recognition latencies showed that it is important to consider the diversity of labels that participants may ascribe to each pictured object. The norms therefore provide a list of candidate labels per image with weighted measures of word length and frequency per image that incorporate all provided names, as well as modal measures based on the most common name only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the excellent quantum conversion and spectral response characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode, it has become the most promising III-V group semiconductor photocathode in solar-blind signal photoconversion devices in the ultraviolet band. Herein, the influence factors of the time-resolved characteristics of the AlGaN photocathode are researched by solving the photoelectron continuity equation and photoelectron flow density equation, such as the AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, AlGaN electron diffusion coefficient, and AlGaN activation layer thickness. The results show that the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases gradually with the increase in AlGaN photoelectron diffusion coefficient and AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate, but the response time of the AlGaN photocathode gradually becomes saturated with the further increase in AlN/AlGaN interface recombination rate. When the thickness of the AlGaN photocathode is reduced from 250 nm to 50 nm, the response time of the AlGaN photocathode decreases from 63.28 ps to 9.91 ps, and the response time of AlGaN photocathode greatly improves. This study provides theoretical guidance for the development of a fast response UV detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas sensors are critical topics, attracting scientists and industries for their ability to work in different environments for safety and environmental monitoring applications. The impact of various concentrations of silicon nitride (Si3N4[Y%]) (Y = 0.2, 2.2, and 4.2%) compact with synthesis graphene oxide (GO[0.8%]) as (GO[0.8%]@Si3N4[Y%]) hybrid nanomaterials loaded into newly ternary blend polyethylene oxide, carboxymethyl cellulose, and nano polyaniline (PEO[60%]-CMC[30%] -PANI[x%]) to fabricated newly nanocomposites for nanochemical NO2 gas sensor. Sol–gel and ultrasonic mixing methods were used to make nanocomposites, which were then dried out on glass slides using thermal evaporation to characterize the sensors. Images from field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the shape and porosity of the surface changed a lot. These changes, along with the attachment of nanomaterials, are key to how well it can sense gases. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed that the sample components had strong physical and network interactions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated a semi-crystalline behavior in all samples. Dialectical constant and loss were reduced, whereas AC electrical conductivity improved with the increase in the content of Si3N4. The gas sensor ran at three temperatures (RT, 100 °C, and 200 °C). All of the nanofilm sensors behaved like p-type semiconductors, and when the oxidized gas NO2 was turned on, the electrical resistance went down. The best sensitivity to NO2 was (6.89%) at RT, with a response time of (16 s) and a recovery time of (19 s) for a loading ratio of 3 wt.% hybrid nanomaterials. The study provides an excellent nanochemical gas sensor for NO2 gas for manufacturing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torque density, torque range and response time are the problems to be solved urgently in the field of magnetorheological (MR) transmission. To improve the torque, the most frequently used techniques are increasing the effective area and magnetic field strength of MR fluids, such as multiple gaps and multiple coils designs. This paper proposed a multi-drum MR brake with side-set dual-coil. First, a structure description of the multi-drum MR brake is presented. The torque and torque density models are established. Then, an approximate optimization is conducted to obtain the optimal values for main dimensional parameters. Finally, a brake prototype is manufactured and the performance is validated. Experimental results indicate that the maximum torque is 6.8 N m, and the torque density is 37.866 kN m−2 when the two magnetic fields are superimposed together. Different torque capability and torque density can be gained by controlling the magnitude and direction of input current of the two coils. The results indicate that the torque capacity, torque density and torque range can be improved by the two coils. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the coil current has little effect on the transient time while the rising time is affected by the rotational speed.

The presented research paper with a scientific bias is devoted to the analysis of the application of the system of code-location positioning of rolling stock on the stretch of the Eastern direction of the West Siberian Railway. The article describes the subject and object of research, includes the sequence of individual stages of research with justification and data processing. The publication is conditionally divided into 2 parts, the first is devoted to the methodology of research, the description of the research process, input data and a structural description of individual elements of the interval control system. The mathematical apparatus includes statistical methods for processing data adjusted for the current conditions of the experiment. The determination of throughput and processing capacity was carried out using a foreign method and the author's methodology for evaluating the efficiency of the distillation. The conclusion of the first section of the article indicates the need to use the presented mathematical apparatus. The second part of this publication contains the results of research with conclusions. The uniqueness of the experiment consists in dividing the research part into several separate stages and conducting them for several months on the current stretch of the main line. The first stage of research is devoted to the accuracy of determining the location of rolling stock using a code-location positioning system. The second stage contains an assessment of changes in throughput and carrying capacity on a separate loaded stretch of the Eastern direction of the West Siberian Railway. The final stage of the experiment contains an assessment of the study of the response rate of the proposed motion control system. The results of the research and the summary of the entire work are located in the final part of the publication, which includes analysis and analysis of the experiment. The final section describes recommendations for improving operating conditions using the data obtained and the author's assessment of the effectiveness of the rolling stock code-location positioning system on a separate stretch of the main line section of the Eastern direction of the West Siberian Railway.

Facing the increasing complexity of aerial combat environments and challenges to the survivability of air platforms from new combat methods, it is necessary to adopt new hard-kill methods to counter advanced air-to-air missiles. In order to improve the success rate and efficiency of launching air-to-air missiles to intercept incoming missiles as a hard kill method, this study proposes intelligent maneuvering strategies for aircraft platforms and missile interception strategies based on reinforcement learning. Firstly, this paper designs the missile threat assessment technology, constructs the simulation environments, and determines the strategy model state and reward function. By setting various attack angles and positions of incoming air-to-air missiles and training maneuvering and intelligent interception strategies under different aircraft platform postures, this paper achieves active interception of incoming targets and effective maneuvering of the aircraft platform. Experiments show that compared to the average escape probability of 5.8% in operations research game strategies, after using maneuver and interception strategies based on reinforcement learning, the average escape probability can increase to 56.8%; Meanwhile, the utilization rate of interceptors has increased by approximately 13.3%, and the response time has remained within 24 ms. The designed strategy can adapt to different numbers of incoming missiles, can significantly improve the survival ability of the carrier platform and the success rate of intercepting incoming missiles. This study can support continuous optimization in a high-dimensional state space of air combat.

Background and Study Aim. Response time is one of the important parameters affecting performance in sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the visual response time of the upper (hand) and lower (foot) extremities after a warm-up activity applied to female football and volleyball players. Material and Methods. Eleven female football players and eleven volleyball players, aged 19.27 ± 1.93 years, with a height of 164.90 ± 8.07 cm, body weight of 57.00 ± 6.01 kg, and 6.40 ± 2.36 years of sports experience, participated in the study as volunteers. Visual response times for the upper and lower extremities were measured before and after the warm-up protocol. The warm-up began with static stretching exercises for 2 minutes. This was followed by aerobic jogging for 2.5 minutes at a heart rate of approximately 140 beats per minute. After that, activities involving dynamic joint mobility were performed for 5 minutes. Finally, a 2.5-minute, three-stage sport-specific warm-up was completed. In total, the warm-up protocol lasted 17 minutes. Results. Volleyball players' upper extremity visual response time did not show significant differences before and after warm-up (Z = -1.561, p = 0.119). Significant differences were found in the upper extremity visual response time of football players before and after warm-up (t = 2.887, p = 0.016). No significant difference was found in the comparison of volleyball and football players' pre-warm-up (t = 1.905, p = 0.071) and post-warm-up (U = 43.000, p = 0.247) two-hand visual response times. A significant difference was found in the comparison of volleyball players' lower extremity visual response times before and after warm-up (Z = -2.674, p = 0.007). No significant difference was found in the comparison of lower extremity visual response times of football players before and after warm-up (t = 2.132, p = 0.059). A significant difference was determined in the comparison of lower extremity visual response times of volleyball and football players before warm-up (t = 3.307, p = 0.004) and after warm-up (U = 20.000, p = 0.008). Conclusions. The findings highlight the importance of sport-specific warm-up protocols in preparing athletes for optimal performance. Implementing appropriate warm-up strategies can therefore be a key factor in maximizing athletic performance and maintaining long-term physical health in female athletes.

The marketing of web services on the internet continues to increase, resulting in an increasing number of web services and, therefore, operations offering equivalent functionalities. As a consequence, finding an appropriate web service (operation) for a particular task has become a difficult challenge, taking a lot of time and leading to an insufficient selection of relevant services. This work aims to propose a new approach facilitating the search and localization of relevant web services (operations) in an acceptable time while ensuring the totality of the response. This approach is divided into three crucial phases. The first step involves collecting web services from various universal description, discovery, and integration (UDDI) registries and different domains and forming specialized sub-registries. The second phase involves the extraction of operations from various services, followed by a similarity study whose goal is the formation of clusters of similar operations. The third phase processes user requests by identifying the desired features. A list of operations is then provided to the client, including the non-functional properties, from which they select the one that best meets their needs and begin to invoke it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive pressure sensors make pressure sensing technology more accessible to a wider range of applications and industries, including consumer electronics, automotive, healthcare etc. However, developing a capacitive pressure sensor with brilliant performance using a lowcost technique remains a difficulty. In this work, the development of a capacitive pressure sensor based on nanoporous AAO fabricated by a two-step anodization approach which offers a promising solution for precise pressure measurement is fabricated by a two-step anodization approach. A parallel plate capacitive sensor was fabricated by placing two AAO deposited sheets are placed face to face, with the non-anodized aluminum component at the base functioning as the top and bottom electrodes. A variation in the capacitance value of the as fabricated sensor was observed over an applied pressure range (100 Pa-100 kPa). This change in capacitance can be attributed to the decrease in the distance between the two plates and the non-homogenous distribution of contact stress and strain due to the presence of nanoporous AAO structure. In this pressure range the sensor showed high sensitivity, short response time and excellent repeatability which indicates a promising future of the fabricated sensor in consumer electronics, intelligent robotics etc.

Distributed real time system has developed into an outstanding computing platform for parallel, high-efficiency applications. A real time system is a kind of planning where tasks must be completed with accurate results within a predetermined amount of time. It is well known that obtaining an optimal assignment of tasks for more than three processors is an NP-hard problem. This article examines the issue of assigning tasks to processors in heterogeneous distributed systems with a view to reduce cost and response time of the system while maximizing system reliability. The proposed method is carried out in two phases, Phase Ⅰ provides a hybrid HPSOGAK, that is an integration of particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and k-means technique while Phase Ⅱ is based on GA. By updating cluster centroids with PSO and GA and then using them like initial centroids for the k-means algorithm to generate the task-clusters, HPSOGAK produces 'm' clusters of 'r' tasks, and then their assignment onto the appropriate processor is done by using GA. The performance of GA has been improved in this article by introducing new crossover and mutation operators, and the functionality of traditional PSO has been enhanced by combining it with GA. Numerous examples from various research articles are employed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed technique, and the numerical results are contrasted with well-known existing models. The proposed method enhances PIR values by 22.64%, efficiency by 6.93%, and response times by 23.8 on average. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested method outperforms all comparable approaches, leading to the achievement of superior results. The developed mechanism is acceptable for an erratic number of tasks and processors with both types of fuzzy and crisp time.

The Emergency Unit (ER) is a part of the hospital that provides rapid treatment for patients according to the severity of their condition. Response time is the speed of the medical team in the ER in treating patients, starting from the moment the patient arrives until medical action is given. Fast and precise response time can reduce the complications that can arise and the patient's cost burden. The number of patients and the number of nurses that are not comparable can affect the response time of nurses. Research observing and comparing response times is still very limited. This study aims to determine the difference in service response time in the ER in two hospitals with second-level health facilities. This type of research is quantitative using a descriptive comparative approach. The research method uses observation and questionnaire methods. Data collection directly using the stopwhatt tool. Sampling was taken using the Accidental sampling technique. Data analysis used the difference between two means test with Mann-Whitney. Observations were carried out on nurses in the emergency room totaling 52 observations in each hospital for three months. The results of the analysis show a value of P = 0.688, where this probability value is more than 0.05, so the hypothesis fails to be rejected, so it can be concluded that statistically there is no significant difference in the Response Time of nurses in the two Emergency Units. Nurses must provide a response time according to the regulations set by the Ministry of Health, namely less than five minutes.

Gas sensing is essential for detecting and measuring gas concentrations across various environments, with applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare. The integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials, organic materials, and metal oxides has significantly advanced gas sensor technology, enhancing its sensitivity, selectivity, and response times at room temperature. This review examines the progress in optically activated gas sensors, with emphasis on 2D materials, metal oxides, and organic materials, due to limited studies on their use in optically activated gas sensors, in contrast to other traditional gas-sensing technologies. We detail the unique properties of these materials and their impact on improving the figures of merit (FoMs) of gas sensors. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), with their high surface-to-volume ratio and tunable band gap, show exceptional performance in gas detection, especially when activated by UV light. Graphene-based sensors also demonstrate high sensitivity and low detection limits, making them suitable for various applications. Although organic materials and hybrid structures, such as metal–organic frameworks (MoFs) and conducting polymers, face challenges related to stability and sensitivity at room temperature, they hold potential for future advancements. Optically activated gas sensors incorporating metal oxides benefit from photoactive nanomaterials and UV irradiation, further enhancing their performance. This review highlights the potential of the advanced materials in developing the next generation of gas sensors, addressing current research gaps and paving the way for future innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether dual process theories (DPTs) can explain the mechanism behind the suppression of prejudice. A growing number of sociologists are using DPTs to examine the role of social norms in suppressing prejudice. However, previous studies have not clearly distinguished between Type 1 and Type 2 processing when testing the role of the latter. We use a method to overcome this methodological limitation by measuring implicit prejudice and response times. Using online survey data from Japan, where social norms around the suppression of prejudice are generally considered to be weak, and the implicit association test, we show that a longer response time implies a smaller association between explicit and implicit prejudices. This suggests that Type 2 processing works toward suppressing prejudice, as assumed by DPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a novel approach to enhancing cognitive proficiency by targeting neural mechanisms that facilitate science and math learning, especially mental rotation. The study specifically examines the relationship between upper alpha intensity and mental rotation skills. Although prior neurofeedback research for increasing upper alpha highlights this correlation, mostly with familiar objects, novel chemistry and math learning prompts envisioning unfamiliar objects which question the persistence of this correlation. This study revisits the upper alpha and mental rotation relationship in the context of unfamiliar objects with a single neurofeedback session and examines the efficiency of manual and automatic neurofeedback protocols. Results will provide a basis for integrating neurofeedback protocols into learning applications for enhanced learning. Our study encompassed three cohorts: Group 1 experienced an automatic neurofeedback protocol, Group 2 received a manual neurofeedback protocol, and the control group had no neurofeedback intervention. The experimental phases involved EEG measurement of individual upper alpha (frequency of maximal power + 2 Hz) intensity, mental rotation tasks featuring geometric and unfamiliar molecular stimuli, one neurofeedback session for applicable groups, post-treatment upper alpha level assessments, and a mental rotation retest. The neurofeedback groups exhibited increased levels of upper alpha power, which was correlated with improved response time in mental rotation, regardless of stimulus type, compared to the control group. Both neurofeedback protocols achieved comparable results. This study advocates integrating neurofeedback into learning software for optimal learning experiences, highlighting a single session's efficacy and the substantial neurofeedback protocol's impact in enhancing upper alpha oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that mental events unfold over time with an intrinsically paced regularity has a long history within experimental psychology, and it has gained traction from the actual measurement of brain rhythms evident in EEG signals recorded from the human brain and from direct recordings of action potentials and local field potentials within the nervous systems of nonhumans. The weak link in this idea, however, is the challenge of extracting signatures of this temporal structure from behavioral measures. Because there is nothing in the seamless stream of conscious awareness that belies rhythmic modulations in sensitivity or mental acuity, one must deploy inferential strategies for extracting evidence for the existence of temporal regularities in neural activity. We have devised a parametric procedure for analysis of temporal structure embedded in behaviorally measured data comprising durations. We confirm that this procedure, dubbed PATS, achieves comparable results to those obtained using spectral analysis, and that it outperforms conventional spectral analysis when analyzing human response time data containing just a few hundred data points per condition. PATS offers an efficient, sensitive means for bridging the gap between oscillations identified neurophysiologically and estimates of rhythmicity embedded within durations measured behaviorally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As IoT devices increase, accuracy and data security become increasingly crucial. This research recommends a powerful threat detection system that accelerates message responses to improve IoT security. The recommended strategy finds dangers in using many data sources. Our deep learning system is DenseNet. It groups photographs nicely. We show how the approach works using real-world experiments. It has few false positives and negatives and is effective at recognizing items. Through ablation research, we examine how design and component selections impact technique performance. This clarifies the method's fundamentals. The research reveals that feature selection, fusion, and DenseNet design improve the technique. We discuss the need for fine-tuning hyperparameters to improve approaches and monitor more individuals. The strategy makes IoT communities safer and more robust by laying the groundwork for threat detection and response. This approach solves message transmission delay concerns, making the IoT safer. These discoveries may benefit hacking specialists. They improve and speed up IoT security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir routing has been a routine procedure in hydrology, hydraulics and water management. It is typically based on the mass balance (continuity equation) and a conceptual equation relating storage and outflow. If the latter is linear, then there exists an analytical solution of the resulting differential equation, which can directly be utilized to find the outflow from known inflow and to obtain macroscopic characteristics of the process, such as response and residence times, and their distribution functions. Here we refine the reservoir routing framework and extend it to find approximate solutions for nonlinear cases. The proposed framework can also be useful for climatic tasks, such as describing the mass balance of atmospheric carbon dioxide and determining characteristic residence times, which have been an issue of controversy. Application of the theoretical framework results in excellent agreement with real-world data. In this manner, we easily quantify the atmospheric carbon exchanges and obtain reliable and intuitive results, without the need to resort to complex climate models. The mean residence time of atmospheric carbon dioxide turns out to be about four years, and the response time is smaller than that, thus opposing the much longer mainstream estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of using head-up displays (HUDs) include reducing head-down time during critical flight phases, enhancing awareness of the external environment, and improving in-flight crew performance. However, the monochromatic nature of HUDs, increased head rotation, and longer gaze movement paths might affect pilots' reactions to different types of alerts. METHODS: Pilot workload and behavior differences were examined between HUD and head-down display (HDD) configurations in three alert scenarios. The study was carried out in an A320 flight simulator and 12 pilots participated. RESULTS: Except for one engine-on-fire scenario, pilot workload when using a HUD was significantly lower than using an HDD. In one engine-on-fire (3.98 s vs. 3.57 s) and one gear-disagree (5.42 s vs. 4.69 s) scenario, pilot response time to alerts using HUD was significantly longer than using an HDD. The angle deviations were significantly smaller when using HUDs in both go-around-under-crosswind (2.67° vs. 3.37°) and one engine-on-fire scenario (1.22° vs. 1.89°). DISCUSSION: The HUD is suitable for a lengthy process of manual flight control inputs, which not only reduces workload but also promotes control accuracy. For tasks that rely on automation, the benefits for workload become less obvious. In addition, head rotation and reorientation of attention adversely affected the response time to non-time-critical warnings and cautions. For instantaneous control with high precision requirements, HUDs did not demonstrate a significant advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovations in cloud technology over the recent years have shown tremendous growth. Apart from the need to possess a basic internet connection, another major hiccup for researchers in cloud computing is load balancing. It refers to the way resources are distributed and tasks are performed to achieve the most optimal utilization. Effective load balancing provides more user satisfaction. There are many algorithms developed to tackle the challenge of Load Balancing. An attempt is made in this paper to provide solution to this issue by developing an optimization technique that efficiently regulates the scheduler in assigning tasks to cloud resources such that optimal results are obtained. A hybridized Sparrow Search Algorithm - Grey Wolf Optimizer (HSSAGWO) had been proposed to optimize the task scheduling activity in cloud. The exploration and exploitation activities that are a part of original algorithms have been refined to achieve better performance in the proposed HSSAGWO algorithm. The performance efficiency of HSSAGWO algorithm had been ascertained by comparing it with Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Simulated experiments had been conducted using Cloudsim 3.0 tool for obtaining the results. The performance comparison had been carried out by considering the makespan, cost and response time parameters. The proposed HSSAGWO technique had produced an improvement of 9.31%,12.23%,15.55% and 17.95% for makespan when compared with SSA, GWO, GSA and PSO algorithms respectively when arrival rate is 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen heralded as a promising renewable and environmentally friendly energy carrier, carries inherent risks owing to its highly flammable nature. A mere 4 % concentration of hydrogen in the air can trigger an explosion. To counteract this peril, a composite material comprising PbOX‐ZnO (2 : 1) was synthesized, characterized, and subsequently employed to fabricate a hydrogen sensing device. Various analytical tools were used to characterize as‐deposited materials, including X‐ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy /Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy UV‐Vis Reflectance Spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The device exhibited favorable properties, such as good selectivity, stability, and a low detection limit for hydrogen. At ambient room temperature, the device demonstrated a sensing signal reaching 468.7, with a response time (T90) of 155 seconds and a recovery time (Tr90) of 69 seconds when exposed to a hydrogen concentration of 5 ppm. This performance underscores the device's rapid and effective response to hydrogen exposure. Moreover, the PbOX‐ZnO (2 : 1) composite‐based device exhibited a detection limit of 2.4 ppm, functioning accurately within a linear range spanning from 5 ppm to 50 ppm. This capability confirms its precision in accurately detecting hydrogen concentrations within this designated range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, big data and intelligent networks are important development trends in science and technology. With the rapid development of big data, higher requirements have been put forward for data processing and analysis, especially in the design and implementation of network technology systems. In response to the above issues, this article intends to simulate and implement the intelligent networking technology system in the big data environment. Based on big data, the article can identify and analyze the laws and trends contained in it by collecting and processing a large amount of Internet data and using data mining methods. This article can adopt a series of machine learning methods and apply them to network traffic prediction and network security improvement. This method can monitor the real-time operation status of the network and predict possible network congestion and attack behaviors, in order to achieve rapid and automated management of the network. The system throughput fluctuates with slight changes in response time, but typically remains between 495 and 530 requests per second. The experiment shows that the method used in this article can effectively improve data processing speed, error detection rate, and system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of information technology and the widespread application of computerized adaptive testing (CAT), response time data during the testing process has become increasingly accessible. It's application in the field of psychological measurement has also become more widespread. Applying response time data and models to automated test assembly (ATA) holds significant importance for improving testing efficiency, precision of ability estimation for examinees during testing, and promoting educational equity. This paper systematically evaluates the test assembly methods and research results in CAT, comprehensively presenting test assembly methods that incorporate response time data. It explored how such methods address issues related to test duration constraints, testing efficiency, test bank security, and differences in examinees' response times. Further research on the ATA methods that incorporate response time data, as well as the application of research findings to large-scale assessment projects in China, are important research directions to be explored in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-doped manganese–magnesium ferrite (NixMn0.25-xMg0.75Fe2O4) was prepared using the auto-combustion method. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a single ferrite spinel phase in all the prepared samples. The crystallite size ranged from 24.30 to 28.32 nm, increasing with increasing the Ni content. The porous structure of all the samples was verified with a scanning electron microscope. FESEM images were used to confirm the production of spherical or semi-spherical nanoparticles with little change in particle size distribution. The study revealed that the nanoparticles were small enough to behave superparamagnetically. According to the magnetic tests conducted with the VSM at room temperature, the hysteresis loop region is practically non-existent, indicating typical soft magnetic materials. In addition, the conductance responses of the magnesium ferrite nanocomposite were measured by exposing it to the oxidizing gas (NO2) at different operating temperatures. The results showed that the sensor with the nano ferrite sample of (x = 0.20) has a good sensitivity of 707.22% as well as response and recovery times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were employed to analyze emergency medical services (EMS) coverage and response times in Sukhothai Province, Thailand. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficiency and reach of EMS in different districts, taking into consideration various response time scenarios. Utilizing ArcMap software, buffer zones were created around hospitals to represent EMS coverage areas based on distances corresponding to response times of 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes. The research employs buffer zones to calculate coverage areas for response times ranging from 5 to 30 minutes, based on an average EMS speed of 40 kph. Findings reveal significant variations in EMS coverage, with densely populated areas generally well-served within a 20-minute response time, while remote and mountainous regions face substantial access challenges. Even at a 30-minute response time, 17.23% of the province remains uncovered, primarily in mountainous areas. The study highlights that no district achieves full coverage within a 10-minute response time, particularly in peripheral sub-districts. Analysis of district-level data exposes stark disparities, with smaller districts like Si Nakhon showing higher coverage percentages compared to larger, more challenging terrains such as Si Satchanalai. These results emphasize the need for targeted improvements in EMS infrastructure, resource allocation, and innovative solutions to ensure equitable access to emergency care across Sukhothai Province. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare planners to optimize EMS deployment and enhance emergency response capabilities in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In automated hearing threshold determination procedures, prespecified response- time limits can be applied to evaluate whether a stimulus was truly heard by checking whether the test subject reacts to the onset and the offset of the stimuli within given time intervals. The influence of different response-time limits on the threshold of normal-hearing test subjects was investigated. Two-stage hearing threshold level measurements applying the ISO 8253-1 (2010) bracketing procedure were performed. Pre-tests at 125 Hz and 1000 Hz were carried out with maximum accepted response times of 600 ms, 1000 ms, and 1200 ms. Subsequently, thresholds were measured at the seven octaves between 125 Hz and 8000 Hz with maximum accepted response times of 600 ms and 1000 ms. 15 test subjects in pre-tests, 25 test subjects in the main study. Threshold levels determined with a maximum accepted response time of 1000 ms are 2.6 dB lower than those obtained with a maximum accepted response time of 600 ms (95% CI −1.6 dB to 6.9 dB). The threshold shift was similar at all frequencies. Based on this study, response-time limits after both stimulus onset and offset of at least 1000 ms are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an alternative psychometric perspective on the empirical statistical dependencies observed between response accuracy residuals (RARs) and response time residuals (RTRs) in the context of the van der Linden model. This perspective emphasizes the RAR (or parts of the RAR) as being exogenous and having a directional influence on response time. Our simple and theoretically justifiable perspective adds to previous joint response time/accuracy models and comports with recent generalizations of the D-diffusion IRT model incorporating person-by-item interactions, and thus similarly reproduces many of the recently highlighted empirical findings concerning the associations between RARs and RTRs. Using both empirical and simulation-based results, we show how our psychometric perspective has both applied and interpretational implications. Specifically, it would suggest that (1) studies of item parameter estimate heterogeneity in relation to response times may reflect more of a psychometric artifact (due to the exogenous effects of the RARs) as opposed to providing insights about the response process (e.g., the application of different response strategies) and that (2) efforts to use RTRs as indicators of latent proficiency should attend to the anticipated interactions between the latent proficiency and RAR on response times. The validity of our psychometric perspective against alternatives likely relies on appeals to theory; the best perspective to take may vary depending on the test setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for the fabrication of lateral zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires bridging architecture was proposed. ZnO nanowires with a length greater than the electrode spacing were bridged between the interdigital electrodes. It is noteworthy that the lateral bridging architecture sensor has more enhanced sensitivity characteristics than the vertical-type sensor. For example, at the optimum operating temperature of 300 ℃, the lateral ZnO nanowire gas sensor has a response of 6.5 for 20 ppm acetone (C3H6O), which is more than twice that of the vertical nanowire gas sensor (2.6). The lateral gas sensor designed in this paper has great advantages in response time and recovery time. Furthermore, the enhanced sensing mechanisms were comprehensively discussed. The gas sensing performance of the lateral-type sensor is improved because the current is transported along the nanowire rather than along the bottom layer of the substrate. This lateral sensor provides an attractive approach for the development of new structured gas sensors with high sensitivity and high integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reacting and responding to an external stimulus is an important component of human performance, and they inform us about a participant's neurophysiological capabilities. Our purpose in this study was to determine whether reaction times (REACT), response times (RT), and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance differ when responding to an auditory (AUD) versus visual (VIS) stimulus. Participants were 17 college-aged volunteers (6 females and 11 males; M age = 23.0, SD = 3.4 years; M height = 174.57, SD = 10.37 cm; M body mass = 73.37, SD = 13.48 kg). Participants performed CMJs on force plates immediately upon receiving an AUD or a VIS stimulus. The AUD stimulus was a beep noise, while the VIS stimulus was a light on a screen in front of the participants. We determined REACT for the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (GM), vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles to be the amount of time between stimulus onset and the initiation of the muscle's electromyographic (EMG) signal. We determined RT to be the amount of time between stimulus onset and the beginning of the participant's force production. We assessed CMJ performance via ground reaction forces during the unweighting, braking, and propulsive phases of the jump. We quantified EMG amplitude and frequency during each CMJ phase. We found RT to be faster to the AUD versus the VIS stimulus (p =.007). VL and BF muscles had faster REACT than TA and GM muscles (p ≤.007). The AUD stimulus was associated with faster CMJ unweighting phase metrics (p ≤.005). Thus, individuals may react and respond faster to an AUD versus VIS stimulus, with limited improvements in their subsequent physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of the substrate temperature on the electrochromic properties of NiOx film, DC reaction magnetron sputtering method was used to prepare NiOx film at different substrate temperatures, i. e, room temperature, 50, 100, 200 and 300 °C. The properties of the films including structure and morphology, cyclic stability, optical modulation rate, memory effect, response time, and adhesion to the substrate were explored and compared. The results show that the effect of the substrate temperature on the electrochromic properties of NiOx film is complicated. NiOx film prepared at 100 °C shows low charge capacity density decay rate, good memory effect, fast response speed, high modulation rate and good adhesion to the substrate. This study may have certain reference significance for the design and fabrication of NiOx-based electrochromic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt thin-film resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering on various substrates, including silica, polyimide (PI) and LaAlO3 (LAO) (100) single crystal. The influences of different substrates on the performance of Pt thin-film RTDs have been studied. It is revealed that the substrates exhibit a significant dependence on the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). Silica, PI and LAO substrates yield TCRs of 3.2 × 10−3, 2.7 × 10−3 and 3.4 × 10−3 /K, respectively. The Pt thin-film RTDs on LAO substrate exhibit a significantly larger TCR, compared to most of the other reported values. These devices also demonstrate a fast response time of 680 μs, which is shorter than that of many other reported RTDs. Furthermore, Pt thin-film RTDs on PI substrates could serve as flexible detectors, maintaining a consistent linear relationship between resistance and temperature even when bent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]