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The population loss in mining areas intensifies the imbalance of the development of resource-based cities (RBCs). How to use night-time light to describe the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of population and compare the agglomeration and migration characteristics of population in coal mine concentration area (CMCA) and cities has become an important issue for sustainable development of RBCs. By fitting the DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS night-time lights, this paper completed the simulation of population distribution of Linfen City in 2003/2008/2013/2018 by constructing the population spatialization model, and measured the urban population agglomeration and migration by using the geographical concentration index of population (GCP) and relative population migration index (RPM). The results show that the population agglomeration and migration of CMCA and cities are not synchronized. The GCP of the whole city shows an upward trend, while the GCP of CMCA shows a trend of substantial decrease first and then increase. From 2013 to 2018, the RPM of CMCA rebounded and reached 0.0307, reflecting the alleviation of population loss in CMCA. It is suggested that night-time lights should be used in the dynamic change assessment of population in RBCs, and measures such as coordinated development, acceleration of industrial transformation and promotion of urbanization should be taken to realize the reasonable distribution of population in RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource-based cities (RBCs) in China are at a historic juncture in their transformative development. Observing and assessing the role of the resource curse in urban expansion and greening is crucial for the sustainable development of these cities. This study proposes a new framework to extract urban boundary data from 2000 to 2020 in China. Utilizing these data, we analyzed differences in urban expansion intensity and urban vegetation cover between 125 RBCs and 223 non-RBCs. We found the following: (1) While urban areas in China experienced steady growth from 2000 to 2020, the urban area expansion rates of RBCs lagged behind those non-RBCs located in the same geographical areas except in South China, with the lowest annual expansion rate of 1.18% occurring in the Northeast. (2) Although the existing urban areas in some cities show a greening trend, both existing and new urban areas in China are predominantly characterized overall by browning. Surprisingly, RBCs exhibit a stronger greening trend than non-RBCs, particularly in Northwestern China. (3) There is a nuanced interplay and coexistence between resource dependency and urban expansion, with a specific negative correlation when resource dependency is very high or very low. This study provides a novel method and approach for urban boundary delineation. It offers new insights into the developmental characteristics of RBCs, enriching the theoretical framework of resource curse research and supporting the green development of RBCs with robust data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This study proposes a new method for assessing the spatial and temporal changes in the ecological quality in resource cities. The rapid and effective assessment of ecological quality changes in resource cities was realized. This study provides valuable data support and a policy reference for the ecological protection and sustainable development of resource cities. In coal-dependent urban economies, the dichotomy between resource exploitation and ecological conservation presents a pronounced challenge. Traditional remote sensing ecological assessments often overlook the interplay between mining activities and urban environmental dynamics. To address this gap, researchers developed an innovative Resource-Based City Ecological Index (RCEI), anchored in a Pressure–State–Response (PSR) framework and synthesized from six discrete ecological indicators. Utilizing geodetic remote sensing data, the RCEI facilitated a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of Jincheng City's ecological quality from 1990 to 2022. The findings corroborated the RCEI's efficacy in providing a nuanced portrayal of the ecological state within mining regions. (1) Jincheng City's ecological quality predominantly sustained a mudhopper-tier status, exhibiting an overarching trend of amelioration throughout the study period. (2) Disparities in ecological landscape quality were pronounced at the county level, with Moran's Index exceeding 0.9, signifying a clustered ecological quality pattern. High–high (H–H) zones were prevalent in areas of elevated altitude and dense vegetation, whereas low–low (L–L) zones were prevalent in urban and mining sectors. (3) Further, a buffer zone analysis of two coal mines, differing in their mining chronology, geographical positioning, and operational status, elucidated the ecological impact exerted over a 32-year trajectory. These insights furnish a robust scientific and technical foundation for resource-centric cities to fortify ecological safeguarding and to advance sustainable development stratagems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Global climate change associated with increased carbon emissions has become a global concern. Resource-based cities, by estimations, have emerged as major contributors to carbon emissions, accounting for approximately one-third of the national total. This underscores their pivotal role in the pursuit of carbon neutrality goals. Despite this, resource-based cities have long been neglected in current climate change mitigation policy discussions. Accordingly, using exploratory spatial data analysis and Geographical Weighted Regression method, this study investigates the determinants of carbon emissions and their spatial pattern in 113 resource-based cities in China. It can be concluded that: (1) The proportion of carbon emissions from resource-based cities in the national total has shown a marginal increase between 2003 and 2017, and the emissions from these cities have not yet reached their peak. (2) A relatively stable spatial pattern of “northeast high, southwest low” characterizes carbon emissions in resource-based cities, displaying significant spatial autocorrelation. (3) Population size, economic development level, carbon abatement technology, and the proportion of resource-based industries all contribute to the increase in carbon emissions in these cities, with carbon abatement technology playing a predominant role. (4) There is a spatial variation in the strength of the effects of the various influences.

This article explores the concept of the Anthropocene through the case of Baiyin, a significant mining city in the western Chinese province of Gansu. Baiyin's history, from its industrial birth in the 1950s to its current environmental remediation and economic diversification efforts, highlights how urban communities built around industrial resource extraction have blurred both physically and conceptually the dichotomy between urban and hinterland. Baiyin's role in the larger, global dissolution of the urban/hinterland divide draws attention, moreover, to the nonlinearity and complexity of Anthropocene processes at the level of the city. The article contributes to our understanding of the multifaceted nature and local manifestations of the Anthropocene and offers a case study through which to view the planetary integration of urban and hinterland environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the sustainable development of resource-based cities is of great significance for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In order to solve the dilemma of the sustainable development of resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin, this paper constructs an ecological security evaluation system. It calculates the ecological security level of 30 resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin from 2006 to 2020 using the TOPSIS model and carries out a classification convergence analysis. The DID empirical test of ecological security factors by sustainable development planning policies is used to distinguish the development characteristics of different resource-based cities. The results show that (1) the ecological security level of resource cities in the Yellow River Basin is generally well developed, and there are differences between different types of resource cities; (2) the resource cities in the Yellow River Basin mainly rely on industrial transformation to improve the ecological security level; and (3) the local governments pay limited attention to environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational allocation of industrial factors in resource-based cities is a necessary condition for promoting high-quality economic development. To systematically measure the mismatch of industrial factors, this study integrates the production function model and accounting framework of Aoki (2012). The capital, labor, and energy factors are integrated into the overall measurement framework, and the factor mismatch calculation model is innovatively constructed at the city level. To effectively reflect the factor mismatch of different cities, the relative distortion coefficient of factor price is introduced to establish the relationship between the distortion of factor-use cost and effectiveness of resource allocation. The degree and direction of factor mismatch are effectively measured. This study takes China's resource-based cities as the research object. To avoid the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, data on 114 resource-based cities in China from 2003 to 2018 are selected, and 164 non-resource-based cities are used as the control group to evaluate the factors affecting the transformation of such cities. Regarding the diversity of resource-based cities in China, this study compares the characteristics of factor misallocation in these cities for different growth stages, geographical regions, and dominant resources. Finally, this study finds that on average, the cities' degree of energy misallocation is the most serious, and the degree of labor misallocation ranks second. The degree of capital misallocation ranks the lowest, but the misallocation of various factors is very different in different situations. Therefore, different types of cities should make detailed policy adjustments in various transformation directions according to the calculation results.

In coal-dependent urban economies, the dichotomy between resource exploitation and ecological conservation presents a pronounced challenge. Traditional remote sensing ecological assessments often overlook the interplay between mining activities and urban environmental dynamics. To address this gap, researchers developed an innovative Resource-Based City Ecological Index (RCEI), anchored in a Pressure–State–Response (PSR) framework and synthesized from six discrete ecological indicators. Utilizing geodetic remote sensing data, the RCEI facilitated a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of Jincheng City’s ecological quality from 1990 to 2022. The findings corroborated the RCEI’s efficacy in providing a nuanced portrayal of the ecological state within mining regions. (1) Jincheng City’s ecological quality predominantly sustained a mudhopper-tier status, exhibiting an overarching trend of amelioration throughout the study period. (2) Disparities in ecological landscape quality were pronounced at the county level, with Moran’s Index exceeding 0.9, signifying a clustered ecological quality pattern. High–high (H–H) zones were prevalent in areas of elevated altitude and dense vegetation, whereas low–low (L–L) zones were prevalent in urban and mining sectors. (3) Further, a buffer zone analysis of two coal mines, differing in their mining chronology, geographical positioning, and operational status, elucidated the ecological impact exerted over a 32-year trajectory. These insights furnish a robust scientific and technical foundation for resource-centric cities to fortify ecological safeguarding and to advance sustainable development stratagems.

Resource-based cities (RBCs) in China are at a historic juncture in their transformative development. Observing and assessing the role of the resource curse in urban expansion and greening is crucial for the sustainable development of these cities. This study proposes a new framework to extract urban boundary data from 2000 to 2020 in China. Utilizing these data, we analyzed differences in urban expansion intensity and urban vegetation cover between 125 RBCs and 223 non-RBCs. We found the following: (1) While urban areas in China experienced steady growth from 2000 to 2020, the urban area expansion rates of RBCs lagged behind those non-RBCs located in the same geographical areas except in South China, with the lowest annual expansion rate of 1.18% occurring in the Northeast. (2) Although the existing urban areas in some cities show a greening trend, both existing and new urban areas in China are predominantly characterized overall by browning. Surprisingly, RBCs exhibit a stronger greening trend than non-RBCs, particularly in Northwestern China. (3) There is a nuanced interplay and coexistence between resource dependency and urban expansion, with a specific negative correlation when resource dependency is very high or very low. This study provides a novel method and approach for urban boundary delineation. It offers new insights into the developmental characteristics of RBCs, enriching the theoretical framework of resource curse research and supporting the green development of RBCs with robust data.

Research on shantytown transformation in the context of building sustainable human settlements has tended to concentrate on macro and objective factors. However, there is still room for expanding research on the livelihoods of residents in transformed poor communities of resource-based cities. This study is based on household survey data after the coal mine shantytown transformation in Datong, China, and uses the entropy method and Logit regression model to analyze the livelihood level and impact of livelihood capital on the choice of livelihood strategies of the residents after shantytown transformation. Based on the development characteristics of the Datong coal mining community, the traditional sustainable livelihood analysis framework is improved, constructing a livelihood capital evaluation system including natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital, human capital and cultural capital. The research indicates that the livelihoods of the residents after shantytown transformation are in a state of low-value aggregation and differentiation, their livelihood strategies are still dependent on coal mining, financial capital and cultural capital have significant positive impacts on the residents' livelihood strategies of choosing coal mine-related industries, and males and elderly people have a greater likelihood of choosing coal mine-related industries. This study provides micro-level explanations for the livelihood status and livelihood strategy choices of residents after shantytown transformation in a resource-based city and provides policy enlightenment for local governments on how to promote the sustainable development of residents in coal mining communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource-based cities are important bases for resources and energy in China. However, the world and the country's sustainable development goals require them to undergo transformation. The complexity of this transformation poses challenges for these cities. This study aims to evaluate the transformation performance of resource-based cities in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. The findings will help understand their capabilities and achievements in transformation and provide guidance for future transformation planning. To evaluate the transformation performance, this study employs the entropy weight Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method. An index system is constructed, including the industrial diversification and specialization indices. These indices serve as benchmarks for assessing the transformation performance. The period 2010–2019 is considered, and the transformation performance of resource-based cities is evaluated based on different development stages and regions. The results reveal the following insights: (1) Most resource-based cities demonstrate favorable transformation performance. Although variations exist between cities, the gaps are gradually narrowing. (2) Over an extended period, the transformation performance of each city undergoes continuous changes, with high-performing areas shifting. (3) The transformation performance of resource-based cities varies significantly across different development stages. (4) An imbalance exists among the regions where resource-based cities are located, and a diffusion effect can be observed. Accordingly, the following enlightenment and policy suggestions are obtained: (1) exploring targeted management policies for resource-based cities; (2) fostering a dynamic and open transformation environment; (3) promoting the concept of regional cooperation in transformation; (4) improving the business environment; (5) promoting enterprise innovation; (6) establishing and improving a long-term mechanism for sustainable development and a compensation mechanism for resource development; and (7) optimizing the talent training system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the impact of the low-carbon city pilot program on income distribution. The program is designed to reduce urban carbon emissions in China while also serving as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the income distribution effect of environmental regulatory policies. Using the firm-year level data during 2007–2020, we adopt the staggered difference-in-difference method to explore the impact of the program on labor income share. This study finds that the LCCP program significantly affects firms' labor income share. The proportion of highly educated employees and the level of financialization within the firm act as mediators that influence labor income share. This paper suggests that government should use reasonable environmental regulatory policy to facilitate labor income share to alleviate inequality, promote the scope of the program to more cities, and help firms to improve human capital level as well as serve more financial policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of regional coordinated development, the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin has become a national strategy. It is imminent for resource-based cities to perform a high-quality transformation. The analysis of carbon emission efficiency in the Yellow River Basin includes the examination of spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and the main driving factors. This is done by utilizing the super-efficiency SBM-DEA and panel Tobit regression models, with the assistance of night light data. Our findings are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions continue to grow. The "Jiziwan" basin is an area where plenty of high-emitting cities agglomerate. The carbon emission of resource-based cities presents a W-shaped pattern in time. (2) In time, the carbon emission efficiency follows a U-shaped curve. Spatially, the carbon emission efficiency in the middle reaches is comparatively low, whereas it is relatively high in both the upper and lower reaches. And that in high carbon-emitting resource-based cities are in the low to medium range. (3) Carbon emission efficiency has a significant negative relationship with energy intensity, urbanization rate, and population density and a significant positive relationship with industrial proportion. Energy intensity is the most direct driving force. That is to say, we can increase carbon emission efficiency effectively by reducing energy intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, resource-based cities have played a significant role in the development of countries worldwide. China, as a representative developing country, has seen the vital role played by resource-based cities in its development progress. However, heavy reliance on resources in these cities leads to environmental issues. The challenge lies in achieving ecological innovation and enhancing residents' well-being within resource and environmental constraints for sustainable regional development. This study introduces a two-stage super slacks-based measure (super-SBM) approach to assess the ecological efficiency (EE), ecological innovation (EI), and residents' well-being (RW) efficiency of 92 sample resource-based cities in China, and presents spatial and grouping comparisons. Then, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method (fsQCA) is applied to identify paths and development orientations for sustainable development. The results show that resource-based cities in southwest and northwest China exhibit strong performance in EE, EI, and RW, while those in the northeast perform poorly. Growth and maturity resource-based cities demonstrate favorable development in EE and EI, whereas recession and regeneration resource-based cities show unsatisfactory development. The RW efficiency tends to stabilize after the rapid growth of the 92 sample resource-based cities. The fsQCA reveals five paths to achieving high EE, three paths for high EI efficiency, and two paths for high RW efficiency. These paths can be categorized into four development orientations: scale-oriented, economic-oriented, integrated-oriented, and transformation-oriented. These results provide essential references for the development planning and strategic formulation not only in China but also in other similar resource-based cities globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resource-based city is a type of city with pronounced ageing problems. Correctly grasping the socio-economic adaptability to ageing in resource-based cities can help actively guide the direction of urban development and build a new socio-economic order for the elderly. This paper first selects 125 resource-based cities in China from 2000 to 2020 for characteristic analysis, and finds that resource-based cities are characterized by fast growth rate and a large proportion of ageing population, deep ageing, large regional differences and uncoordinated ageing development with regional socio-economic development levels. The research objective of this article is to explore the temporal evolution characteristics, spatial patterns, agglomeration characteristics, and factors hindering the socio-economic adaptability to ageing in resource-based cities in China from 2000 to 2020. Therefore, an indicator system for assessing the socio-economic adaptability to ageing was constructed, and the improved entropy-weighted TOPSIS model was used to measure the socio-economic adaptability to ageing in 113 resource-based cities in China from 2000 to 2020. The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the socio-economic adaptability to ageing in resource-based cities were analyzed by descriptive analysis and Moran's index, and the main obstacle dimensions and obstacle indicators were clarified by the obstacle factor model. The findings can be summarized as follows: Temporal Analysis: Over the timeframe assessed, the socio-economic adaptability of ageing in resource cities demonstrates a consistent year-on-year improvement. The spatial clustering pattern exhibits a noteworthy trend of "significant-significant-insignificant". Spatial Pattern: Examining the spatial arrangement from 2000 to 2020, areas with medium-low and low adaptability are prominently concentrated in Eastern China and Northeastern China, while regions with medium-high and high adaptability are focal in Northern China and Eastern China. Hebei Province and its neighboring provinces consistently display H-H clustering, contrasting with the Southwestern regions that persistently exhibit L-L clustering. Obstacle Degree Analysis: Across the 2000 to 2020 period, dimensions related to economic development, social participation, and social security consistently emerge as the primary obstacles. Notably, the top 12 average annual obstacle indicators are selected, and within economic development dimension all 4 indicators predominate as the key obstacles. Within the social participation dimension, tertiary sector value added and total retail sales of consumer goods per capita feature as primary obstacles. Regarding social security, impediments are primarily associated with the ratio of Medicare coverage, the ratio of pension coverage, alongside the development level of the social security sector. In the domain of service provision, key obstacle indicators include park area per capita, number of books in public libraries per 100 inhabitants, and public trams and buses per 10,000 inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the greening of industry is the key to achieving high-quality and sustainable development of the urban economy. It is particularly important for resource-based cities (RBCs) that exploit natural resources as the leading industries. In this paper, the Windows-Bootstrap-DEA model was used to calculate the industrial eco-efficiency (IEE) of 114 RBCs in China from 2003 to 2016, and the regional differences and dynamic evolution characteristics of the IEE were analyzed. The panel Tobit model was used to explore the factors associated with IEE in RBCs. The results showed that the IEE of RBCs in China was at a low level during the study period, and the resource utilization process had not reached an optimal state. There were large regional differences in IEE, and there was a significant degree of spatial agglomeration. The results of conditional probability density estimation showed that the distribution of IEE had strong internal stability on the whole, and the distributions of IEE of RBCs in different regions, different resource types, and different development stages showed significant differences. The results of the panel Tobit model showed that per capita GDP, ownership structure, science and technology input, and industrial agglomeration had significant positive effects on IEE, while industrial structure and employment structure showed significant negative effects. The conclusions of this paper can provide a scientific decision-making basis for industrial transformation planning of RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continous advancement of industrialization, the environmental problems among resource-based cities in China are becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of industrial agglomeration and environmental pollution to understand the interaction mechanism between them is of great significance for the coordinated development of resource-based cities. In this paper, 114 resource-based cities in China are selected as research objects, and data from the period of 2011 to 2020 are used for analysis and research. Location entropy and entropy weight models are used to measure the relevant indicators, and a spatial simultaneous equation model is constructed. The generalized spatial three-stage least squares (GS3SLS) method is used to assess the spatial interactive spillover effects of industrial agglomeration on environmental pollution. The research results show that ① the industrial agglomeration center of China has begun to shift to the junction of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia, and the level of environmental pollution has dropped significantly; ② industrial agglomeration promotes environmental pollution, while environmental pollution inhibits industrial agglomeration, and between them, the inhibition effect is more obvious; ③ the level of industrial agglomeration in surrounding cities promotes industrial agglomeration in the region and inhibits environmental pollution, while the level of environmental pollution in surrounding cities inhibits industrial agglomeration in the region and promotes the diffusion of pollution. Thus, the building of a coordinated development system across regions can achieve a win–win situation between industrial development and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green infrastructure network plays an important role in improving urban environment for resource-based city of Qitaihe, a typical coal resource-based city. The evolvement rules of green infrastructure network in Qitaihe from 2000 to 2018 is analyzed. The main driving factors of the evolution through the collation and analysis of the socioeconomic statistics of Qitaihe is summarized, with the understanding of urban development policy. The results showed that the area of green infrastructure land increased first and then decreased in Qitaihe during this period. The green infrastructure network was rapidly broken at first and then gradually stabilized. The green infrastructure network of Qitaihe expenienced the evolution of “fragmentation-restoration-stabilization” during this period population and industrial factors, urbanrural changes and other industrial factors, primary industry factors were the main driving factors. Green infrastructure network is always influenced by the urban development policies and transformation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural tourism becomes an effective way to promote the sustainable and healthy development of resource-based cities and realize the revitalization of rural areas. Four transforms during rural tourism development process, i. e., the transform related to industry, space, management and tourism elements were analyzed under the background of global tourism, and the mode and development mechanism were discussed to provide a new idea for resource-based cities to promote the rural development in rural areas by taking Linfen City as a typical example. The results show that: (1) the transformation of tourism elements involves the following aspects, the spatial transformation is reflected in the transformation of agricultural land into the tourism construction land, a modern enterprise system is established in the tourism industry, the improvement of transportation connects cities and villages, the continuous development of management is transformed to a modern corporate system, and the transformation of tourism elements from single elements to multiple ones enriches the tourism contents. （2） In the case of the development model for rural tourism, a general village development model was established in Linfen City, thereby clarifying its position and rebranding its tourism industry, giving full play to its leading role of as scenic spots, exploring its industrial tourism, rebuilding its rural ecology, coordinating its urban and rural development, and realizing its rural revitalization.（3）Rural tourism promotes rural revitalization from three dimensions, i.e., agriculture, farmers and countryside. In the future, the countryside of resource-based cities is in urgent need of transformation, and the region should focus on shaping its tourism image, develop new tourism resources, and construct the local tourism industry chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource-based cities (RBCs) in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) account for over half of the cities in the basin and constitute the main base for the basin' s sound and sustainable development. As ecological protection and high-quality development in the YRB become a national development strategy, it is currently part of the government' s agenda to scientifically evaluate RBCs' performance in industrial green transformation and identify weaknesses and key difficulties in their development and, in turn, the foundational consolidation of the development. Taking 41 RBCs in the YRB as research units, this article constructed an industrial green transformation evaluation index system along the dimension of development status and transformation and adopted the SBM-Undesirable model and Malmquist-Luenberger model to give a quantitative evaluation of the transforming performance of 41 RBCs from 2013 to 2019. It also made a comparison of the transforming performance among different types of cities and further classified the 41 RBCs into different types. The results showed that: 1 The industrial green development trend of RBCs in the YRB was far from effective, and large-scale agglomeration was an important guarantee for industrial green transformation. In terms of urban types, mature and oil-gas cities had better development trends. Moran' s I index results showed that there was a relatively obvious spatial dependency between the industrial green development of the cities, and that there were obvious signs of local spatial agglomeration. 2 The scope of the industrial green transformation of RBCs in the YRB was relatively large, and its improvement was mainly guaranteed by technological progress. Considering city types, recessional and oil-gas cities had significantly larger scopes of transformation than other types. The results under Moran' s I index showed that the scope of the industrial transformation had an arbitrary spatial distribution. 3 The performance of RBCs in the YRB tended to be different, and the difference in the development situation of RBCs was the main culprit. The RBCs could be further categorized into four types of areas: the industrial green transformation area, the development situation lag area, the transformation amplitude lag area, and the industrial green transformation lag area. Finally, some suggestions are brought up for RBCs in the YRB on their promotion of industrial green transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a long period of coal resource exploitation in resource-based cities, the imbalance and disharmony between resource development and ecological protection in coal mining areas are prominent. In the context of ecological civilization construction, clarifying the spatial heterogeneity of ecological restoration needs and reasonably arranging the priority of ecological restoration work will become the basic work for efficient and coordinated ecological protection and restoration, which will help to plan as a whole, coordinate and orderly promote the high-quality sustainable development of resource-based cities. From the comprehensive perspective of the coordinated development of ecosystem and human well-being, Jiawang District, Xuzhou City, was selected as an example, and the historical remote sensing images, historical mine information and social and economic statistics in 2000, 2010 and 2019 were taken as the data sources. The equivalent assignment method was used to calculate the regional ecosystem service value and make coefficient correction. The landscape ecological risk assessment system was constructed by integrating the topographic location index, mining area disturbance index and landscape vulnerability index. The spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem service value and ecological risk index in the study area were analyzed, and the sharpe ratio was introduced to further explore the spatial heterogeneity of ecological restoration needs. The results showed that: ① From 2000 to 2019, the total value of ecosystem services in Jiawang district increased first and then decreased, and the value of ecological risk index decreased first and then increased. The growth rate was relatively flat, showing a small range; the spatial distribution of ecological service value and ecological risk level shows a trend of overall connectivity, with local circles moving outward. Urbanization and coal mining subsidence land management are the main factors influencing the spatial pattern differentiation. ② At the quantitative level, the ecosystem service value per unit area and the ecological risk index have strong negative grade correlations, but there is no obvious functional relationship; At the spatial level, the overall Moran’s I index of unit ecosystem service value and ecological risk index in Jiawang District from 2000 to 2019 were negative, showing negative spatial correlation. Ecological risks and ecosystem services have obvious dislocation characteristics. ③ The heterogeneity index R of ecological restoration demand in Jiawang district presents a gradient spatial change trend to a certain extent, and the overall ecological restoration demand tends to decrease, but the R index is still too high or too low in some regions; with the increase of degree of deviation, the range of high value areas for ecological restoration needs gradually narrowed and transformed to low value areas, and the areas requiring key ecological construction tend to be more centralized. The research conclusion can provide reference for the decision-making arrangement of systematic and integrated ecological restoration of resource exhausted cities.

The steady development of the real estate market is an important link in the transformation of resource-based cities. Taking the main urban area of Xuzhou, a typical resource-based city in China, as an example, this study used a spatial–temporal geographically weighted regression (GTWR) method guided by characteristic price theory to analyze the evolution of the spatial–temporal pattern of house prices in resource-based cities and the influencing factors. The results of the study showed that, from the time trend, Xuzhou's main city house price trend underwent the obvious stages; from June 2015 to September 2016, the trend was stable, and from March 2017 to June 2018, it was an "up–down–up" trend. With respect to the spatial distribution of house prices, from June 2015 to June 2017, the traditional business district and the major city in the Xuzhou metropolitan area were the areas of highest house prices, and after September 2017, the structural features of the traditional business district, along with the main city of the metropolitan area and the new city, formed the areas of highest importance. With regard to the factors influencing house prices, the type of dwelling, according to the building characteristics, had the largest impact on house prices, and the enrichment of housing types became an effective way to regulate housing prices. The impact of location characteristics on house prices varied depending on differences in the public infrastructure surrounding housing, with the contribution of the planned metro stations to house prices not effectively emerging. The impact of neighborhood characteristics on house prices varied, with tertiary care hospitals having a 'neighborhood avoidance effect' on house prices, given that hospital-generated waste was too densely distributed around houses, suppressing neighborhood house prices. The results of this study indicated that, in the process of real estate market development in resource-based cities, the planning department should consider the different functions and division of labor in each region and scientifically formulate urban development plans to provide a good external environment for the healthy development of the city's property market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of resource-based cities faces with stagnation due to the exhaustion of resources. Scientific and rational characterization of the temporal and spatial characteristics of resource environmental carrying capacity (RECC) is conducive to the sustainable development of these cities. In the present study, 8 resource-based cities in Sichuan Province were used as the research objects. A RECC research framework was constructed based on natural resources, environmental resources, economic resources and social resources dimensions (NEES), and a RECC assessment system was then extracted. This paper constructed a RECC calculation method based on the EWM-CPM (EWM: entropy weight method, CPM: catastrophe progression method). Mean and standard deviation were used for statistical analysis of RECC. The temporal trends of the NEES and RECC of resource-based cities in Sichuan Province were analyzed from the perspective of time, and the dynamic characteristics were analyzed combined with the dynamic evaluation measure model. The spatial pattern of RECC in the resource-based cities in Sichuan Province was analyzed from a spatial perspective. The relationship between NEES and RECC was evaluated through a path analysis method. The research results were as follows: (1) In terms of time, the average value of RECC in the resource-based cities in Sichuan Province was 0.628, and the standard deviation was 0.200, indicating that the stability of RECC in the entire region was poor. Natural resources are the main subsystem of RECC impacts in NEES. From the calculation results of the dynamic evaluation measure model, the level of RECC in PZH (Panzhihua) was stable, and the level of RECC in GA (Guang'an) increased with time, whereas the level of RECC in NC (Nanchong) was poor. (2) In terms of space, the eight resource-based cities showed uneven development in regard to RECC from 2010 to 2019, and the urban advantageous industries were related to the types of resources in the NEES. (3) The path analysis method results indicated that the directional impact of natural resources on RECC was the highest (0.658), followed by the effect of social resources, environmental resources and economic resources. The findings of the present study provide a basis for the establishment of methods for the sustainable development of urban areas, effective information extraction and the integrated assessment of factors that affect the development of resource-based cities.

The spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics and driving mechanisms of ecosystem services are of great significance for optimizing the pattern of land spatial protection and realizing regional sustainable development. Existing studies seldom consider the segmental influence mechanism of various influencing factors on different levels of ecosystem service value (ESV). Therefore, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial differentiation evolution characteristics of ESV in semiarid regions through an improved ESV evaluation model. The spatial panel quantile regression (SPQR) model was introduced to explore the relationship between various types of influencing factors and ESV in different intervals. The results showed the following: (1) The changes in ESV in Baotou City from 2000 to 2018 tended to be stable, but the spatial differentiation of ESV intensified. The aggregation feature of the low-ESV region is significant and gradually expanding. (2) Precipitation was the dominant factor increasing the ESV in each interval, and temperature had a significant negative impact on the low-ESV area. (3) Higher land use integrity accelerates the decline of ESV in the surrounding areas of built-up areas. The high-ESV area was more sensitive to the intensity of human activity. The direction of human activities should be effectively controlled, and the structure of comprehensive land use should be optimized to enhance the service function of regional ecosystems. This research provides new thinking for the ecological restoration zoning of regional territorial spatial planning and the sustainable development of resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suitable living environment is the common aspiration of city residents and the inherent requirement of sustainable development. This paper takes 114 resource-based cities in China as the research objects, constructs a pseudo human settlement environment (PSH) system based on network data, and constructs a real human settlement environment (RSH) system based on traditional data, measures the coupling coordination degree of the pseudo and real human settlement environment, and uses Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze its improvement path. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The evaluation index of real human settlements in China's resource-based cities continues to grow, and the evaluation index of pseudo human settlements increases first and then decreases. (2) The coupling coordination degree between the resource-based pseudo city and the real human settlement environment presents an inverted U-shaped change trend, and the overall distribution presents a three-level ladder-like distribution of east-central-west. (3) A single condition has a weak ability to explain the coupling coordination degree of human settlements; the coupling coordination degree of resource-based cities has formed three improvement paths: opening + finance driven model, opening + education + finance driven model, and education + finance driven model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Basin is an important strategic area for consolidating China' s success in building a moderately prosper⁃ ous society. The high-quality development of resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin will help improve the economic strength of the basin and implement the strategy of coordinated regional development. This study first measured the quality development level of re⁃ source-based cities with the improved CRITIC weighting method. Then, a spatio-temporal analysis of high-quality development levels was performed by the equilibrium entropy model, Gini coefficient, and kernel density estimation. Based on this analysis, we used the ob⁃ stacle degree model to analyze its impact factors. The results showed that: ① The high-quality development level of the cities showed a stable and fluctuating development trend on the whole, and there were relatively obvious spatial and temporal differences in the equilib⁃ rium entropy between them. ② The overall difference in the high-quality development of these cities was declining year by year. The contribution rates of the differences within specific river reaches were relatively stable; the differences between river reaches were de⁃ creasing; and the contribution rate of hypervariable density was increasing. ③ The overall density function of resource-based cities in the Yellow River Basin changed little during the study period. The trailing curve of it was not obvious. The high-quality development was in a unimodal form as the peak value increased, and the polarization phenomenon was gradually enhanced. ④ The top five most in⁃ fluential barriers to the high-quality development of the cities changed over time. There were significant differences in the obstacles to the high-quality development of the cities in the three dimensions of economic, social, and ecological development, among which ecolog⁃ ical development had the least obstacle to the overall high-quality development of the cities. Based on the research conclusions, we make the following suggestions: ① We should strengthen the top-level design of the Yellow River Basin and straighten out the relation⁃ ship between economic development and ecological protection. We should carry out regional environmental protection, industrial optimi⁃ zation and transformation, effective utilization of resources, pollution prevention and control, and cultural inheritance and protection at the national level. ② In order to formulate a macro-governance pattern for the Yellow River Basin, we need to pay attention to the re⁃ gional development strategy of linking the eastern and western regions, promote regional development from point to area, and break through the original economic and geographical patterns. ③ We should explore the potential of the Yellow River Basin, work together to tackle the existing development problems, and enhance the comprehensive competitiveness and regional radiation power of resourcebased cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have contributed to the growth of the city, but also raised non-negligible eco-geological environmental issues that threaten ecological safety. Ecological security pattern (ESP), as an important grip on the ecological restoration and protection of national land space, helps to balance mining activities and ecological protection in coal resource-based cities. Taking Huaibei City as a study area, we applied the ESP research paradigm: an ecosystem "function-structure" conceptual framework was developed to identify ecological sources, the "coal mining subsidence—economic activities" framework was used to revise ecological resistance surface, and the circuit theory was used to extract ecological corridors. Then, key areas for ecological restoration and protection were identified, including ecological pinch points, barrier points, and fracture points. Finally, the pattern and strategies for ecological restoration and protection were proposed. Study results show that there were 51 ecological sources, covering an area of 152.75 km2; 111 ecological corridors were extracted with 6000 as truncation threshold; 17 pinch points, 75 barrier points, and 117 fracture points were identified. Ecological restoration and protection patterns of "one axis, two shields, four zones, eight belts and multiple corridors", and strategies for key areas were proposed. The results of the study are important for the sustainable development of coal-resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Research on the coupling of EE and SE development in RBCs. • Improved the coupling coordination model for studying resilience levels. • A resilience level measurement model based on improved FCE has been constructed. • Using scenario simulation method to explore the path to achieve high coupling state. Resource-based cities (RBCs) encounter numerous challenges in terms of ecological environment (EE) protection and socio-economy (SE) upgrading. This exerts pressure on the advancement of sustainable development. A benign relationship between EE and SE is a crucial factor in promoting RBCs to realize sustainable development. Using Sichuan RBCs as a case study, this study determined the EE and SE resilience levels, examined the degree of coupling coordination between the two levels of resilience, and investigated the specific pathways in which RBCs might reach a high coupling state. The level of resilience in Sichuan RBCs is dropping for EE, stable for SE, and steadily increasing overall. The degree of coupling coordination is suboptimal, as shown by a D-value of 0.260. However, there is an overall trend towards improved coordination. There 8 cities with a moderate state of dysfunction. In the high state development scenario, the coupling coordination degree of the cities rises significantly. Guang'an, Luzhou, Nanchong, and Zigong should prioritize addressing the issue of EE pollution emission and work to strengthen the regulation and treatment of industrial pollutants. Moreover, to enhance the influx of talent and population, the cities of Dazhou, Guangyuan, Panzhihua, and Ya'an should implement human-centered urban design and layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Measuring the sustainable transformation level of resource-based cities (STRBC). • Exploring the impact of digital economy (DIGITAL) on STRBC. • Economic efficiency and the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship are important channels through which the DIGITAL affects STRBC. • Governmental environmental concern can positively moderate the relationship between the DIGITAL and the STRBC. • DIGITAL can promote the sustainable transformation of mature, declining, and regenerating RBC. Resource-based cities (RBCs) depend heavily on the extraction and processing of natural resources, resulting in relatively simple economic structures. However, the rise of the digital economy (DIGITAL) presents numerous opportunities for economic diversification and sustainable development. Further investigation is necessary to explore DIGITAL's potential to overcome the resource curse. This study examined the influence of digital economic development on the sustainable transformation of 115 RBCs in China from 2011 to 2019. Robustness and heterogeneity tests were conducted to ensure reliability of the findings. This study concluded that DIGITAL plays a pivotal role in driving the sustainable transformation of resource-based cities (STRBC). This conclusion was supported by various robustness tests. Urban economic efficiency and the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship were identified as key channels through which DIGITAL contributes to STRBC. Moreover, governmental environmental concern can enhance DIGITAL's role in promoting STRBC. Furthermore, DIGITAL is particularly crucial for mature, declining, and regenerating cities, and has a stronger impact on cities with larger spatial scales. This may be attributed to factors such as the levels of economic development, infrastructure construction, and policy support in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “dual carbon” goal proposes new requirements for urban development, and the contradiction between high-speed urban development and environmental problems is becoming increasingly critical. The path of green and low-carbon development urgently needs to be investigated. In this paper, a simulation system of urban carbon emission based on system dynamics is built from four perspectives of population, economy, water resources and energy, aiming at building a method system for carbon peak path that is universally applicable to resource-based cities from a systematic perspective. This paper designs five scenarios: business as unusual scenario (BAU), adjustment of industrial structure (CPA1), adjustment of energy structure (CPA2), reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP (CPA3) and comprehensive management (CPAcomprehensive). Compared with the other four scenarios, the comprehensive scenario had the best coordination benefit for the coupling system, which took into account economic development, resource consumption and carbon emission reduction and could promote the realization of a carbon peak in Taiyuan city in 2029, and the comprehensive scenario will reduce CO2 by 17.14 million tons, water consumption by 158 million m3, energy consumption by 5.58 million tons of standard coal and economic growth by 175.21 billion yuan in 2029.

With the gradual implementation of strategies to achieve the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality, the heterogeneous performance of low-carbon technological progress driving carbon emission reduction in different situations has become an important basis for targeted technological carbon reduction. As an important special subject of national energy resource security and carbon emission reduction, whether resource-based cities can reach peak carbon emissions simultaneously is a key to the achievement of the ' dual carbon' goals. This paper reviewed the theoretical literature on low-carbon technology progress and carbon emissions in resource-based cities, and extracted the their driving mechanisms. Based on the panel data of 116 prefecture-level resource-based cities in China from 2005 to 2019, this paper innovatively considered six undesirable outputs with resource-based city characteristics to define the low-carbon technological progress of such cities, and used the DEA-Malmquist index model, STIRPAT model, and threshold model to clarify the current situation of low-carbon technological progress and carbon emissions in resource-based cities. The study also carried out a deep analysis of the driving relationship and threshold effect between low-carbon technological progress and carbon emission reduction, and compared and analyzed their multiple heterogeneity. The study found that during the sample period, the low-carbon technology progress of these 116 prefecture-level resource-based cities showed a phased upward trend, and that carbon emissions had obvious regional heterogeneity and type heterogeneity. The progress of low-carbon technology in resource-based cities had a certain inhibitory effect on carbon emissions and presented type heterogeneity, regional heterogeneity, and a double threshold effect. In different threshold ranges, the driving effects of low-carbon technology on carbon emission reduction effect and carbon emission reduction rebound effect were different. The driving effects of other seven control variables, such as gross domestic product, command-based environmental regulation, market-based environmental regulation, voluntary environmental regulation, industrial structure, energy consumption structure, and foreign direct investment, on carbon emissions were also different. Finally, based on the research conclusions, regarding different regional resource-based cities, different types of resource-based cities, and different levels of low-carbon technology progress in resource-based cities, policy recommendations related to low-carbon technology progress and carbon emission reduction are proposed in a targeted manner, aiming to promote the improvement of low-carbon technology progress in resource-based cities and the simultaneous achievement of carbon emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development has become a global consensus, and cities are important spatial carriers to achieve sustainable development. There are more than 200 resource-based cities in China. These cities have a single industrial and energy structure. With the gradual depletion of urban resources, they are generally facing problems such as difficult industrial transformation, lagging development of alternative industries, and serious damage to the ecological environment. They are facing multiple challenges to achieve sustainable development. Our paper creatively uses the multiple interactive feedback relationships among the systems of "driving force–pressure–state–influence–response" in resource-based cities to establish a comprehensive evaluation model for the sustainable development of resource-based cities through the comprehensive evaluation index system of sustainable development. It is concluded that the higher the coordination degree of each subsystem in the model is, the stronger the sustainable development ability of the city is, which provides new ideas and suggestions for the sustainable development of resource-based cities. The case study shows that the coordinated dispatching C value tends to 2.216, indicating that the sustainable development evaluation values of each subsystem in the model tend to be close, and the coordination between subsystems is high. This confirms the rationality of establishing a comprehensive evaluation model for the sustainable development of resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following significant urban expansion, the ecological problems of resource-based cities are gradually exposed. It is of great significance to study the ecosystem services of resource-based cities to achieve their sustainable development goals and to alleviate the conflicts between environmental protection and the utilization of the surrounding resources. However, in the current research on resource-based cities, few scholars have combined multiple minerals and multiple ecosystem services to explore the impact of mineral resources on the ecosystem. In this study, based on the historical data spanning from 2002 to 2018, we used the CA–Markov model to project the land use of Panzhihua City to 2030. Based on future land use projection, we quantified four ecosystem services (ESs) variables, including water yield, carbon storage, habitat quality, and soil conservation, using the InVEST model from the perspective of land use evolution in Panzhihua City. In addition, we explored the trade-offs and synergies of different ecosystem services and the correlations between different mineral species and ecosystem services using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results showed the following: (1) During 2002–2018, water yield service, habitat quality service, and carbon storage service of Panzhihua City decreased year by year, and soil conservation service showed significant fluctuations; most of the low ESs areas were distributed in the central region of Panzhihua. On the contrary, most high ESs areas were located in the forest region. (2) The trade-offs and synergistic relationships among different ecosystem services showed significant spatial variations. There were synergistic relationships among ESs and weak trade-offs between water yield services, soil conservation, and habitat quality services. There was also significant spatial variability in the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services, with water production services showing "east trade-offs and west synergies" with soil conservation and habitat quality services, and most of the rest showing trade-offs in urban areas. (3) ESs in mining areas showed trade-offs in general, mainly between water production services and carbon storage services, with clay as the major negative factor of mineral species, and iron ore mines that have undergone ecological protection construction showed the lowest negative impact on ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the industrial transformation and upgrading of resource-based cities is an important condition for solving the dilemma of widening economic development differences and serious destruction of ecological resources between regions, and to achieve regional coordinated development strategy. From the new perspective of factor mismatch, this article discussed the economic transformation of resource-based cities. In theory, a growth model describing the factor input of resource-based cities was constructed, and the influence mechanism of factor mismatch on urban output efficiency, environmental efficiency and energy efficiency was investigated. In the empirical aspect, based on the panel data from 2005 to 2018 and using the improved Directional Distance Function (DDF), this article calculated the transformation efficiency of 114 resource-based cities in China from the five dimensions of labor, capital and energy input, expected output and non-expected output, and then tested the exact impact of factor mismatch on the transformation of resource-based cities. The results showed that whether it was over-allocation or under-allocation, factor mismatch had a significant inhibitory effect on the economic transformation efficiency of resource-based cities, and the inhibitory effect of labor mismatch was particularly obvious; after dealing with endogenous problems, changing analysis samples, replacing explained variables, and changing regression methods, the research conclusions still had strong robustness. Transformation efficiency was further decomposed in the three directions of output growth, energy consumption and environmental friendliness. It was found that the mismatch of various factors would hinder the improvement of energy efficiency and environmental efficiency, but different from labor mismatch and energy mismatch, the negative impact of capital mismatch on output efficiency was insignificant. According to the classification of resource-based cities in different geographical regions, it was found that the impact of factor mismatch on transformation efficiency would be significantly different in different geographic regions. Based on the problems in the transformation of resource-based cities, this article puts forward policy suggestions from the three levels of country, city and industry, and emphasizes the importance of improving the allocation efficiency of labor factor. This paper not only provides a new insight into the explanation of the transformation dilemma faced by resource-based cities, but also provides useful reference for strategy formulation and policy adjustment to promote the high-quality development of resource-based cities in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy crises, water shortages, and rising carbon emissions are constantly posing new demands and challenges to global economic development. Considering the problem of high emissions and high water consumption in the process of energy production and transformation in resource-based cities, this study established the LEAP-Jincheng model based on the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) model. Taking 2020 as the base year, the baseline scenario (BS), policy scenario (PS), and intensified scenario (IS) were set to predict future energy and water consumption and carbon emissions of Jincheng from 2021 to 2050. The results show that both PS and IS can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction to some extent. The total energy consumption of PS will be 32.89 million metric tons of coal equivalent in 2050, 15.62% less than the BS. However, the carbon emissions in 2030 will reach 8221 metric tons CO2 equivalent, which is significantly higher than that in other scenarios. In PS, carbon emissions after 2030 will not be significantly reduced, and the energy–water elasticity coefficient is −0.77, which fails to achieve effective emission reduction under energy–water synergy. The total energy consumption of the IS will be 22.57 million metric tons of coal equities in 2050, which has a total decrease of 31.38%, compared to BS. In the IS, the carbon emissions will reach a peak in 2030 (68.77 million metric tons CO2 equivalent) and subsequently reduce to 50.72 million metric tons CO2 equivalent in 2050, which has a total decrease of 50.64%, compared to BS. Furthermore, water consumption and energy–water synergy results show that the elastic coefficient is 1.37 in the IS. The IS is the best scenario for Jincheng to achieve coordinated development of energy and water resources from a low-carbon perspective. This study can provide a scientific basis for decision-making departments of Jincheng to formulate targeted sustainable development policies for energy and water and has an essential promoting significance for China to achieve the "double carbon" goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological disturbance model in the main urban area of Daqing,a resource-based city, was established based on remote sensing technology,GIS spatial analysis method and degree of hemeroby model,as well as the natural resources situation, economic and social development situation and National Land Use Classification. The response mechanisms of spatio-temporal dynamics of ecological disturbance degree and landscape pattern in the main urban area of Daqing from 2000 to 2018 were proposed by landscape pattern index. The variation of degree of hemeroby is characterized by heterogeneity and regional difference. The area with degree of hemeroby index HI≤3 decreased,while HI>6 increased,and other degree of hemeroby areas did not change significantly. The patch density( PD),edge density ( ED),landscape shape index ( LSI) and maximum patch index ( LPI) showed a decreasing trend. Shannon diversity index(SHDI) showed a significant upward trend;while patch aggregation index(AI) first increased and then decreased. Regional landscape heterogeneity decreases with the decrease of landscape and complexity,and landscape patches tend to be homogeneous. In space, the correlation between degree of hemeroby index and landscape pattern index in the whole study area is as follows: LPI>SHDI >ED>LSI>AI. The correlation between PD and HI is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panzhihua City is a typical agricultural-forestry-pastoral and ecologically sensitive city in China. It is also an important ecological defense in the upper Yangtze River. It has abundant mineral resources, including vanadium, titanium, and water supplies. However, ecological and environmental problems emerge due to the excessive development of mining, agriculture, animal husbandry, and other non-natural urban economies. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the spatio-temporal changes of the eco-environment of Panzhihua is critical for environmental protection, city planning, and construction. To objectively evaluate the eco-environmental status of Panzhihua, the remote sensing-based ecological index (RSEI) was first applied to Panzhihua, a typical resource-based city, and its ecological environmental quality (EEQ) was quantitatively assessed from 1990 to 2020. This study explored the effects of mining activities and policies on EEQ and used change detection to reveal the spatial-temporal changes of EEQ in Panzhihua City over the past three decades. In addition, this study also verified the suitability of RSEI for evaluating EEQ in resource-based city using spatial autocorrelation, revealed the spatial heterogeneity of EEQ in Panzhihua City using optimized hot spot analysis, and showed different ecological clustering by hot spot analysis at two scales of urban and mining areas. According to the results: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the general eco-environmental condition of Panzhihua is improving, but there are still regional differences. (2) The Moran's I value ranges from 0.436 (1990) to 0.700 (2020), indicating that there is autocorrelation in the distribution of eco-environmental quality. (3) At the mine, the mean value of RSEI dropped by 20–40%, and the EEQ decreased significantly due to mining activities. (4) A series of ecological restoration policies can buffer the negative impact of mining activities on the ecosystem, resulting in a slight improvement in the quality of the ecological environment. This study evaluates the EEQ of resource-based city and its spatial-temporal changes using RSEI constructed by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, which can provide theoretical support for ecological and environmental conditions monitoring, development planning, and environmental protection policy-making of a resource-based city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientifically diagnosing the spatial conflict of resource-based cities and clarifying the coupling coordination relationship between the intensity of spatial conflict and the dynamic degree of land use is of great significance for the transformation of urban areas and the rational use of regional resources. Based on the characteristics of a resource-based city in Xintai, the study constructed a spatial conflict measurement model from the dimensions of spatial pressure, spatial exposure, and spatial risk from the perspective of ecosystem service value. We then used the coupling coordination model to explore the relationship between change in the spatial conflict level and the dynamic degree of land use. The results showed that from 2009 to 2020, the spatial conflict index in Xintai remained stable, with a change of only 0.0018, and the changing trend of different conflict levels was different; the spatial pattern of conflicts was distributed in circles, and the conflict levels gradually weakened from the center to the surrounding areas. From 2009 to 2020, the average dynamic degree of land use in Xintai was 23.14%, with significant differences in spatial layout. The land use characteristics were mainly arable land to woodland, land reclamation, land restoration, expansion of construction land, and afforestation. According to the analysis of the degree of coupling coordination, the coupling coordination relationships between different spatial conflict changes and the dynamic degree of land use are significantly different. The weakened area is dominated by coordination relationships, with 774 units, accounting for 43.75%. According to the analysis of land use type changes and behavior-dominant factors, land use adjustment in Xintai mostly served the goals of ecological protection and economic development, and had a positive impact on the governance of spatial conflicts, but land use patterns in some areas still need to be optimally adjusted. The research is expected to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of regional land, the governance of spatial conflicts, and optimization of the spatial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasingly serious environmental and resource problems, resource-based cities have attracted unprecedented attention at home and abroad. In recent years, resource-based cities have become a hot research topic that has produced fruitful results. However, few articles have comprehensively and systematically reviewed the research on resource-based cities, which makes it difficult to carry out further research. This study introduces the influencing factors of the urban transformation of resource-based cities, the path of urban transformation, and the evaluation index system of urban transformation in detail. At the same time, a total of 2,182 articles related to resource-based cities in the CNKI and WOS from 2002 to 2022 were taken as the research objects. CiteSpace software was used to conduct statistical analysis of publication dates, journals of publication, institutions, and highly cited literature. Using the co-occurrence network of literature keywords and the analysis of emergent words, the research status of resource-based cities at home and abroad is visually analyzed. It is found that Chinese universities attach the most importance to research on resource-based cities. Chinese-language journals focus on urban and economic transformation, while English-language journals focus on sustainable development and the circular economy, which are quite different. The overall research content of Chinese journals is scattered, the co-occurrence ability of keywords is weak, and the duration of hot research topics is short. In contrast, the overall research trend of English-language journals is more concentrated, the key words’ emergence intensity is high, and the duration is long. This study aims to systematically sort out the theories and research related to resource-based city development in China and internationally, clarify the key issues of resource-based city research and the shortcomings of existing research, and put forward feasible suggestions for future research.

Studying the internal relationship between the innovation environment and the transformation development of resource-based cities from the perspective of coupling and coordination helps reveal the mechanism between them, which is of great significance to sustainable development of resource-based cities. This study reconstructs the index system for innovative environment and transformation development. We used the coupling coordination degree model, Epanechnikov function, and panel quantile regression model to analyze the coupling coordination level, dynamic evolution characteristics, and influencing factors of innovative environment and transformation development of resource-based cities in Gansu Province from 2009 to 2019. The study shows that the innovation environment index and the transformation development index of resource-based cities increased significantly during the study period. The innovation environment index of resource-based cities has been greatly improved, showing a dynamic evolution trend of rapid growth and development characteristics of “low-level, fast growth”. There are differences in the characteristics of transformation development in resource-based cities, but on the whole, it shows a trend of increasing fluctuation. The state of coupling coordination has changed from a severely unbalanced state to a moderately unbalanced state; some cities have turned to a low-level coordination state, and the overall trend is presented to optimize the process continuously. The quantile regression results show that the level of economic development and industrial structure has a significant positive effect on improving the coupling coordination degree of the two. The degree of government intervention has a negative impact. The level of capital investment has a negative effect at a high score but has no significant impact at a low score. This study tries to provide a scientific basis for formulating the policy of coordinated development between an innovation environment and transformation development of resource-based cities and also provides a reference for high-quality development of other resource-based cities.

The terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle is essential to the global carbon cycle. Mining activities have seriously damaged the terrestrial ecosystem and destroyed the carbon sequestration ability of vegetation, which is of great significance to studying the effect of coal mining on land structure change and carbon sink function in cities and mining areas. However, the existing research lacks the targeted analysis of the carbon sink level of the mining area combined with the mining data. Based on the coal-mining information, land-use data, and MODIS NPP data, this study analyzed the spatio-temporal change characteristics of land use and NPP in Huainan City and its mining areas from 2001 to 2020. The results showed that: (1) 22.5% of the land types in the mining area have changed, much higher than 3.2% in Huainan; 40.08 km2 of the cropland in the mining area has been transformed into waterbodies, seriously affecting regional food security. (2) NPP fluctuates with rainfall, has a weak correlation with temperature, and is restricted by coal-mining factors. The average NPP of most coal mines is significantly lower than that of non-mining areas. The NPP of Huainan City showed an overall growth trend of 2.20 g/(m2 × a), which was much higher than the average value of 0.43 g/(m2 × a) in the mining area. Especially in the Guqiao mine, the difference in NPPslope before and after mining was as high as 16.92 g/(m2 × a). (3) The probability integral method was used to estimate that 195.16 km2 of land in Huainan would be damaged by mining in 2020. The distribution of damage degree was negatively correlated with NPPslope, which meant the more serious the damage was, the less NPPslope was. This study revealed the characteristics of land-use change and NPP spatio-temporal response in resource-based cities and mining-disturbed areas. It quantitatively estimated the impact of mining activities on regional carbon sink function. It can provide theory and data support for mining areas to carry out ecological protection and restoration, improve the environmental service function of resource-based cities, and formulate sustainable development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological transformation of the mineral resource-based cities (MRBCs) is the key to promoting the construction of ecological civilization and realizing the sustainable development of the social economy and society in China. Existing research ignores the influence of public participation on other subjects in the process of transformation, which is essential to solve the dilemma faced by the ecological transformation of MRBCs. In view of this, from the perspective of stakeholders, this study constructs a new evolutionary game model, which is jointly participated in by the government, enterprises, and social factors (SF) (including public, self-media, and non-governmental organizations). This paper discusses the interests of the main parties and their inter-relationships and reveals the causal mechanism and influencing factors of the dilemma of the ecological transformation of the MRBCs. Our results demonstrate that the evolution and convergence of strategies among the tripartite game agents exhibit strong interaction. First, the single industrial structure, low regulatory efficiency, and weak ecological awareness substantially increase the cost of transformation, thus exacerbating the dilemma of MRBC transformation. Second, the transformation intensity and comprehensive income are important factors affecting the transformation, and the effect intensity of influencing factors in different transition stages is different, which implies that the focus of policies in different stages is different. Third, in the process of promoting enterprise ecological transformation, government supervision and SF supervision have significant complementary effects. However, high-intensity supervision has a significant crowding-out effect on the willingness of SF to participate. Therefore, the government needs to balance the intensity of supervision and willingness of SF to participate. Compared with the existing research, this study comprehensively reflects the complex dynamic game process of the ecological transformation of MRBCs in China and can provide a reference for the policy of promoting the ecological transformation of MRBCs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urbanization rate in China has been increasing in recent years, and along with the increasing intensity of human engineering activities, ecological and geological (eco-geological) degradation have become key factors impeding sustainable urban development. Taking the concentrated mineral exploitation area of Tonghua City as an example, the distribution of mines in the area is concentrated and the spatial heterogeneity is significant. This paper includes 14 evaluation indicators in three aspects: eco-geological environment background, anthropogenic and mining engineering activities, and environmental pollution. Then, based on game theory combined with ANP-CV (Analytic Network Process and Coefficient of Variation), two empowerment methods, GIS spatial calculation is used to evaluate the eco-geological environment quality (EEQ). The results showed that the EEQ was divided into grades I–V from high to low, with areas of 21.13%, 30.35%, 27.00%, 14.30%, and 7.22%, respectively; the EEQ of the Hun River basin has a high spatial autocorrelation and low EEQ, and the EEQ grade of mines was divided on this basis; the hot spot analysis is useful for determining the EEQ, as well as for allocating mine restoration resources in a sensible manner. Finally, we propose countermeasures to improve EEQ, and this study can provide a scientific basis for ecological construction and geological environmental protection in Tonghua City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]