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Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on an auditory neuron model developed from the piezoelectric neuronal circuit, the Hamilton energy function is obtained by using the Helmholtz's theorem, and this energy is contributed by the electric field and magnetic field described by capacitor and inductor, respectively. Three auditory neuronal circuits with different firing states are connected in a ring network by resistor, inductor, and capacitor. The coupling channels can be tamed under voltage, magnetic field, and electric field couplings simultaneously. These three types of coupling can modulate synchronization via continuous energy exchange and pumping, and the resistor channel consumes Joule heat, while the capacitor and inductor channels can pump and conserve field energy. The proportion of field energy maintained in each electrical component in the network is calculated separately to distinguish the dependence of firing state and synchronization mode on the energy. It is found that strong coupling increases the proportion of electric field energy in periodic neurons or the proportion of magnetic field energy in chaotic neurons. The total energy proportion of the three coupling channels continuously increases if all neurons in the network exhibit periodic firing. But the presence of neurons with chaotic firing causes the total energy proportion of the coupling channels to increase first and then decrease. In fact, more energy is injected into the inductor channel compared to resistor and capacitor, thus facilitating the synchronization of neurons connected by inductor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the concept and realization of a heat bath in solid state quantum systems. We demonstrate that, unlike a true resistor, a finite one-dimensional Josephson junction array or analogously a transmission line with non-vanishing frequency spacing, commonly considered as a reservoir of a quantum circuit, does not strictly qualify as a Caldeira–Leggett type dissipative environment. We then consider a set of quantum two-level systems as a bath, which can be realized as a collection of qubits. We show that only a dense and wide distribution of energies of the two-level systems can secure long Poincare recurrence times characteristic of a proper heat bath. An alternative for this bath is a collection of harmonic oscillators, for instance, in the form of superconducting resonators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method for designing multifunctional low‐pass filter with controllable equalizing capability is presented in this letter. By constructing the novel unit cell, namely, loading surface mount resistor on the grounded spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs), the filter not only achieves filtering and equalizing functions at the same time, but also improves the equalizing response in the low‐band effectively. To illustrate the principle, the extraction method of equivalent circuit of the lossy unit cell is introduced, and the equalization and filtering properties characterized by attenuation constant and asymptotic frequency are explored. To verify the concept, a prototype operating from 0.5 to 3.4 GHz with 10 dB equalizing value is implemented, fabricated, and measured. Good agreement is achieved between simulation and measurement. The result shows that the filter is provided with a smooth equalizing curve at the low frequency of the passband compared with the ungrounded SSPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Electric boilers are considered as an important element of the energy transition from the use of hydrocarbon fuels to renewable energy. Electric boiler is one of the popular solutions of “Power-to-Heat” technology, widely used in households for heating with water systems with radiators and low-temperature heating devices of the “floor heating” type. The paper considers a variant of Joule heating of the coolant of heating systems, by means of which heat is released when an electric current passes through a conductive element.Materials and methods. The object of the research is the variants of designs of heat exchangers for generating heat energy using resistor heating elements of normal conductor and semiconductor type. Various variants of indirect heating of the coolant and contacts of the surface of the heating elements with the coolant are considered. Methods of comparative analysis and scoring of the applicability of various designs are used in the work.Results. The classification of electric boilers by types of heating resistors, by contact, by placement of heating elements in the heat exchanger, by the shape of the heat exchanger, by the variant heating element contact with the coolant is presented. A comparative comprehensive analysis of variants of electric heat generators is given.Conclusions. The results of comparative analysis of design variants of electric boilers show the prospectively of using semiconductor thermistors as heating elements. According to the design of the heat energy generation chamber in terms of compactness, power density and reduction of precipitation conditions for coolant stiffness, channel plate electric heat exchangers are the most effective.

The optimal solution selection for the treatment of the neutral point in distribution networks (6-35 kV) holds significant practical importance as it directly or indirectly affects the continuity and reliability of supplying electrical energy to consumers, the behavior of medium-voltage electrical networks under single-phase fault conditions, and its impact on the quality of the power distribution service (duration and frequency of power interruptions). It also affects resulting overvoltages, adopted technical solutions, level of electrical security assurance, investments, and so forth. Developing a mathematical model for various methods of treating the neutral point in distribution networks allows for the calculation and analysis of these operating conditions, identifying the optimal one, thus avoiding experimental attempts that are limited by the advanced wear of equipment within the electrical networks of the Republic of Moldova. Based on the developed mathematical model, comparative calculations are performed regarding the feasibility of implementing the combined neutral regime.

A microcontroller-based measuring instrument and a new mathematical model are used to investigate capacitor permittivity and dielectric materials' charge-discharge characteristics. In this study, a prototype capacitive permittivity measurement apparatus for dielectric materials was carefully developed using an Arduino microcontroller, a resistor, and a capacitor. The experimental setup comprises a capacitor-resistor circuit, wherein a 5-volt power supply sourced from the microcontroller interfaces with a computer. During the charging process, a comprehensive evaluation of model-data alignment was performed, yielding values of 0.54252156, 0.9951, and 111.2508701 for the sum of squares error (SSE), the coefficient of determination (R-squared), and the sum of squares total (SST), respectively. Similarly, the analysis extended to the discharging process, unveiling values of 5.10174756, 0.962805684, and 137.1647082 for SSE, R-squared, and SST, respectively. These findings confirm the accuracy of the microcontroller that was programmed by incorporating a model in precisely measuring the relative permittivity of dielectric materials and capacitance values, with an R-squared value above 0.95 following capacitor literature benchmarks. The novelty of this study is that this configuration enabled the precise assessment of both permittivity and the charge-discharge characteristics of the dielectric materials within the capacitor. This methodology made it possible to accurately measure the permittivity and charge-discharge characteristics of dielectric materials within a capacitor. The scientific significance of this research lies in its ability to provide a carefully developed instrument capable of investigating the permittivity of dielectric materials and capacitor capacitance measurements. Scholars, international engineering communities, and academics can use this technological breakthrough to advance research into dielectric material properties and capacitor characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is the unique property of a material and plays a crucial role in defining the boundaries of electronic devices. Due to the semimetal behaviour of graphene, its TCR can be varied from near zero to very high and depends upon the doping, defects, and other structural properties. There is a significant impact of processing techniques and their parameters on the properties of graphene. Here, the effect of milling parameters on the crystallinity of graphene ink has been studied, and a 14% increase in crystallinity was found with the increase in milling time. The TCR of graphene ink-printed resistors has been analyzed from 123 to 423 K, and a 40% positive shift in TCR corresponding to variation in crystallinity has been observed. This methodology can be helpful to fabricate electronic components with variable TCR from single ink composition by just varying processing parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the concept and realization of a heat bath in solid state quantum systems. We demonstrate that, unlike a true resistor, a finite one-dimensional Josephson junction array or analogously a transmission line with non-vanishing frequency spacing, commonly considered as a reservoir of a quantum circuit, does not strictly qualify as a Caldeira–Leggett type dissipative environment. We then consider a set of quantum two-level systems as a bath, which can be realized as a collection of qubits. We show that only a dense and wide distribution of energies of the two-level systems can secure long Poincare recurrence times characteristic of a proper heat bath. An alternative for this bath is a collection of harmonic oscillators, for instance, in the form of superconducting resonators.

The search for new types of resistors that could potentially be used for long–term storage of electrical resistance values with the highest attainable accuracy has always been an urgent task of metrology. In this paper, we have studied the problem of choosing a resistor for transmitting and storing a unit of electrical resistance when creating an Ω standard based on the quantum Hall effect in the time interval between reproductions of a unit. The choice of C5–60 resistors, which were not originally intended for use as standards of higher levels of the electrical resistance verification circuit, is substantiated. In 1990–2022 detailed experimental studies, including studies of long–term stability, of C5–60 type resistors have been carried out. Some of the investigated resistors are included in the State secondary standard of electrical resistance unit in the range of values from 0.1 Ω to 13 kΩ based on the quantum Hall effect. Comparisons of the investigated resistors with resistance measures traditionally used to create standards for the unit of electrical resistance are carried out. It has been established that C5–60 resistors have a low temperature coefficient of resistance, they are easy to stabilize using a thermostat without a temperature–controlled oil bath. The long–term stability of the C5–60 resistors turned out to be uniquely high and allows these resistors to be used as discharge standards for storing a unit of electrical resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a metal alloy, NiCr films have a relatively high resistivity and low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and are widely used in electronic components and sensors. However, the resistivity of pure NiCr is insufficient for high-resistance and highly stable film resistors. In this study, a quaternary NiCrAlSi target (47:33:10:10, wt. %) was successfully used to prepare resistor films with resistivities ranging from 1000 to 10 000 μΩ cm and TCR within ±100 ppm/K. An oxygen flow was introduced during the sputtering process. The films exhibit high-temperature stability at 450 °C. The films were analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the difference in the oxide proportion of the films caused the differences in resistivity. The near-zero TCR values were considered to be due to the competition between silicon and other metals. This study provides new insights into the electrical properties of NiCr-based films containing Si, which will drive the manufacturing of resistors with high resistivity and zero TCR. HIGHLIGHTS: • Resistor films with resistivities of over 10 000 μΩ cm were prepared using a quaternary NiCrAlSi target (47:33:10:10, wt. %) and reactive sputtering. • The resistances of the obtained resistors stayed nearly constant from 20 to 450 °C in vacuo. • The chemical compositions of the resistor films were determined using XPS, ToF-SIMS, and other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first reviews the position control of piezoelectric actuators, particularly charge-based sensorless control systems, which often include a charge estimator as a key component. The rest of the paper is about charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators. Two of the most recent/effective types of these estimators utilise either a sensing capacitor (type I in this paper) or a sensing resistor (type II); the latter (and the newer) type is broadly known as a digital charge estimator. Some experimental results in the literature show that, with the same loss in excitation voltage, a considerably higher amount of charge can be estimated with a type II estimator in comparison with a type I estimator; therefore, the superiority of type II estimators was acknowledged. In order to re-assess this conclusion, this paper equitably compares type I and II estimators through analytical modelling and experimentation. The results indicate that type II estimators have only a slight advantage in estimating higher amounts of charge, if both type I and II estimators are designed appropriately. At the same time, type II estimators have disadvantages; e.g., the resistance of type II estimators has to be tuned to suit different excitation frequencies. This research concludes that capacitor-based (type I) charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators, with pertinent design and implementation, can be still the prime solution for many charge estimation problems despite claims in the literature in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing demands for precision electronics require individual components such as resistors to be specified, as they can be the limiting factor within a circuit. To specify quality and long-term stability of resistors, noise measurements are a common method. This review briefly explains the theoretical background, introduces the noise index and provides an insight on how this index can be compared to other existing parameters. It then focuses on the different methods to measure excess noise in resistors. The respective advantages and disadvantages are pointed out in order to simplify the decision of which setup is suitable for a particular application. Each method is analyzed based on the integration of the device under test, components used, shielding considerations and signal processing. Furthermore, our results on the excess noise of resistors and resistor networks are presented using two different setups, one for very low noise measurements down to 20 µHz and one for broadband up to 100 kHz. The obtained data from these measurements are then compared to published data. Finally, first measurements on commercial strain gauges and inkjet-printed strain gauges are presented that show an additional 1/fα component compared to commercial resistors and resistor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk silicon Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) devices have distinct single event latch-up (SEL) problems in aerospace. Therefore, it is essential that CMOS devices are designed with appropriate circuit-level methods. Traditional resistor hardness satisfies the current aerospace trend of low cost, high performance, and miniaturization. Therefore conventional resistor hardness is often applied in circuit-level designs due to the reduction of latch-up current. In circuits containing a DC-DC buck converter, the resistor is connected to the back of the converter in the traditional method. However, the traditional method is unable to take devices out of the latch-up owing to the small resistance range. To solve this problem, the paper proposes an improved design for the resistor in front of the DC-DC buck converter. The proposed method enables the devices to exit the latch-up by increasing the resistance range according to the input characteristic of the DC-DC buck converter. The paper quantifies the range of the resistor through the parametric model containing the resistor and the DC-DC buck converter. Two CMOS devices are chosen for pulsed laser experiments, verifying that the proposed method increases the resistance ranges by 300% to 400% compared to the conventional method. It is also demonstrated that the proposed method exits the devices from latch-up within the resistor ranges. That is, the resistance ranges of 34 Ω~41 Ω and 51 Ω~56 Ω reduce the latch-up currents of the devices to below holding currents of 72.1 mA and 24.2 mA, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Visión Electrónica is the property of Fondo de Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document presents the results of the research framed in the project named Design of a Virtual Laboratory to the Circuits Analysis and Instrumentation, using Geometric Modelling, where a basic element as the resistor is proposed to the development of exercises improving the basic skills in circuit analysis, according to the background about virtual laboratories usage in engineering education. Also, this research got the characterization of basic resistive elements to subsequently begin with complex designs as photoresistors whose behavior is similar. In this exercise some resources were used as well as Autodesk Maya to the physical structure of the element, and Unreal Engine to define the element’s interaction into the laboratory. The methodology of the design fits into the stablished one in project to define the mathematical equation that describe its behavior in similar conditions as reality and its virtualization to be included in virtual laboratory to finally end up with the validation of performance. As a result, the construction of a resistive device that represents the behavior as in reality was developed, and its satisfactorily incorporated into the virtual laboratory.

Computational, in silico prediction of resistance-conferring escape mutations could accelerate the design of therapeutics less prone to resistance. This article describes how to use the Resistor algorithm to predict escape mutations. Resistor employs Pareto optimization on four resistance-conferring criteria—positive and negative design, mutational probability, and hotspot cardinality—to assign a Pareto rank to each prospective mutant. It also predicts the mechanism of resistance, that is, whether a mutant ablates binding to a drug, strengthens binding to the endogenous ligand, or a combination of these two factors, and provides structural models of the mutants. Resistor is part of the free and open-source computational protein design software OSPREY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stoner might be given a hard and fast of address with pre-hooked up software program which wishes to be located at the doorway the address will descry whether or not the individual coming into the demesne is carrying a masks or now no longer and the frame temperature the use of no touch temperature detectors after the ones results were checked if the individual`s frame temp. Is everyday and he she is carrying a masks than the gate will open or vice versa computerized Room mild and addict controls are considerably enforced in theatres, buying promenades. But that is the case in which we are able to manipulate the lighting fixtures and suckers of the room in addition to we also can remember how severa folks are moving into the room and additionally suggests how severa are exiting the room. Then on this we`ve used the Arduino UNO board, IR detectors and TV show screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding an orthogonal magnetic field to a diode is crucial for multiple applications, including high power generation. These crossed-field diodes (CFDs) have curved electron trajectories that store current in the gap. Above a critical magnetic field referred to as the Hull cutoff, electrons emitted from the cathode fail to cross the anode-cathode gap, leading to magnetic insulation and the storage or transport of all the current. Normally, the Hull cutoff may be easily calculated from diode geometry and boundary conditions; however, dissipative effects in the circuit or the addition of a protective shunt resistor may introduce an external resistance in series that causes a mismatch between the applied voltage and the voltage drop across the gap. For non-magnetically-insulated CFDs, non-zero net current flows in the circuit due to space-charge limited current (SCLC) in the gap. In this paper, we examine several models for crossed-field SCLC below the Hull cutoff to determine the impedance of the CFD. We find that the resistor reduces the voltage drop across the gap, reducing the magnetic field necessary for magnetic insulation below the typical Hull cutoff, which in turn lowers the SCLC. One-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that adding the series resistor causes electron trajectories to oscillate between insulated and non-insulated states for CFDs operating within 30% of the conventional Hull cutoff; these findings are validated by further examination of the theory. Extensions to other perturbations, such as AC modulation and magnetic field tilts, are discussed.

A study on retrospective dosimetry was performed using electronic personal dosimeters (EPDs) for reconstructing doses received by radiographic testing workers. The dosimetric properties of the thermoluminescence (TL) peak in the temperature range of 100–200 °C were investigated by measuring the TL of the resistors extracted from the EPDs in a darkroom environment. Results showed that this TL peak exhibited optimal dosimetric properties, with a minimum detectable dose as low as 13 mGy. To calculate the absorbed dose using the resistors, a simplified single aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose method using the TL peak was employed. The zero dose of the commercial EPD (model CLOVER) was determined to be 58 ± 72 mGy through the random selection of six EPDs. Additionally, a dose overestimation correction factor for compensating rapid sensitivity changes after TL measurement of the natural sample was calculated as 1.73 ± 0.09. Furthermore, it was observed that the TL signal faded exponentially to approximately 60% over a period of 12 weeks. Subsequently, retrospective dosimetry was performed by irradiating EPDs with a standard gamma ray dose of 1 Gy. The radiation exposure dose calculated from the TL peak of the resistors was found to be approximately 10% lower. These findings showed that the retrospective dosimetry with EPD can be utilized for accurately estimating the radiation exposure dose. • Retrospective dosimetry was performed using resistors in electronic personal dosimeters. • The thermoluminescence dosimetric properties of resistors were investigated. • Electronic personal dosimeters are potentially suitable for retrospective dosimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size of an electromagnetic (EM) absorber is a critical design parameter since it determines the operating frequency band. The realization of lower starting frequency requires enlargement of the absorber which often is not desired. In this communication, a technique for overcoming this problem in the case of an absorber, constructed of a resistor-loaded wideband bowtie antenna, is studied. The method is about placing parasitic elements around the antenna in order to change its input impedance and thus to realize large shifting of the operating band of both single- and dual-polarized absorbers. Without using parasitic elements large move of the operating band can only be achieved by a considerable increase in the absorber’s size. However, the used method for absorption band shifting leads to shrinking of the bandwidth which means a compromise is to be made between these two parameters. For validation purposes, prototypes are fabricated and tested, and a good agreement between the simulation and measurement results is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first reviews the position control of piezoelectric actuators, particularly charge-based sensorless control systems, which often include a charge estimator as a key component. The rest of the paper is about charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators. Two of the most recent/effective types of these estimators utilise either a sensing capacitor (type I in this paper) or a sensing resistor (type II); the latter (and the newer) type is broadly known as a digital charge estimator. Some experimental results in the literature show that, with the same loss in excitation voltage, a considerably higher amount of charge can be estimated with a type II estimator in comparison with a type I estimator; therefore, the superiority of type II estimators was acknowledged. In order to re-assess this conclusion, this paper equitably compares type I and II estimators through analytical modelling and experimentation. The results indicate that type II estimators have only a slight advantage in estimating higher amounts of charge, if both type I and II estimators are designed appropriately. At the same time, type II estimators have disadvantages; e.g., the resistance of type II estimators has to be tuned to suit different excitation frequencies. This research concludes that capacitor-based (type I) charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators, with pertinent design and implementation, can be still the prime solution for many charge estimation problems despite claims in the literature in the last decade.

The stability and robustness of lightly and highly doped poly-Si resistors were evaluated. These resistors exhibited distinct electrical resistance properties and temperature dependences, which can be explained through the grain and grain boundary conduction mechanisms. The resistance shift saturated under the low current stress condition, but continued to increase under the high current stress condition. A novel carrier trapping density model was proposed to explain this behavior. A generalized free energy model that considered stress temperature and stress current dependences was proposed to account for the stability lifetime of a poly-Si resistor based on the resistance shift criterion. Robustness evaluation with transmission line pulse test revealed that the breakdown current exhibited a pulse width dependence which was further explained by a thermal-conduction energy model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we present the design, fabrication and characterization of shockproof rubber–jelly (NiPc–CNT–oil) composite-based resistors. To fabricate the resistors, gels of CNT and NiPc with edible oil were prepared and deposited on a flexible rubber substrate using rubbing-in technique. The devices' resistance and impedance were investigated under the effect of pressure, displacement, humidity, temperature and mechanical vibrations. The resistance and the impedance decreased, on average, by 1.08 times under the effect of pressure (up to 850 gf/cm2) and by 1.04 times under the effect of displacement (up to 50 µm). Accordingly, upon increasing the humidity from 60% to 90% RH, the resistance and impedance decreased by up to 1.04 times, while upon increasing the temperature from 25 °C to 43 °C, the resistance and impedances also decreased by up to 1.05 times. Moreover, under the effect of vibration, a decrease in resistance and impedance, by up to 1.03 times, was observed. The investigated samples can potentially be used as prototypes for the development of shockproof jelly electronic-based devices in particular resistors. The technological achievement in the fabrication of these devices is the use of edible organic oil, which allows for the fabrication of uniform jelly films of organic materials that cannot be realized simply by mixing "dry" ingredients. Especially, we highlight that edible organic oil is environmentally friendly, unlike some other inorganic oils that are used in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the speed of information flow and storage capacity in electronic devices laser can be used to carry information instead of electric current. Since the photon is faster than electrons, one expects information to be transmitted very fast through the internet when photons replace electrons. This requires searching for chips that act as capacitors, inductors or resistors. To do this Maxwell's equation for the electric field intensity beside the electron equation of motion were used. The electron is assumed to vibrate naturally inside a frictional medium in the presence of a local electric and magnetic fields. These equations have been used to find a useful expression for the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient was found to be dependent on the laser and natural frequencies beside the coefficient of friction in addition to the internal electric and magnetic fields. These parameters can be fine-tuned to make the chip act as a capacitor, inductor or resistor. The laser intensity decreases when the absorption coefficient inecreases. Thus, the absorption coefficient acts as an electic resistor. Therefore, if the absorption coefficient inecreases upon decreasing the frequency the chip acts as a capacitor. But when the absorption coefficient inecreases when the laser frequency inreases the chip acts as an inductor. In the case that the absorption coefficient inecreases with the concentration of the carriers it acts in this situation as a resistor. For magnetic materials with magnetic flux density that cancels the frictional force, when the laser frequency is equal nearly to the atom’s natural frequency the material acts as an inductor. But when the frictional force is low with the internal and external electric fields in phase, the material acts as a capacitor. However, it acts as a resistor for negligible natural frequency, when no electric dipoles exist and when the internal magnetic field force balance the frictional force.

Increasing demands for precision electronics require individual components such as resistors to be specified, as they can be the limiting factor within a circuit. To specify quality and long-term stability of resistors, noise measurements are a common method. This review briefly explains the theoretical background, introduces the noise index and provides an insight on how this index can be compared to other existing parameters. It then focuses on the different methods to measure excess noise in resistors. The respective advantages and disadvantages are pointed out in order to simplify the decision of which setup is suitable for a particular application. Each method is analyzed based on the integration of the device under test, components used, shielding considerations and signal processing. Furthermore, our results on the excess noise of resistors and resistor networks are presented using two different setups, one for very low noise measurements down to 20 µHz and one for broadband up to 100 kHz. The obtained data from these measurements are then compared to published data. Finally, first measurements on commercial strain gauges and inkjet-printed strain gauges are presented that show an additional 1/fα component compared to commercial resistors and resistor networks.

This paper discusses a few issues concerning diodes and their application in electric circuits. Considering voltage and current restrictions, experimental and theoretical efforts are made to safely apply semiconducting diodes in circuits working with large current regimes. Combinations of diodes and protecting resistors connected in series and parallel have demonstrated to be of great help with the task of controlling electric currents. To this aim, several activities have enabled participants to observe and measure, or to calculate and display valuable data. Therefore, important class conclusions are stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways that is aimed at reducing losses from fires is to detect a fire at the initial stage of its occurrence, which can be most effectively carried out only with the help of fire automation systems. The latter includes information and measurement systems (IMS) of fire alarm systems, which are part of the fire detectors. Fire alarms (FA) are triggered by the appearance of primary signs of fire, transmitting a signal to the fire alarm control and indicating equipment (FACIE) through the appropriate loop. The FACIE processes these signals and forms commands for further actions, for example, sending alarm signals (sound and/or light) by fire alarms to warn people of danger, transmitting alarm notifications to the fire station and/or centralized fire monitoring console, as well as enabling and/or disabling certain equipment or engineering systems (including fire protection systems). Fire alarm loops (FAL) are electrical circuits that connect the output links of the FA, which include auxiliary remote radio elements and conductors, and are intended not only for issuing notifications about their status to the FACIE, but also for supplying power to these detectors. The reliability of the functioning of such IMS directly depends on the correct choice, according to the appropriate methods, of the nominal value of auxiliary hinged elements of loops, problems that arise during the use of equipment from different manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ways that is aimed at reducing losses from fires is to detect a fire at the initial stage of its occurrence, which can be most effectively carried out only with the help of fire automation systems. The latter includes information and measurement systems (IMS) of fire alarm systems, which are part of the fire detectors. Fire alarms (FA) are triggered by the appearance of primary signs of fire, transmitting a signal to the fire alarm control and indicating equipment (FACIE) through the appropriate loop. The FACIE processes these signals and forms commands for further actions, for example, sending alarm signals (sound and/or light) by fire alarms to warn people of danger, transmitting alarm notifications to the fire station and/or centralized fire monitoring console, as well as enabling and/or disabling certain equipment or engineering systems (including fire protection systems). Fire alarm loops (FAL) are electrical circuits that connect the output links of the FA, which include auxiliary remote radio elements and conductors, and are intended not only for issuing notifications about their status to the FACIE, but also for supplying power to these detectors. The reliability of the functioning of such IMS directly depends on the correct choice, according to the appropriate methods, of the nominal value of auxiliary hinged elements of loops, problems that arise during the use of equipment from different manufacturers.

A cascade‐based de‐embedding technique is presented for microwave characterization of thin‐film resistors and transmission lines. Parasitic effects of the probe pads, on‐chip interconnects and access via holes can be directly extracted using two devices under test without resorting to any additional Open/Thru dummy structures. The proposed matrix transformation provides a simplified de‐embedding methodology with a high precision similar to the conventional approaches using multiple dummy structures. The validity of the proposed technique has been demonstrated for GaN thin‐film resistors up to 65 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an integrated low-profile frequency selective surface (FSS) is proposed, which has an ultra-wide absorption band in low band and a low loss transmission in passband. It consists of a bandpass metasurface (MS) and an absorptive MS loaded with resistors. Through coupling of the two metasurfaces, the perfect absorption in UWB is realized. Also, the equivalent circuit model of integrated FSS is deduced and its impedance is calculated. Furthermore, the mechanism of UWB absorption is provided. In addition, the integrated FSS with a central symmetrical unit is polarization-independent. The experimental results show that the absorptivity of the integrated FSS is larger than 89.8% in the range of 4–8.7 GHz except for some frequency points. The insertion loss at 12.64 GHz is only 0.4 dB. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]