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Information technology (IT) innovation development within non-IT firms has been a key interest, but it is fraught with challenges because these firms lack sufficient IT knowledge. This study takes a resource dependence perspective to examine how engaging interlocking directorates with IT firms, or IT interlocks, affects non-IT firms' innovation outcomes. Despite the acknowledged role of board interlocks in knowledge transfer, the role of IT interlocks in transferring IT knowledge has not been studied. Using a large-scale panel dataset of Chinese public firms between 2000 and 2020, our findings reveal that IT interlocks of non-IT firms positively impact their IT innovation by transferring IT knowledge, particularly when the interlocked IT firms are knowledge-intensive. Our research contributes to the information systems literature by affirming IT interlocks' positive impact on innovation outcomes and highlighting the value of specific board relational capital in transferring external knowledge in need. It also offers practical implications for non-IT firms overcoming innovation challenges by establishing directorate connections with IT firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the role of growth in poverty reduction within the sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) region in direct comparison to other global regions along time‐delineated thresholds. The study's results show (i) A significant gulf in the performance of SSA economies in comparison to their global cohorts; (ii) An improved role played by growth after the mid‐2000s for poverty reduction in SSA; (iii) A less deleterious impact of rising income inequality on poverty reduction within the SSA sub‐region relative to other global regions, and (iv) An improved performance of resource‐dependent SSA economies in translating growth to poverty reduction since the mid‐2000s. The convergence in growth‐induced poverty reduction between SSA and its global cohorts energizes prospects for attaining the Sustainable Development Goal of eradicating global extreme poverty by 2030; it however also calls for renewed strategies toward improving the efficacy of growth in future poverty reduction within the sub‐region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively analyses spatiotemporal land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics within a 10-km buffer zone surrounding Volcanoes National Park (VNP), Rwanda, from 2000 to 2019, integrating biophysical and socio-economic drivers. It aims to quantify LULC change extent, rate, and type around VNP and inside the park; identify socio-economic, demographic, and policy drivers of LULC change; and evaluate the impact of LULC changes on VNP's biodiversity via habitat fragmentation, connectivity, and species diversity. Employing remote sensing, spatial modelling, and field data, we reveal profound transformations within the park's periphery. Forests and woodlots have significantly declined, replaced by agriculture, grasslands, and built-up areas, particularly in the 5.1–10 km belt (92.29% forest loss). While reforestation efforts exist, they are outpaced by deforestation, creating a stark deforestation-to-reforestation ratio of 12:1 in the 5.1 10 km belt and 6:1 in the 0–5 km belt. This alarming trend threatens VNP's biodiversity as resource dependent communities continue to extract firewood, construction materials, and beanpoles from the park. To mitigate these impacts, we propose integrated strategies encompassing strengthened law enforcement, sustainable land management practices, community-based conservation initiatives, and alternative livelihood development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choice of legal structures is a key decision that social enterprises make early in their lives. The range of options now includes not only the traditional for-profit and non-profit structures, but also the new hybrid structures. Viewing legal structures primarily as 'governance mechanisms to support the mission', the current social enterprise literature regards 'mission' as the normative basis for legal structure choices. Empirical work in the non-profit and social enterprise literatures, however, surfaces another salient, yet under-theorised concern driving legal structure choices, namely resources. In this paper, we aim to develop resource dependence perspectives as an alternate theoretical lens to understand legal structure choices. In this study of 14 New York based socio-tech enterprises, we uncover how, in an interplay of resource needs, autonomy and legitimacy concerns, legal structures emerge as strategic tools to attract the external resource providers that the social enterprises want to form resource relations with and avoid the ones they are wary of. Our findings contribute to advancing the notion of legal structures as a 'vehicle for resource mobilisation', and to lay the foundations for a resource dependent framework to examine social enterprise legal structure choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain finance, as an important financial instrument supporting the sustainable development of the real economy, has attracted significant attention. In this paper, research is conducted on 3181 non-financial listed enterprises in the A-share market in China from 2012 to 2021. Multiple regression analysis is adopted to examine the relationship between supply chain finance and enterprise financialization, as well as the impact of the former on the latter and the underlying mechanisms at play. The research findings indicate that the supply chain finance model, led by core enterprises, tends to exacerbate enterprise financialization in China. The significant resource dependence of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on core enterprises acts as a moderating variable for supply chain finance and enterprise financialization. This dependence amplifies the stimulus of supply chain finance on the "financialization" of enterprises, demonstrates a pronounced moderating effect within state-owned enterprises, and strengthens over time when the core enterprises possess information advantages. The findings articulated herein contribute to the scholarly discourse, offering insights into the improvement of supply chain finance and the advancement of the real economy's sustainable development via financial services. A good supply chain finance model should align with the requirements for the development of China's real economy. It should provide not only financial assistance to enterprises but also foster a virtuous cycle within the industrial chain and encourage industrial production over financial investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does owner identity affect environmental management system (EMS) adoption by business group affiliates? While current research on EMS adoption is mostly focused on stand-alone Western firms, a marked uptake of adoption has unfolded in Eastern countries such as China, where business group affiliates are the dominant organizational form. This stark contrast between corporate interest and research attention has left a clear lacuna in our understanding of how systems that can reduce environmental impact diffuse across industrial settings. We argue that state, family, and foreign owners of affiliated firms show distinct propensities to adopt an EMS, owing to differences in legitimacy needs, ownership competencies, and group-level preferences to engage in systematic environmental practices. Logistic regressions based on data from listed Chinese business group affiliates between 2008 and 2019 show that state and family ownership negatively influence the likelihood of EMS adoption, whereas foreign control has a positive effect. More intragroup transactions exacerbate the low adoption propensity of family-owned firms. Our study contributes to the literatures on business groups and corporate environmentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the benefits of strategy as way-finding approach to strategic thinking suggested by Robert Chia for small community-based Southern NGOs. The purpose is to find alternatives to the strategic planning (SP) approach. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts the perspective of phronesis (Flyvbjerg, 2006) using the case study of a 45-year-old NGO based in India and working for community development. The data has been collected for over more than 20 years. Qualitative analysis of the data has been done by focusing on the activities that were performed in keeping with the requirements of phronetic research. Findings: The study finds that through way-finding approach to strategic thinking, a Southern NGO is able to manage and reduce its resource dependence while maintaining organizational autonomy and pursuing its vision. The approach avoids the pathologies produced through SP in such organisations. Research limitations/implications: This study adds to empirical contexts in which strategy as way-finding may be practiced. This study explicitly shows how this may be very useful to smaller community-based Southern NGOs. This study also adds to the research on strategy as practice by showing its relevance in the NGO sector. Practical implications: This study shows alternatives to NGOs that are reluctant to engage in SP. This study also shows how NGOs can benefit from the way-finding approach to strategic thinking to improve their community connect, autonomy and impact. Social implications: This study provides alternatives to resisting the power asymmetry of the global North-South development agenda. Originality/value: This study demonstrates the usefulness of the way-finding approach to strategy in the context of smaller Third-World NGOs and provides alternatives to SP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy transition towards low-carbon systems has brought to the fore the underexplored sociopolitical dynamics shaping transition pathways in fossil fuel-dependent developing countries. This study addresses this critical research gap by conducting a comprehensive, multidimensional analysis of the complex interplay between public attitudes, interest group pressures, political institutions, and cultural narratives influencing Iran's energy transition strategies amidst evolving global realities. Employing a novel analytical framework that synthesizes resource dependence, sociotechnical transitions, punctuated equilibrium, and complex interdependence theories, the research draws upon rich insights from 11 semistructured interviews with leading Iranian experts across policy, engineering, economics, sociocultural, and governance domains. Through a rigorous discourse analysis of interview data and an extensive literature review, the study examines the way in which entrenched hydrocarbon interests, institutional fragmentation, geopolitical tensions, public perceptions, demographic divergences, and cultural identities shape Iran's complex energy landscape. The findings underscore the importance of responsive communication, inclusive stakeholder engagement, adaptive governance, and regional cooperation in navigating the sociopolitical terrain underpinning Iran's sustainable energy transition. The study generates actionable policy recommendations spanning public outreach, political economy management, institutional capacity building, and international diplomacy, advancing theoretical understandings of energy transitions in resource-dependent Global South contexts, while providing guidance for policymakers navigating complex reform pathways amidst societal resistance and geopolitical uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article analyzes the influence of switching costs and resource dependence on interorganizational cooperation between contractors (buyers) and transport companies (sellers). Originality/value: The management accounting literature has traditionally focused on intraorganizational controls. However, researchers have a growing interest in applying management accounting elements in the interorganizational scope. This study contributes to the literature on interorganizational relationships by presenting possible evidence of the relationship between resource dependence, switching costs, and interorganizational cooperation between contractors and transport companies. Design/methodology/approach: This quantitative study surveyed the perception of professionals from food and beverage sector companies about the transport companies they contract. A total of 120 professionals participated in the study, and the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the structural model. Findings: The relational and procedural dimensions of switching costs and resource dependence influence interorganizational cooperation positively. A total mediation of resource dependence was found in the relationship between procedural switching costs and interorganizational cooperation. The results showed that switching costs and resource dependence are antecedents of interorganizational cooperation between the firms surveyed and the transport companies they contract. As for social and managerial implications, this study offers managers a deeper understanding of the importance of switching costs and resource dependence and the impacts of these factors on interorganizational cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does dependence on sales to the government affect new venture performance and survival? And what can new ventures do to improve performance when they increasingly sell more to the government? Responding to these questions, we challenge longstanding but still untested theoretical assumptions that suggest new ventures who increasingly sell more to the government impede their performance and survival. Specifically, we utilize the Kauffman firm survey panel data, integrating resource dependence and stakeholder theories to argue and find support for a curvilinear relationship between new venture sales to the government and venture performance. Then, in efforts to help mitigate negative effects of government dependence, we suggest how offering high-tech products and government financial support can moderate this curvilinear relationship, helping strengthen performance the more that new ventures sell to the government. Finally, we find a linear relationship between new ventures that sell more to the government and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of resource dependence on social economy and environment lacks empirical evidence at the micro level. This article uses data from A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020 to construct an econometric model to empirically test the impact of resource dependence on ESG performance of enterprises. We find that the corporate ESG scores in regions with high resource dependence will decline. After a series of robustness tests such as replacing the dependent variable, controlling province time fixed effect, eliminating extreme effects, and eliminate provinces with high resource dependence, the conclusion of this article still holds. In addition, we alleviate the endogeneity problem caused by OLS estimation by constructing a dynamic panel model. Further analysis indicates that there are differences in the effect of resource dependence on enterprises sub-scores, with a significant negative impact on the environmental dimension and social dimension, and no significant impact on the governance dimension. It has a greater impact on the ESG score of SOEs and has no significant impact on non-SOEs. The empirical results of this paper enrich the research on the influencing factors of enterprise ESG performance, and further expand the research framework of the socio-economic consequences of enterprise resource dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of industrial structural refinement stands as a pivotal approach to harmonize high-quality economic development and environmental preservation. In this study, we seek to assess the impact of low-carbon city pilot programs on the upgrading of industrial structure. Leveraging panel data encompassing 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this study undertakes an empirical test employing the time-varying difference in difference (DID) methodology. We further delve into an examination of the specific mechanisms and heterogeneity of effects. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) the low-carbon cities pilot significantly promoted the supererogation of industrial structure, but did not promote the rationalization of industrial structure. This observation remains valid even after undergoing a battery of robustness tests. (2) The pilot propels the upgrading of industrial structure by fostering green technology innovation and diminishing resource dependence. Local government support positively moderates the effect of green technology innovation on industrial structure supererogation, while negatively moderating the effect of green technology innovation on industrial structure rationalization. Further tests reveal that local government support can positively moderate the mediating effect of green technology innovation. (3) The policy effect of the pilot is more conspicuous in the eastern region, which is mainly achieved via increasing the intensity of green technology innovation and reducing resource dependence. (4) The pilot exhibits a more pronounced driving effect on the industrial structure of high-level cities, primarily through the promotion of green technology innovation. These findings not only provide empirical evidence for the industry-driven effect of low-carbon cities, enriching the effect assessment research of low-carbon city pilot policies from the theoretical level, but also furnish policy reference for realizing the green and high-quality economic development of low-carbon cities from the practical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the collaboration between non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and the government in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to shed light on their dynamics and fill the existing gaps in the literature. Focusing on financial dependence, legitimization, and other motivating factors, this study explores the motivations behind NGO–government collaboration and their practical implications. The utilization of a two‐stage purposive sampling method and conducting interviews with executive directors allowed for a rich and nuanced understanding of the motivations, challenges, and dynamics of NGO‐government collaboration in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It also uncovers factors such as access to resources, networks, advocacy efforts, and grants and supports that shape collaborative relationships. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between NGOs and the government and provide insights for policymakers and practitioners to foster effective and sustainable partnerships. This study contributes to the existing literature on NGO‐government collaboration and offers valuable implications for future research and policy considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global economy is experiencing the most challenging era of climate change beyond what is evident in the pre-industrial age. Although Africa's share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) is minimal, the ensuing effects hit hard on the continent. Hence, the present study provides the first comprehensive empirical assessment of environmental sustainability in Africa within the novel STIRPAT framework. This study critically examines the impacts of natural resource dependence, renewable energy, urbanization, technological innovations, and structural transition on environmental pollution proxied by carbon emissions, ecological footprint, and PM2.5 air pollution from 1990 to 2019 in five top carbon-emitting African countries. The empirical evidence is based on advanced panel estimators comprising CS-ARDL, CCEMG, and AMG robust to cross-sectional dependence (CSD). The quantile regression efficient for exploring the conditional distribution effects is equally employed alongside Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel granger causality test. The preliminary tests reveal the presence of CSD and heterogeneity of the series, which led to the conduct of second-generation unit root and cointegration tests. The main empirical results show that renewable energy, technological innovations, and structural transition reduce environmental pollutants from surging based on the observable negative signs. By implication, these indicators support Africa's path to environmental sustainability. On the flip side, resource dependence and urbanization amplify the surge. The feedbacks from quantile regression provide sturdy support for the main estimators. The granger causality feedbacks support the existence of bidirectional and unidirectional causality among the variables. Based on the findings, policies that promote sustainable environment are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the power imbalance associated with core-periphery structure in disaster response networks, drawing on resource dependence, institutional, and network theories. By employing Borgatti and Everett's (1999) algorithm and Bayesian logistic mixed-effects models to analyse data on collaborative ties among organizations that responded to the 2015 epidemic in South Korea, the authors found that a network with a small core emerged during the public health crisis. The ability for organizations to not only provide but also attract resources and the professional and governmental positions that they had held in the disaster management system were associated with the core-periphery structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, the digital economy has developed by leaps and bounds. As a key factor of production in the digital economy era, data plays an important role in China's green transformation. Based on the panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper studies the relationship between data elements and green transformation. The results show that data elements can significantly promote green transformation by improving technical efficiency and achieving technological progress. Based on the above conclusions, all regions should speed up the infrastructure construction of digital economy, train digital talents, reduce resource dependence, improve the green, low-carbon and circular development system, formulate a digital economy development strategy considering local economic development levels, improve resource utilization efficiency and labor productivity, and actively promote green transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution has emerged as a substantial threat to China's sustainable development. What remains overlooked is the resource dependence on the control of air pollution. At the same time, the resource curse may be broken by the growing digital economy, which will in turn reduce air pollution. To examine this problem, a total of 225 Chinese prefecture-level cities were selected from 2011 to 2018 to investigate the associations among resource dependence, the digital economy, and air pollution, and further, explore the mediating effect of income inequality and industrial upgrading. The primary findings are enumerated as follows: First, resource dependence is positively correlated to air pollution; second, the digital economy negatively regulates the effect of resource dependence on air pollution, that is, as the digital economy grows, air pollution decreases via resource dependence as a whole. However, a noteworthy phenomenon is that the negative moderating effect is evidently heterogeneous and is especially prominent in central China and non-resource-based cities; third, income inequality and industrial upgrading play a mediating role between resource dependence and air pollution; fourth, the digital economy can significantly influence the process where resource dependence affects air pollution via income inequality and industrial upgrading. These findings indicate the direction in the development of new strategies for different regions. Alleviating resource dependence is an important way of air pollution control. In particular, the main focus on mitigating air pollution should be adjusted to the level of income inequality and industrial structure. And the empirical results call for a strong emphasis on the digital economy for higher air quality in resource-based cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our world, which has become a small village with the globalization process, organizations have to manage their resources successfully as well as using their resources effectively and efficiently in order to survive. Resource Dependency Theory, which we can be associated with System Theory and Contingency Theory from organizational theories, deals with the relationship of organizations with their environment in the triangle of "resource, dependency and power" and looks at it with the metaphor of an organism. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald Salancik, the founders of Resource Dependence Theory, argued that organisations can be better understood by focusing on their relationships with their environment. In the study, resource dependency on the axis of organizations/businesses; the historical process that created it and the basic theories it is related to are examined together with the external environment, and the strategy methods followed against addiction are evaluated with sample studies in various sectors. Qualitative and quantitative findings from tourism, textile, garment, organised industry, health and automotive industries are used and inferences and suggestions are made from the results obtained. Since resource dependence is important for the sustainability of organisations, it is also considered from a managerial perspective and the effects of this theorem on competition are presented from a conceptual perspective. It is seen that the strategies to reduce or balance dependence differ according to the sector in which the organisation operates. The study is intended to open a new horizon for the researchers in the field and it is also aimed to eliminate the deficiency in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a management perspective in the field of philanthropy, this study examines 12 Australian major performing arts organizations over 19 years (2000–2018), which were identified as vulnerable and struggling with overreliance on public grants. Underpinned by theories that integrate understandings of external and internal resource management—resource dependence theory and the resource-based view—we uncover insights into what drives the increase in their philanthropic income. Using data from 228 annual reports and interviews, we present an original taxonomy that identifies organization-donor relationships and organizational efforts in nurturing philanthropy. We uncovered the interplays between donor engagement and positioning philanthropic staff in terms of organizational structure. Longitudinal financial and narrative data demonstrate that external resource management through donor engagement and internal resource management through organization structure emphasizing philanthropy have a significant impact on the growth of organizational philanthropic income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of resource dependence on social economy and environment lacks empirical evidence at the micro level. This article uses data from A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2020 to construct an econometric model to empirically test the impact of resource dependence on ESG performance of enterprises. We find that the corporate ESG scores in regions with high resource dependence will decline. After a series of robustness tests such as replacing the dependent variable, controlling province time fixed effect, eliminating extreme effects, and eliminate provinces with high resource dependence, the conclusion of this article still holds. In addition, we alleviate the endogeneity problem caused by OLS estimation by constructing a dynamic panel model. Further analysis indicates that there are differences in the effect of resource dependence on enterprises sub-scores, with a significant negative impact on the environmental dimension and social dimension, and no significant impact on the governance dimension. It has a greater impact on the ESG score of SOEs and has no significant impact on non-SOEs. The empirical results of this paper enrich the research on the influencing factors of enterprise ESG performance, and further expand the research framework of the socio-economic consequences of enterprise resource dependence.

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Objective: To investigate the effect of political connections and corruption on corporate economic performance in firms convicted of corruption by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Method: The sample consisted of 131 firms, with 138 convictions received between the passage of the FCPA in 1978 and 2019. The collected data were submitted to descriptive statistics, comparison of means and multiple linear regression. Main Results: Corporate economic performance was positively explained by a combination of political connections and corruption. Performance was observed to rise over time in firms engaged in such practices, with the highest performance in the year of the conviction. Relevance / Originality: Our study fills a gap in the literature by correlating, in integrated manner, political connections and corruption with corporate economic performance, and by providing a longitudinal analysis of economic performance in demonstrably corrupt firms. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: The study contributes to the literature by harmonizing the constructs of political connections and corruption with Resource Dependence Theory. Our results are relevant to organizations, the State and stakeholders in general and may subsidize decisions and policies for the control of corruption and maintenance of covenants. Nevertheless, they also point to socioeconomic dysfunction as these practices are detrimental to the economy at organizational level and, hence, cannot be legitimized, regardless of the desired ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the corporate response to institutional pressures on the environmental agenda seems to be foreseeable, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms that influence the uptake of green innovation. In this article, we examine the above question in the context of China's green credit policy. By integrating institutional theory with resource dependence theory, a premier framework for understanding organization–environment relations, we theorize that the change in internal resource dependence is a conduit by which institutional pressures trigger corporate green innovation. This study empirically focuses on 1,485 listed Chinese firms from 2007 to 2019, during which the green credit policy was implemented in 2012. We find that the policy leads to financial constraints that stimulate corporate green innovation. Furthermore, the relationship between green credit policy and financial constraints is more significant for firms with a higher level of financial dependence on banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the National Green Factory Policy (NGFP) issued by the Chinese government in 2016, we analyzed the list of manufacturing enterprises awarded the National Green Factory (NGF) designation in 31 provinces over the period 2017–2021. In this regard, we found that the local governments' political resources and soft pressure, and enterprises' profitability have a positive effect, while mimetic pressure has a negative effect on the tendency of manufacturing enterprises to declare NGF designation (hereafter, TENDENCY). Moreover, the positive effect of soft pressure was stronger when political resources were high (vs. low). Additionally, we observed a U‐shaped relationship between the enterprises' environmental pollution level and TENDENCY, and that profitability can weaken such relationship. This study contributes to the literature on the institutional theory and resource dependence theory, and provides new insights into how governments can develop voluntary environmental policies to incentive manufacturing firms to engage in green behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport federations have a variety of financial profiles, even those operating within a single political context. In France, some federations depend on public funds, whereas others rely on private resources. Existing attempts to understand these differences have been based on just one criterion (Olympic sport or not). This paper draws on resource dependence theory in order to shed further light on this heterogeneity and provide a taxonomy of national sport federations. We analysed the financial profiles of 76 French sport federations during the period 2012–2017. After performing a principal component analysis to reduce the quantity of information, a linear discriminant analysis tests the relevance of differentiating between Olympic/non-Olympic federations. Finally, k-means method is used to conduct a taxonomic analysis and to identify 10 clusters. Five clusters contain non-Olympic federations ("deficient", "focused on elite sport", "non-professionalized", "focused emergent", "elitist"). The others contained Olympic federations ("traditional", "elite federations on life support", "rich network dependent", "powerful mono-dependent", "broad based"). This taxonomic analysis enables to assess financial vulnerability factors for each cluster, notably its dependence on specific resources. The findings will help the public authorities tailor the support they provide to the characteristics of the federations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundBridging factors are relational ties (e.g. partnerships), formal arrangements (e.g. contracts or polices) and processes (e.g. data sharing agreements) linking outer and inner contexts and are a recent evolution of the Exploration-Preparation-Implementation-Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Bridging factor research can elucidate ways that service systems may influence and/or be influenced by organizations providing health services. This study used the EPIS framework and open systems and resource dependence theoretical approaches to examine contracting arrangements in U.S. public sector systems. Contracting arrangements function as bridging factors through which systems communicate, interact, and exchange resources with the organizations operating within them.MethodsThe sample included 17 community-based organizations in eight service systems. Longitudinal data is derived from 113 contract documents and 88 qualitative interviews and focus groups involving system and organizational stakeholders. Analyses consisted of a document review using content analysis and focused coding of transcripts from the interviews and focus groups. A multiple case study analysis was conducted to identify patterns across service systems and organizations. The dataset represented service systems that had sustained the same EBP for between 2 and 10 years, which allowed for observation of bridging factors and outer-inner context interactions over time.ResultsService systems and organizations influenced each other in a number of ways through contracting arrangements. Service systems influenced organizations when contracting arrangements resulted in changes to organizational functioning, required organizational responses to insufficient funding, and altered interorganizational network relationships. Organizations influenced service systems when contract arrangements prompted organization-driven contract negotiation/tailoring, changes to system-level processes, and interorganizational collaboration. Service systems and organizations were dependent on each other as implementation progressed. Resources beyond funding emerged, including adequate numbers of eligible clients, expertise in the evidence-based practice, and training and coaching capacity.ConclusionThis study advances implementation science by expanding the range and definition of bridging factors and illustrating specific bi-directional influences between outer context service systems and inner context organizations. This study also identifies bi-directional dependencies over the course of implementation and sustainment. An analysis of influence, dependencies, and resources exchanged through bridging factors has direct implications for selecting and tailoring implementation strategies, especially those that require system-level coordination and change.

Based on an in-depth, qualitative case study about a conflict between governmental authorities from the United States and Switzerland over the regulation of Swiss banks, we introduce indirect compellence as a novel triadic and indirect mechanism through which coercion leads to institutional change. Hostage-taking being a prototypical example, indirect compellence is typified by a coercive actor who takes a third party hostage to gain influence over a targeted actor. In our case, it meant that U.S. authorities (coercers) compelled Swiss policy makers (targets) to erode the famed Swiss banking secrecy rules by threatening the targets to otherwise enforce U.S. law extraterritorially against Swiss banks and bankers (hostages). Our constructivist and target-centered perspective explains this type of coercive pressure in detail, and it also suggests that targeted policy makers judge and respond to it contingent on their political ideologies. Our study contributes to research on power and influence in institutional environments and to research on global business regulation and transnational governance. Most generally, it also expands scholarly understanding of triadic relationships. In contrast to Simmelian perspectives' focus on triads in which the third party is in a powerful brokerage position and frequently benefits as a tertius gaudens, our study suggests that the third party can also become a rather powerless tertius miserabilis who suffers rather than benefits from others' conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational event models expand the analytical possibilities of existing statistical models for interorganizational networks by: (i) making efficient use of information contained in the sequential ordering of observed events connecting sending and receiving units; (ii) accounting for the intensity of the relation between exchange partners, and (iii) distinguishing between short- and long-term network effects. We introduce a recently developed relational event model (REM) for the analysis of continuously observed interorganizational exchange relations. The combination of efficient sampling algorithms and sender-based stratification makes the models that we present particularly useful for the analysis of very large samples of relational event data generated by interaction among heterogeneous actors. We demonstrate the empirical value of event-oriented network models in two different settings for interorganizational exchange relations—that is, high-frequency overnight transactions among European banks and patient-sharing relations within a community of Italian hospitals. We focus on patterns of direct and generalized reciprocity while accounting for more complex forms of dependence present in the data. Empirical results suggest that distinguishing between degree- and intensity-based network effects, and between short- and long-term effects is crucial to our understanding of the dynamics of interorganizational dependence and exchange relations. We discuss the general implications of these results for the analysis of social interaction data routinely collected in organizational research to examine the evolutionary dynamics of social networks within and between organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While earlier research in nonprofit and philanthropic studies (NPS) tracks the field's evolution, this study focuses on resource management courses, namely human resources and philanthropy, in graduate nonprofit curricula. Drawing on publicly accessible data, I examine the availability and content of human resource management (HRM) courses between 2018 and 2021. The study examines existing HRM knowledge development essential to building nonprofit management skills and overcoming nonprofit HRM challenges. Findings highlight declining availability of nonprofit HRM courses compared to increased emphasis on philanthropic studies, alongside HRM course content that closely reflects NACC curricular guidelines. Declining HRM course availability suggests future nonprofit leaders may be ill equipped to respond to nonprofit HRM challenges, thereby limiting recruitment and retention capacity and generating associated organizational performance impacts. By examining resource management topics in graduate nonprofit curricula, the study contributes to ongoing debates regarding NPS program content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, the Staples Thesis constitutes a hypothesis about both the historical and the geographical particularity of the developmental trajectories of resource-dependent economies (Staples Theory) and a methodology that prioritizes contextual or local knowledge (Staples Method). Situating the Staples Thesis in the conceptual framework of regulation theory, this paper develops a spatial econometric model of the dynamics of resource-dependent economies that is sensitive to place-based contingency. This model is grounded in a conceptual framework that distinguishes between a productivity regime and a demand regime whose qualitative properties depend on the assemblage of governance, regulatory and institutional norms that determine the coherence of the relationship between the structure of production and consumption. Within the limits of data availability, a spatial extension of a reduced-form Kaldorian growth model is employed to empirically test Staples Theory by focusing on the differential impact of both the demand regime and the productivity regime on the relative economic performance of Western Australian localities over the course of the recent (2001–11) resource boom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science parks are a type of organizational sponsorship initiative aimed at generating resource-munificent environments through the provision of bridging and buffering services. While extant research has studied the relationship between these services and firm outcomes, it has neglected to provide insights into when tenant firms utilize these services to a greater or lesser extent. Our study evaluates science parks' buffering mechanism and identifies firm-level characteristics affecting tenants' use intensity of buffering services. To do so, we build upon survey data collected from 201 tenant firms located in science parks in three European countries. Taking a resource dependence perspective, our findings indicate that tenants' managerial resources (particularly top management team size and functional experience) and boundary-spanning capacity jointly determine the extent to which firms rely upon the science park's buffering mechanism. This study contributes to the organizational sponsorship, resource dependence, and science park literatures, as well as has important practical implications. Plain English Summary: Which firm-level factors determine the use intensity of science parks' buffering services? We study our research question in a sample of 201 firms located in 35 science parks in Denmark, Spain, and Belgium. Our results show that firms with smaller top management teams or higher levels of functional experience in the top management team use these services to a larger extent. Furthermore, smaller top management teams utilize buffering services to a larger extent if they have greater boundary-spanning capacity. Our study contributes to the ongoing debate on the boundary conditions of organizational sponsorship by providing an understanding of when buffering services are actually used by potential beneficiaries. Accordingly, our study is particularly relevant for science park managers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to clarify the impact and mechanism of transfer payment policies on the resource dependence of resource-depleted cities. Based on the panel data of 113 prefecture-level resource-based cities from 2006 to 2017, this study uses a multi-period difference-in-differences model to conduct an empirical study on the impact and mechanism of transfer payment policies on resource-depleted cities. The results are as follows: Firstly, the transfer payment policy can reduce the resource dependence of resource-depleted cities. Secondly, there is a significant difference between the eastern region and the central and western regions in terms of the effects of policy implementation. Thirdly, transfer payment policies reduce local dependence on resources, mainly through upgrading industrial structures and enhancing infrastructure construction and technological progress. The research indicates that providing financial policy support for the transformation of resource-depleted cities, exploring ways to reduce resource dependence in the eastern region, playing an exemplary role, and expanding the intensity of urban industrial transformation are of reference significance for the sustainable development of resource-depleted cities. This study also contributes to the coordinated development of the regional economy and the policy formulation of the sustainable development of resource-depleted cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study aimed to guide resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities to promote green total factor productivity through rational distribution of financial resources. [Methods] Using 153 non-resource-based cities and 113 resource-based cities in China as research samples and data from 2007-2019, the static panel model and panel threshold model were constructed to test the impact of financial agglomeration on green total factor productivity from the perspective of resource dependence. [Results] The results show that: (1) Overall, financial agglomeration was positively correlated with green total factor productivity in non-resource-based cities, while it was negatively correlated with green total factor productivity in resource-based cities. (2) When the resource-dependence perspective was not considered, the results of the panel threshold model with financial agglomeration as the threshold indicate that the financial agglomeration interval promoting the improvement of green total factor productivity in non-resource-based cities was [0.000, 0.475], while the financial agglomeration interval inhibiting the improvement of green total factor productivity in resource-based cities was [0.000, 0.385] and [0.475, +∞]. (3) When resource dependence was considered, the results of the panel threshold model based on resource dependence indicate that there was no significant threshold effect in non-resource-based cities. In resource-based cities, when the resource dependence degree was greater than 0.018, financial agglomeration had a inhibitory effect on green total factor productivity. (4) In the growing, mature, and declining resource-based cities, financial agglomeration was negatively correlated with green total factor productivity, but in the renewable resource-based cities, financial agglomeration was positively correlated with green total factor productivity. [Conclusion] In the process of planning financial resource agglomeration, local governments should take into account the degree of regional resource dependence and make policies based on local conditions, so as to create favorable conditions for promoting the improvement of green total factor productivity of non-resource-based cities and resource-based cities.

Sexually selected traits can be costly to produce and maintain. The amount of resources available to an individual is therefore expected to influence investment in costly sexual traits. While resource‐dependent expression of sexually selected traits has traditionally been examined in males, resource limitation can also influence how sexual selection operates in females. Female reproductive fluids are thought to be costly to produce and may play an important role in shaping the outcome of postcopulatory sexual selection by influencing sperm performance. However, we know surprisingly little about whether and how female reproductive fluids are influenced by resource limitation. Here, we examine if resource restriction influences female reproductive fluid‐sperm interactive effects in the pygmy halfbeak (Dermogenys collettei), a small internally fertilizing freshwater fish where females store sperm. After experimentally altering female diets (high vs. restricted diets), we compared how female reproductive fluids influence two key metrics of sperm quality: sperm viability and velocity. While female reproductive fluids enhanced sperm viability and velocity, we found no evidence that female diet influenced the interactive effect between female reproductive fluids and sperm viability or velocity. Our findings build on the growing evidence that female reproductive fluids influence sperm performance and call for further attention to be devoted to understanding how resource quantity and quality influence how female reproductive fluids affect sperm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from resource dependence theory and the faultlines perspective, this study examines how ownership heterogeneity affects firm performance in the understudied context of entrepreneurial firms founded by immigrants. We find that investment by venture capitalists (VCs) is associated with immigrant-founded entrepreneurial firms being less profitable during their infancy stage. Our results also reveal that the presence of a native-born co-owner has a negative effect on performance for these entrepreneurial firms. This study suggests that immigrant entrepreneurs be more cautious about the costs and benefits of seeking resources from VCs and partnering with native co-owners. Further, seeking capital from alternative sources and employing native talent and expertise in terms of business advisers or executive managers may be effective alternative approaches for immigrant entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic has created significant disruptions in both demand and supply. Our study makes use of such dramatic changes in demand and supply during the pandemic to examine resource dependence and power balancing/unbalancing issues in buyer–supplier relationships. Specifically, we investigate the effect of customer and supplier concentrations on firm resilience during the pandemic. Drawing on resource‐dependence theory (RDT), we theorize that shifts in demand and supply in different pandemic stages influence the effect of customer and supplier concentrations on firm resilience by altering the power dynamics between focal firms and their concentrated customers and suppliers. Central to our theorizing is that the worsening power imbalance is more detrimental. Measuring firm resilience by loss and recovery (i.e., change) in productivity, our analysis of 23,440 Chinese listed firms' quarter observations from 2019 to 2020 shows that customer concentration is negatively related to firm resilience in the disruption stage but has no effect in the restoration stage. Supplier concentration is positively related to firm resilience in the disruption stage but undermines firm resilience in the restoration stage. These findings largely confirm our theoretical propositions. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications. Highlights: Customer and supplier concentrations are important supply chain characteristics that influence firm resilience during a crisis. Their effects are different across different stages of the pandemic.Customer and supplier concentrations become more detrimental when power imbalance is worsened; thus, firms should try to balance the power relationships with their concentrated customers and suppliers in order to benefit more from customer and supplier concentrations.Firms should be aware that the macro demand and supply shifts induced by a crisis may change the resource dependence and power dynamics in buyer–supplier relationships, which in turn affect the efficacy of resilience strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests the effects of productive capacities in socio-economic factors (human capital, transport, information-communication technology, institutions, private sector, and structural change) on energy efficiency in a sample of 125 countries. Energy efficiency is assessed by energy productivity (gross domestic product per unit of total primary energy supply) and energy intensity (total primary energy supply per capita). The world sample is divided into four income groups and an income-heterogeneous control group of non-renewable-resource-dependent economies. The study utilizes cross-sectionally dependent and stationary panel data from 2000 to 2018. The analysis of variance shows that higher income groups monotonically have higher levels in socio-economic productive capacities and energy intensity. The regression results from appropriate fixed-effects and random-effects modeling reveal varied driver and barrier influences of the socio-economic factors on energy efficiency improvements (higher energy productivity and lower energy intensity). In some cases, predictors scale up both energy productivity and energy intensity indicating the issue of the rebound effect. Higher human capital capacity stimulates energy efficiency except for middle-income groups. Higher transport capacity reduces energy productivity, except for upper-middle-income economies, and increases energy intensity for low-income and middle-income groups. The deployment of information-communication technologies is positively associated with energy productivity, except for low-income economies. Energy productivity performance of resource-dependent economies is improved by higher productive capacities in institutions and private sectors but impaired by structural change, whereas structural change drives energy efficiency in low-income economies. Additionally, the growth of gross national income per capita worsens energy efficiency for resource-dependent economies. Bidirectional feedback causalities are established between energy efficiency and its predictors in most cases. The heterogeneous findings are further discussed for providing research and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the evolution and determinants of the extent and quality of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in a developing country (Mauritius). Design/methodology/approach: CSR disclosures from annual reports of all listed companies were hand-collected for a 12-year period (2007–2018). The extent of disclosure was measured using a dichotomous index (41 items) while the quality of each disclosure item was assessed on a three-point scale. We rely on organisational legitimacy and resource dependence theories to investigate (1) trends in CSR disclosure extent and quality (2) the role of selected board and firm characteristics, namely the business qualifications of board members, extent of cross-directorships and the firm's use of employee volunteering scheme, on CSR disclosure. Findings: CSR disclosure extent, notably in relation to environment and human resources, gradually increased to an overall score of 45%. Comparatively, the quality of disclosures was low, with an average score of 20%. The proportion of business-qualified directors is only positively associated with CSR disclosure extent. The extent of cross-directorships is negatively associated with CSR disclosure quality while employee volunteering is positively associated with disclosure extent and quality. Originality/value: The findings reveal the relatively low quality of information being disclosed, and in spite of CSR and governance reforms, there seems to be limited influence from the board of directors and their networks; prompting a call to foster greater board engagement on CSR matters. The results also highlight the need for a multi-dimensional assessment of CSR disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]