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Overhead electric supply lines are subject to water and ice accumulation, causing noise and weight increase, and leading to faults or failures. In this research, micro-textures were laser-ablated on aluminium substrates representative of overhead line conductors to achieve superhydrophobic properties. Samples were then subjected to a range of tests to measure the resilience and durability of such surfaces to conditions experienced by overhead line conductors. Tests to examine thermal ageing, thermal cycling, UV exposure, long term ambient outdoor environment exposure, and corona exposure testing were conducted and the evolution of surface superhydrophobicity was quantified. A high degree of resilience was observed for most of the testing. The feasibility of manufacturing upscale is discussed in addition to optimising test methods.

Previous investigations have attributed some reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers suffered significant damages during large earthquakes due to vertical ground motion effects. This has motivated this study to investigate the use of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns as a more resilient and sustainable alternative to resist combined horizontal and vertical ground motions. The classic performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework is used to examine the seismic performance of a rigid-frame bridge with construction options of circular RC, circular CFST, and square CFST columns. The hysteretic response of each column is calibrated to the results of hybrid testing of columns under combined horizontal and vertical ground motions. The incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is conducted using a suite of 50 near-fault records. The results are used to compare the observed damage states and quantify the repair sustainability metrics including repair cost (economic), repair downtime (social), and repair carbon emissions (environmental), as well as the loss of resilience. The losses are integrated with the hazard curves to compute the expected annual losses, all defined as a set of decision variables in the PBEE framework. The results confirm the outstanding seismic performance of CFST columns and highlight their benefits in improving the resilience and sustainability of critical and post-disaster bridges that are prone to strong multi-directional ground motions.

A leak is a vertex that is not allowed to perform a force during the zero forcing process. Leaky forcing was recently introduced as a new variation of zero forcing in order to analyze how leaks in a network disrupt the zero forcing process. The l -leaky forcing number of a graph is the size of the smallest zero forcing set that can force a graph despite l leaks. A graph G is l -resilient if its zero forcing number is the same as its l -leaky forcing number. In this paper, we analyze l -leaky forcing and show that if an ( l − 1 ) -leaky forcing set B is robust enough, then B is an l -leaky forcing set. This provides the framework for characterizing l -leaky forcing sets. Furthermore, we consider structural implications of l -resilient graphs. We apply these results to bound the l -leaky forcing number of several graph families including trees, supertriangles, and grid graphs. In particular, we resolve a question posed by Dillman and Kenter concerning the upper bound on the 1-leaky forcing number of grid graphs.

Since first introduced by Sudakov and Vu in 2008, the study of resilience problems in random graphs received a lot of attention in probabilistic combinatorics. Of particular interest are resilience problems of spanning structures. It is known that for spanning structures which contain many triangles, local resilience cannot prevent an adversary from destroying all copies of the structure by removing a negligible amount of edges incident to every vertex. In this paper we generalise the notion of local resilience to $H$-resilience and demonstrate its usefulness on the containment problem of the square of a Hamilton cycle. In particular, we show that there exists a constant $C > 0$ such that if $p \geq C\log^3 n/\sqrt{n}$ then w.h.p. in every subgraph $G$ of a random graph $G_{n, p}$ there exists the square of a Hamilton cycle, provided that every vertex of $G$ remains on at least a $(4/9 + o(1))$-fraction of its triangles from $G_{n, p}$. The constant $4/9$ is optimal and the value of $p$ slightly improves on the best-known appearance threshold of such a structure and is optimal up to the logarithmic factor., 40 pages, 7 figures; published version

During the seismic event, the structure will starts yield and it cracks. This leads in the reduction of its cross-sectional area, gross moment of inertia, etc., which affects the structural stiffness. In this study, the efficiency of a building in terms of its performance level, direct economic losses, and the seismic resilience with reduction in the column stiffness was examined. A high-rise G+10 storey reinforced concrete building was considered in this study. In order to consider the cracked section to evaluate the structural safety in terms of the seismic resilience, the column section stiffness was reduced with respect to the gross moment of inertia of the section. To incorporate this reduction in the gross moment of inertia, the stiffness modifier in SAP2000 software was used. As per Indian Standard (IS: 1893-2016), the gross moment of inertia of the column can be taken as 70% for the structural analysis, hence in this study the two various cases with 70% and 100% of the gross moment of inertia of the column section was compared to find the effect of stiffness reduction in the structural functionality. Using trigonometric recovery functions, the corresponding difference in seismic resilience was evaluated. The result shows that there was a significant change in the performance level but not much dropdown in the functionality of the building and demand ductility.

Geopolymer is being evaluated as a possible alternative to traditional concrete in the building sector. With the inclusion of Polypropylene Fibres, Geopolymer binding material is created in this study. Various durability tests as well as the influence of Polypropylene Fibre on concrete were conducted. The cubes' resilience was observed and investigated after being immersed in several hostile solutions. The resulting concrete has a high compressive strength as well as a long lifespan. For all mix proportions, the quality of Geo-polymer Concrete is excellent, especially for polypropylene fibre additions up to 0.6 percent. The drying shrinkage of Geopolymer concrete can be minimized by adding Polypropylene Fibre to the cement. Polypropylene fibre improves the performance of Geopolymer Concrete by resisting the chloride penetration and so increasing its longevity. The results also showed that inserting Polypropylene fibre into FRGP concrete improves resistance to high temperature exposure. The sulphate attack results show that loss in Compressive Strength decreases with increasing Polypropylene Fibre addition up to a limit of 0.6 percent.

This research carried out to enhance physical properties of Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)-Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends with nano alumina reinforcement. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) filler in different compositions were added to rubbers for modify properties such as hardness, tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance and rebound resilience. Rubber blends with four different compositions 1phr, 3phr, 5phr and 7phr of Al2O3 were prepared and tested. Results were noted and plotted. Comparison done for each sample and the possible reasons for the behavior were discussed.

An unprecedented demand for Food, Energy, and Water (FEW) resources over coming decades and the rising climate concerns require integrated FEW innovations with least environmental footprint. Collocating photovoltaic (PV) technology with agriculture is a promising approach towards dual land productivity that could locally fulfill growing food and energy demands particularly in rural areas. This ‘agrivoltaic’ (AV) solution can be highly suitable for hot and arid climates where an optimized solar panel coverage could prevent excessive thermal stress during harsh weather thereby increasing the crop yield and lowering the water budget. One of the concerns with using standard fixed tilt solar array structure that faces North/South ( N / S ) direction for AV farming is the spatial heterogeneity in the daily sunlight distribution for crops and soil water contents, both of which could affect crop yield. Dynamic tilt control through a tracking system can eliminate this problem but could increase the system cost and complexity. Here we present the investigation of vertically tilted bifacial AV farms which can be especially attractive for climates where PV losses due to dust are high. The relative food-energy performance for the vertical East/West faced bifacial panel ( bi- E / W ) scheme is compared with the standard monofacial tilted panels facing North/South ( mono- N / S ) through integrated models for energy conversion, spatial/temporal shade patterns, and the crop yield that is benchmarked against the reported field experiments for lettuce. We show that both schemes have similar food-energy yields for shade-sensitive crops which require a relatively low array density (i.e. ⩽ 1 / 2 of that for the standard ground mounted PV systems). On the other hand, the two PV schemes have remarkably different food-energy yields for denser PV array configuration for which bi- E / W provides higher crop yield and mono- N / S exhibits higher energy yield. To preserve ⩾ 80% of lettuce yield, the maximum array density is limited from half to twice of the standard PV systems corresponding to the varying shade response for the crop. Similarly, to preserve 80% of the energy yield, the lettuce yield is predicted to vary from 65% (shade-sensitive) to 100% (shade-tolerant). The vertical bi- E / W scheme is although not superior in terms of the combined food-energy performance, it could be attractive for its distinct advantages such as spatial homogeneity for shades and rainfall under panels, convenient architecture for farm machinery mobility, and an inherent resilience to soiling.

The importance of performance based design lies with detailed examination of the seismic performance of a structure in terms of its desired performance levels, damage ratio’s and ductility demand with respect to various ground motions. It is evident that all the buildings will not have uniform rigidity due to various construction errors, environmental conditions etc., which leads to the degradation of the concrete member stiffness that affects the rigidity of the structure. Though several codes proposed the cracking coefficient to account stiffness degradation of the structural members in the analysis, the Indian Standard was silent on these aspects. In the latest revision of IS: 1893–2016, the reduced gross moment of inertia for the structural members that can be considered during the structural analysis was included which indirectly consider the cracking effect on concrete members. This reduction in the stiffness can affect the functionality of the building which in turns affects seismic performance as well as the most important design parameter called resilience. However, the code is silent on these aspects. In this study, a high rise reinforced concrete building of G + 10 storey with gross and cracked section was considered. The building was subjected to different ground motions with Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) varies from 0.10 g to 1.70 g. For the concrete members like beams and columns, the cracking coefficients of 0.35 and 0.70, respectively were considered. It has been observed that due to stiffness reduction, there is a significant loss of ductility demand and resilience of the building. Also, in case of building with cracked section, the damage ratio increases at higher PGA level as compared to building with gross section case, which ultimately altered the performance level of the building to the sudden collapse stage.

Different mechanical properties characterise the materials of 3D printed components, depending on the specific additive manufacturing (AM) process, its parameters, and the post-treatment adopted. Specifically, stereolithography (SLA) uses a photopolymerisation technique that creates solid components through selective solidification. In this study, 72 specimens were 3D printed using 12 commercial-grade methacrylate resins and tested under uniaxial tensile loads. The resin specimens were evaluated before and after curing. The recommended cure temperature and time were followed for all materials. The stress-strain curves measured during the testing campaign were evaluated in terms of maximum tensile strength, Young’s modulus, ductility, resilience, and toughness. The results reveal that the curing process increases the material stiffness and resistance to tensile loads. However, it was found that the curing process generally reduces the plasticity of the resins, causing a more or less marked brittle behaviour. This represents a potential limitation to the use of SLA 3D printing for structural elements which require some plasticity to avoid dangerous sudden failures.

Seismic fragility, loss and resilience provide a rational basis for decision making in new construction/retrofitting. The inter-storey-isolation (ISI) is a relatively recent seismic vibration control technology for taller buildings. The isolation bearings are placed at an intermediate storey to isolate the upper storey block (USB), which also acts as a non-conventional tuned mass damper (TMD) to the lower storey block (LSB) to reduce the vibration. This study presents the seismic fragility, total expected annual loss ratio (TEALR), the life cycle cost (LCC) and the resilience index (RI) for buildings with ISI. The ISI is shown to considerably reduce the seismic fragility, TEALR and LCC and enhances the RI. Alternative building frames and high damping rubber bearings (HDRBs) are considered to be subjected to a suite of near fault, pulse type ground motions. The reduction in seismic fragility by the ISI system is shown first; followed by the reduction in the TEALR/LCC and enhancement of the RI in respect to the pertinent damage scenarios. A functionality recovery approach is adopted while estimating the RI. These improvements are shown to be maximized by a sufficiently high (nearly 100%) mass ratio (ratio of mass of the upper storey block to the lower storey block) and higher level of viscous damping (e.g. 20%) in the HDRBs. Not only the structural damage(s) but the non-structural and economic damage(s) are also noted to be prominent. Best performances are observed under moderate seismic hazard level but diminishes gradually for extreme hazard, owing to the reduced efficiency of isolation and de-tuning by the incipient nonlinearity.

This paper focuses on the disposal of iron tailings sand (ITS) and reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate (RAI), and a new “ITS plus RAI” solid waste treatment method is innovatively proposed, which uses ITS and RAI as a new base course material to replace of new aggregates by 100%. It is found that the new ITS and RAI mixture has excellent compressive performance by designing the material composition of the mixture, which can meet the design strength of different levels of pavement under various load conditions. A series of laboratory tests are used to study the effect of the content of special cementitious material and iron tailings on the uniaxial compressive strength, flexural-tensile strength, compressive resilience modulus, and flexural-tensile resilience modulus of recycled mixture. And, the scanning electron microscope test (SEM) and X-ray diffraction test (XRD) are used to compare the surface morphology characteristics and hydration products of the recycled mixture under different ratios and to discuss the formation mechanism of the strength of the mixture. The test results show that the macroscopic change pattern in laboratory tests is basically consistent with the results in microanalysis. The relationship between compressive strength and compressive resilience modulus and flexural resilience modulus is also established by linear regression. This solid waste treatment method is applied to the pavement renovation project of national and provincial roads in Shanxi Province (within Linfen), to replace the existing base material by using recycled mixture, and the results show that it can save not only the carbon emission from stone mining and processing but also the construction cost, while producing good social and economic benefits and promoting the process of carbon neutralization in the world.

Sensors based on conductive hydrogels have received extensive attention in various fields, such as artificial intelligence, electronic skin, and health monitoring. However, the poor resilience and fatigue resistance, icing, and water loss of traditional hydrogels greatly limit their application. Herein, an ionic conductive organohydrogel (PAC-Zn) was prepared for the first time by copolymerization of cardanol and acrylic acid in water/1,3-butanediol as a binary solvent system. A very small amount of cardanol (1% cardanol of total monomers) could not only significantly improve the tensile strength (∼4 times) and toughness (∼3 times) of PAA but also improve its extensibility. Due to the presence of 1,3-butanediol, PAC-Zn showed outstanding tolerance for freezing (-45 °C) and drying (over 85% moisture retention after 15 days of storage in a 37 °C oven). Compared with ethylene glycol and glycerol as antifreeze agents used in organohydrogels, the addition of 1,3-butanediol endowed the organohydrogel with not only similar frost resistance but also better mechanical performance. Besides, PAC-Zn exhibited fast resilience (almost no hysteresis loop) and excellent antifatigue ability. More importantly, a PAC-Zn organohydrogel-based sensor could detect human motion in real time (wrist, elbow, finger, and knee joints), revealing its fast response, good sensitivity, and stable electromechanical repeatability. In conclusion, the multifunctional PAC-Zn organohydrogel is expected to become a potential and promising candidate in the field of strain sensors under a broad range of environmental temperatures.

The exposure of a reinforced concrete (RC) bridge to a chloride environment can cause strength reduction and even change the failure modes of RC piers during an earthquake. This research proposes a novel and practical resilience assessment framework for aging bridges considering the different failure modes of RC piers. A probability approach is used for estimating the performance degradation of bridge columns due to the decreases in diameter and yield strength of the corroded reinforcement, bond degradation of longitudinal reinforcement, and the compressive strength deterioration of the cover concrete. The seismic responses of the RC piers with different failure modes (i.e., shear and flexural failure) are simulated using the finite element (FE) model. Six existing results of static cyclic-loading experiments are used for validating the accuracy of the used FE models. The effects of the component deterioration mechanisms are assessed within the resilience framework for a typical three-span simply supported T-beam bridge throughout its service year. The results of this study illustrate the following: (1) The FE model with the nonlinear shear spring provides an acceptably accurate solution for simulating the hysteretic response of aging bridge columns with different failure modes. (2) The resilience index of the RC bridge system decreases significantly when the intensity measures of the ground motion increase. (3) Chloride-induced corrosion will reduce the ability of the bridge system to withstand and rapidly recover from an earthquake hazard.

To mitigate the deficiency of the conventional steel frames, a novel steel frame system using rocking truss (SFWRT) and self-centering energy dissipative devices (SCED) was developed. The SCED consists of structural members, pre-tension tendons, abutting element and friction dissipation devices, which exhibits excellent self-centering and energy dissipation capacity. This new structural system is analyzed using Incremental Dynamic Analysis method (IDA). A scaled earthquake acceleration response spectrum from a specified ground motion was used in this analysis. It is found that the formation of the plastic hinges of the structural components includes four stages: emergence, developing, degradation and completely bearing capacity loss. A comparative study is also made to investigate the development of these plastic hinges under different ground motions in both traditional steel frame and SFWRT. The results for evaluating the lateral collapse resistance capacity indicate that the rocking truss can significantly decrease the structural dynamic response and improve the seismic performance of buildings. The collapse probability curves of the steel frame and SFWRT based on three limit states are compared. It is found that the rocking truss is helpful to reduce the collapse probability under earthquakes. The damage of the steel frame as well as the expected loss of the main structure after an earthquake can be significantly reduced with the help of rocking truss, which would also reduce the repair cost and improve the structural resilience under earthquakes significantly.

This work presents a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) displacement sensor suitable for alternate positive and negative displacement measurement. When measuring alternating displacements, existing FBG displacement sensors need to pre-stretch to a certain state, thus the elastic element of the sensor will in a state of large deformation instead of the working “zero deformation point”. The elastic element is easy to creep and lose its resilience, which will lead to inaccurate measurement. The FBG displacement sensor proposed in this work can overcome the above shortcomings. Through ingenious design, two pairs of “FBG - cantilever - wedge shaped slider” structure are used for positive and negative displacement detecting respectively. When measuring the positive displacement, one cantilever beam with FBG is in a deformed state, while the other one is not deformed and provides temperature compensation. For negative displacement measurement, the situation is just reversed. Comprehensive performance tests have been carried out, and the experimental results demonstrate that the sensor possesses a measurement range of ±50mm and a sensitivity of 29.373 pm/mm. Furthermore, good micro-displacement measurement capability, creep resistance, and temperature compensation performance have also been demonstrated.

The reinforced concrete columns and steel beams (RCS) composite frames have received popularity in low to moderate seismic regions due to advantages of the system. However, the poor repairable capacity and deteriorating pinched hysteretic behaviour of the traditional RCS framed structure limit the application in practice under earthquakes. This study presents a modified RCS framed structure with replaceable members aiming to enhance the energy dissipation and resilience capability. The structural configuration character and the general predetermined levels of lateral response of the proposed RCS framed structure with replaceable members is first introduced. Seven quasi-static loading tests were subsequently conducted to evaluate the seismic behavior and replaceability of the replaceable shear links. Parameters including the link length ratio, stiffener configuration and link-to-column connection were examined. The test results depicted that the specimens exhibited the shear dominated behavior. The major failure features of the shear links included web-to-stiffener weld tear, web buckling and web fracture. All tested specimen showed a stable bearing strength, large inelastic rotation capacity and excellent energy dissipation behavior. The same link length ratio of the specimens with different specialized connections presented the similar behavior. Noted that end plate and web stiffeners connection can alleviate the stress concentration on the fillet weld of the flange-to-end plate weld and optimize the performance of the shear link. The average overstrength factor and inelastic rotation capacity of the test specimens were 1.9 and 0.087 rad significantly exceeding 1.5 and 0.08 rad provided by the AISC 341-16 provisions for the EBF links, respectively. In addition, the replaceability of the specimens was evaluated underwent the entire loading process. Compared with the T-shaped and Π-shaped plate connections, replacement of the shear link with the end plate demanded the least effort and time.

Description of the impact characteristics of different types of balls has a great importance in sport science and in engineering. The primary objective of the present paper is to investigate the effect of the temperature on the impacts of different types of squash balls from a given company. The shots were performed using a self-built air-cannon. The impacts were recorded by a high-speed camera and the recorded videos were analyzed by an image-processing method based on a background subtraction technique. Summarizing the main dynamical parameters, we can conclude that increasing the initial speed will decrease the contact time, the coefficient of restitution (COR) and the rebound resilience, whereas these parameters increase at elevated temperatures. The compression tests revealed that within the low velocity range the deformation of the ball’s material and not the compression of the inner gas is the main contribution in the force needed to compress the ball. However, when the ball suffers large deformations, the internal air pressure has a huge effect on the rebound behavior. The measurements revealed that there is an optimal initial velocity distinct from the maximum one where the rebound velocity of the ball is higher than in all other cases. From the results we can state that the ball's overall stiffness grows as the temperature increases.

This paper compares stresses arising in the tool material of combined end-milling cutters and their admissible values with the purpose of preventing cutter destruction. The limit stress values of tool materials for the developed endmilling hard-alloy combined cutters having an interfaced cutting part and tailpiece were investigated. The cutting part was made of a tool-grade hard alloy, and the tailpiece was made of structural steel. To determine stresses, simulation modelling was carried out in the ANSYS and Deform software. The cutting force components were found experimentally. It was assumed that lower cutting force components lead to lower stresses in the tool material. This results in a lower probability of tool material destruction. The process of cutting the hard-to-cut stainless steel 12Kh18N10T was considered at the following parameters: a cutting speed of 70 m/min, a cutting depth of 1 mm, and a feeding of 0.1 mm/tooth. The tool material VK8 with no coating and with various coatings promoting the reduction of cutting force components was studied. It was confirmed that a combined end-milling cutter 16 mm in diameter and 92 mm long can be used to cut parts with the same accuracy as using a solid end-milling hard-alloy cutter. An increase in the length of combined cutters decreases the cutting accuracy; however, for lengths 123 and 180 mm, these cutters can be used to manufacture parts applied in general machine building. Therefore, combined end-milling cutters can compete with solid cutters in terms of the manufacturing accuracy and resilience period, which limits the existing applicability of solid cutters. The cost of combined cutters is 10–60% lower than that of solid cutters.

Low rainfall limits crop yield, particularly for maize (Zea mays L.) in southern Africa. Consequently, there is a need to identify genetic sources of specific drought-related traits that can contri...

This work details the design and analysis of a permanent magnet flowmeter designed to be submerged in a pool type sodium fast reactor environment. Recently developed Samarium Cobalt rare earth magnets were utilized that have demonstrated resilience to temperature and neutron flux up to 550 °C and 1018 n/cm2, respectively. This paper will discuss the theory, design, calibration and uncertainty quantification of the flowmeter. The flowmeter was calibrated over a flowrate range of 11.4 - 90.9 LPM at temperatures of 220 and 400 °C, yielding an uncertainty in calibration of 2-3.6%. A finite element model was developed and validated experimentally, yielding

Architected materials with nanoscale features have enabled extreme combinations of properties by exploiting the ultralightweight structural design space together with size-induced mechanical enhancement at small scales. Apart from linear waves in metamaterials, this principle has been restricted to quasi-static properties or to low-speed phenomena, leaving nanoarchitected materials under extreme dynamic conditions largely unexplored. Here, using supersonic microparticle impact experiments, we demonstrate extreme impact energy dissipation in three-dimensional nanoarchitected carbon materials that exhibit mass-normalized energy dissipation superior to that of traditional impact-resistant materials such as steel, aluminium, polymethyl methacrylate and Kevlar. In-situ ultrahigh-speed imaging and post-mortem confocal microscopy reveal consistent mechanisms such as compaction cratering and microparticle capture that enable this superior response. By analogy to planetary impact, we introduce predictive tools for crater formation in these materials using dimensional analysis. These results substantially uncover the dynamic regime over which nanoarchitecture enables the design of ultralightweight, impact-resistant materials that could open the way to design principles for lightweight armour, protective coatings and blast-resistant shields for sensitive electronics.

Soil-rock mixture is a common filling material for earth dam and subgrade. In this study, research concerned on the evolution law of engineering characteristics of soil-rock mixture under different factors and the effect of defect on subgrade strength, and geotechnical tests were carried out to analyze the influence of different factors on engineering characteristics of soil-rock mixture in the study, and the physical model was carried out to analyze the effect of different compaction works on the resilient modulus, and the influence of defect on the strength was explored by manually preset loose body. The test results showed that (1) when the soil-rock mixture was graded, P = 78, the moisture content was 14%, and the engineering characteristics were optimal; (2) there was a positive correlation between compaction times and resilient modulus, and the stress transferred from the subgrade to soil was linearly distributed under the good condition of compactness; and (3) the existence of loose body not only reduces the modulus of resilience but also affects the stress transfer; the larger the loose body, the lower the resilient modulus and the greater the stress transfer.

Resilient modulus for pavement layers is a key design parameter for pavement systems and permits for determination of how the pavement system will react to traffic loadings. It can be defined shortly as elastic modulus of a material under repeated loads. Several factors have effects on the elastic modulus of the layers of asphalt pavements. The indirect repeated axial load test was carried out by using the pneumatic repeated load system (PRLS) at Transportation Laboratory at Baghdad University to test seventy two cylindrical specimens prepared by the gyratory device. SPSS program was used to predict the resilient modulus model which contains many factors like asphalt content, asphalt viscosity, air voids, surface area, and temperature. Multiple linear regression is used to build the model of resilient modulus because it is a function of more than independent variables. F statistical significance value from the results of ANOVA table is smaller than 0.05 in the predicted model then the independent variables in the predicted model explain the variation in the resilient modulus variable. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.886 for the predicted model which is referred to a very good relation obtained. The predicted model shows that the modulus of resilience is highly affected by variation of temperature and moderately by viscosity of the asphalt whereas the stress level, types of filler, and the asphalt content have smaller effect on resilient modulus. The predicted model shows that there is a positive relationship among the resilient modulus and the two variables viscosity and the surface area whereas the three variables temperature, asphalt content, and air voids have inverse relationship with resilient modulus. Two asphalt types (40-50) and (60-70) from Dora refinery were used; the average value of resilient modulus corresponding to asphalt grade (40- 50) is almost 21.331% times the value for asphalt grade (60-70). Three asphalt contents (optimum asphalt content, optimum asphalt content±0.5) were used; when the content of asphalt was increased from 4% to 4.5%, the average resilient modulus decreased by 2.923% whereas increasing the percent of asphalt content from 4.5 to 5 the average resilient modulus decreased by 1.737%. Two types of mineral fillers (cement and limestone) were used, and when cement was used as mineral filler, the average resilient modulus increased by 4.422% rather than using limestone as filler in the asphalt mixture. Three temperatures for test were used 10, 25, and 40 oC. The results showed that when temperature was increased from 10 to 25 ◦C, the average resilient modulus decreases by 65.738%; whereas when the test temperature was increased from 25 to 40 oC, the average resilient moduli decreased by 97.715%. The results also showed that the average resilient modulus increased by 9.69% when the stress level increased from 6.5 psi to 13 psi. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/090405

The roadway industry in Pakistan is flourishing with one belt one road project. In near future, the roads of the country will help to accommodate the trade of billions of dollars from south Asia to the entire world. This project have increased the importance of flexible pavements in view of its widespread use in the local roadway industry due to low construction and maintenance costs. In Pakistan, local highway authorities rely on Marshal mix design method to design wearing course asphalt mixes. This method is empirical in nature and fails in accurately determining the behavior of flexible pavements due to variable environmental and traffic load conditions, and material properties. Considering these limitations, this study is an initial attempt in Pakistan to evaluate and compare asphalt mixes prepared based on both modern mix design method referred to as superior performing asphalt pavements (SUPERPAVE) and already adopted conventional mix design method using locally available material queries and considering local environmental and loading conditions. Using most common pavement conditions, comparative research was carried out to judge the performance of wearing course asphaltic mixtures prepared based on both Marshall and SUPERPAVE techniques. The matrix of the experimental plan involves one locally available aggregate source, two different aggregate gradations, and one locally available binder type. For mix evaluation, two sets of samples were prepared at optimum asphalt binder content and selected aggregate gradations for the two mix design methods under study. Performance of each mix type was then evaluated by mechanical properties including marshall stability, loss of marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, loss of indirect tensile strength, and modulus of resilience.

We review existing explanations for drop pinning and the origin of the force required to initiate the sliding of a drop on a solid surface (depinning). Theories that describe these phenomena include de Gennes', Marmur's, Furmidge's, the related Furmidge-Extrand's, and Tadmor's theory. These theories are all well cited but generally do not address each other, and usually papers that cite one of them ignore the others. Here, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these theories and their applicability to different experimental systems. Thus, we link different experimental systems to the theories that describe them best. We describe the force laws that can be deduced should these theories be united and the major open problems that remain. We describe a physical meaning that can be extracted from retention force measurements, specifically, the interfacial modulus that describes the tendency of a solid to conform to the liquid. This has implications for various wetting phenomena such as adhesion robustness, drug penetration into biological tissues, and solid robustness/resilience versus solid degradation over time as a result of its contact with a liquid.

Adaptability could meet basic technological application requirements. Therefore, a hydrogel-based transducer with durable adhesion, ultrahigh toughness, and super resilience was highly demanded. Here, a skin-like hydrogel transducer was successfully prepared through introducing carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium caseinate into a polyacrylamide hydrogel system. In addition, the polyacrylamide-sodium casein-carboxymethyl chitosan (PAAM-SC-CC) hydrogel has strong mechanical properties and excellent mechanical flexibility, largely due to the adequate energy dissipation mechanism. Surprisingly, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel exhibited stable and reproducible adhesion to various solid substrates and the human skin. Due to abundant free ions driven from sodium caseinate, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel could maintain stable and sensitive ionic conductivity without adding additional fillers. Experiments have proved that it can be applied to the field of human motion monitoring with complex signals. Therefore, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel sensor could monitor human movement in different strain ranges, including throat movement and joint extension. Such a flexible hydrogel-based transducer with various properties is conceivable to broaden the application field of bioelectrodes, human machines, personalized medical health fields, etc.

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber/zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA)-samarium methacrylate (Sm(MA)3) rare earth complex as seals were prepared via in-situ formation of Sm(MA)3 to partially rep...

The main objective of the current research work is to explore the effect of nanosilica particles on the compound EPDM/SBR-SiO2 (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/styrene-butadiene rubber-nanosilica). The composite EPDM/SBR with and without silane coupling agent was processed using an open mill mixer. The nanosilica particles are prepared in the laboratory and were used as the reinforcing material in EPDM/SBR rubber composites. The cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression set of the composites are completely analyzed and studied. Nanosilic particles are produced in the laboratory and used as reinforcement material in EPDM/SBR rubber compounds. Fully analyzed and examined are the cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression collection of the composites. It was also evident from the result that with the inclusion of nanosilica particles in the EPDM/SBR rubber composites, the mechanical properties, swelling resistance, hardness, abrasion resistance and compression set properties improved.

In response to getting more stretch and elasticity from 100% cotton fibers as woven fabric not made from lycra or spandex yarns and so on. In this survey, the researcher examines the relationship between different spinning methods for Egyptian cotton using twill fabric structure under a variety of weave factors on different weft densities to study the stretch and recovery from cotton fiber. The dependencies of the weft yarn spinning method and weft density were established. The effect of weave structure was determined. It founded that stress on the yarn will relax as a function of time due to the viscoelastic character of textile materials.The maximum wanted stretch direction will be limited to jamming in the anther direction. The max elasticity rate we get by increasing weft per cm for combed cotton but max resilience we can get at minimum weft per cm for carded cotton, Both max (elasticity& resilience) rates at same average float.The woven samples presented in this paper share three common design goals: low cost, stretchability, and long-running by comparing with their peers.

As ultralight and superelastic aerogels are quite desirable for pressure sensing and energy storage applications, superelastic and ultralight carbon nanofiber (CNF)/transition metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes) hybrid aerogels with anisotropic microchannels are thus fabricated by liquid nitrogen-assisted unidirectional-freezing followed by freeze-drying. The CNFs with high aspect ratios entangle and assemble into the interconnected scaffolds, while the MXene sheets enhance structural stability of the framework of CNFs and endow the aerogels with satisfactory electronic conductivities. Benefiting from the stable architecture with orientated microchannels, the CNF/MXene aerogel (CNF/MX) with an ultralow density of 4.87 mg cm−3 exhibits superb compressible resilience at the strain of 50% for at least 5000 cycles and a high strain of 95% for 500 cycles. Importantly, the outstanding strain- or pressure-responses endow the CNF/MX aerogel sensor with high sensitivity (65 kPa−1), ultralow detection limit (

People living in very cold climates urgently desire warmth retention equipment to remain healthy. However, creating materials that exhibit both effective warm retention and robust mechanical properties to maintain stable structures is extremely challenging. Herein, we report a facile and time-saving strategy for preparing ultralight, mechanically robust, and high-performance warmth retention materials via direct electrospinning and thermal crosslinking. Fluffy fibrous assemblies with stereoscopic fiber networks are fabricated with a humidity-induced electrospinning technique, followed by heating to create semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPNs) within fibers to acquire fibrous sponges (FSs). The semi-IPN-based FSs (semi-IPN FSs) present integrated properties of high tensile stress (∼1 MPa), good fatigue resistance (∼0% plastic deformation after 1000 cyclic tensile or compressive tests), and nondestructive resilience in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). Furthermore, the semi-IPN FSs exhibit a low volume density of ∼2.2 mg cm-3, effective heat preservation ability (low thermal conductivity ∼25.8 mW m-1 K-1), and desired waterproofness and breathability. The successful synthesis of semi-IPN FSs provides a novel attempt to develop high-performance materials with robust mechanical properties for numerous applications.

The arrival of the era of artificial intelligence is constantly advancing the development of flexible electronic materials. However, low mechanical properties, nonflexible signal transmission, and insensitive signal output have restricted their development as sensors. In this study, a superstretching MXene composite conductive hydrogel was developed with a tensile strain of more than 1800%. The hydrogel was used as a flexible wearable sensor to detect human motion signals in real time. High sensitivity was achieved using the sensor to discern multidirectional human motions, such as bending of human joints, throat vocalization, swallowing, and pulse beat. In addition, rapid resilience was observed for the MXene composite hydrogel after unloading reverse compressive stress, which can quickly cause a specific current response in the micropressure area without leaving any traces. This thixotropic sensor achieves a rapid response to bidirectional stress and has huge application prospects in the field of human body motion detection and national defense information encryption.

This study investigated mechanical property changes by measuring compression factors, resilience, and compressive strength according to packaging pattern and filling rate to identify the applicability of cultural heritage packaging using thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU). Research results indicate that the cross-shaped 3D pattern showed the best resilience when the internal filling rate was 20%, while the octet pattern was the best when the filling rate was either 40 and 60%. The octet pattern had the best mechanical properties and stability with resistance capacities of 20.79 kgf/cm2, 40.40 kgf/cm2, and 82.23 kgf/cm2 at 38%, 39%, and 40% recovery speeds, respectively, depending on the internal filling rate (20, 40, 60%). Based on these results, basic data on the applicability, stability, and reliability of 3D cultural heritage packaging materials using TPU materials were obtained.

This paper introduces the buckling-restrained concept into the design of traditional steel beam-column joints to improve the seismic and resilience performance. The upper and lower flanges of the beam are replaced by two buckling-restrained flanges (BRFs) to form a novel earthquake-resilient steel joint with a replaceable buckling-restrained link (RBRL). Four quasi-static tests and one fatigue test were conducted with various loading protocols, joint forms and core plate restraint systems. The experimental results, including the test phenomena, hysteresis curves (and the corresponding skeleton curves, energy dissipation capacity curves and stiffness degradation curves), and displacements and strains at the main positions of the specimens were obtained and analyzed. The test results show that the proposed joints exhibit an excellent performance in terms of hysteresis, fatigue and resilience, as expected. Comparative analysis results show that the loading protocols have an insignificant influence on the hysteresis curves before fracturing occurs. Additionally, the joint with a reduced section link is prone to instability and shows a lower energy dissipation capacity than the joint with the proposed RBRL, and when the compression gap in the restraint system is placed at the end of the core plate, the proposed joint behaves better.

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a material that is widely used in energy absorbing applications, especially in helmets, despite its non-renewable origin. Cork and its derivatives, however, are proposed as a substitute for polystyrene foam (EPS) due to their renewable origin and their easy recyclability. In spite of the low-environmental footprint of cork and its derivatives, there is insufficient data on their mechanical behaviour. Consequently, under dynamic and quasi-static loads, four different-density EPS, a natural cork material and five different cork products with different grain sizes and heat treatments were tested. They were compared in terms of their stress–strain and specific stress–strain curve, their volumetric capability to absorb energy, their specific energy, average decelerations and peak deceleration. Finally, EPS foams cannot recover their initial shape upon deformation due to their low resilience capability. This is especially important in applications such as helmets, which are bound to be subjected to multiple impacts. However, cork and its products could have this capability for resilience and would therefore be more suitable for certain applications. ispartof: WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY vol:55 issue:2 pages:419-443 status: published

CNT fibers (CNTFs) are excellent platforms for fiber-shaped supercapacitors, offering both high electric conductivity and mechanical resilience. Here, we propose a polyaniline (PANI)/CNTF composite...

The bulletproof vests used by law enforcement officials can be appropriately termed as “Bullet-resistant” vests instead of bulletproof vests since they are not completely threat proof. The bullets released from handgun calibers such as 0.357 SIG or 9 mm guns travel at a very high velocity which the vests cannot withstand. These vests are mostly made of ceramic or steel plates backed with para-aramids such as kevlar, spectra, and dyneema. Kevlar is an organic fiber from an aromatic polyamide family. Kevlar has a unique molecular structure that distinguishes it from other polyamide families. The para-aramid structure gives kevlar an optimum combination of high tensile strength, high modulus, resilience, thermal stability, and toughness [1] . Different varieties of Kevlar are produced to be used in different applications. Kevlar-29 has been the most widely used material in bulletproof vests for ballistic protection. Despite its strength and resilience kevlar has its disadvantages such as poor compression strength, which makes it less reliable for ballistic protection. Although kevlar fibers are strong and have high tensile strength its ability to cope with the force of compression is poor [2] . Also, the inclusion of these plates significantly increases the weight of the jackets. Graphene, on the other hand, is a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure [3] . It is found to be the strongest material ever found yet weighs much less than a paper [4] . In this work, graphene nanoparticles are inserted as laminates in-between the kevlar fiber layers and dynamic ballistic impact analysis is done on this reinforced material. The equivalent stresses, total deformation, maximum principal stress and directional velocity of the vests and bullet are investigated and the results show a significant increase in the ballistic performance of vests reinforced with graphene laminates.

Conductive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention in flexible devices, soft robotics, and artificial intelligence. The integration of synergistic characteristics such as reliable resilience, high strain sensitivity, and excellent mechanical properties is still a great challenge in strain sensors. Inspired by the heterogeneous network structure of biological soft tissues, herein, a novel ionic conductive hydrogel was fabricated by the interconnection between a “soft” hydrogen bond cross-linked polymeric network and “rigid” domains cross-linked by double hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, and π–π stacking. The completely physically cross-linked hydrogel exhibited excellent stretchable property (680%) and great resilience (92.53%). Besides, owing to numerous free moving ions (Li+, Na+, and Cl−) in the system, the hydrogel possessed high sensitivity (GF = 3.12) and fast strain responsiveness (≤100 ms) in a broad temperature range (−20–25 °C). Moreover, the hydrogel displayed tunable electromechanical behavior with durable stability and anti-fatigue variations in resistance upon mechanical deformation such as the detection of various daily human activities, including the variations of the fingers, elbow and larynx, and, jogging. Therefore, this “soft and rigid” structure provides a feasible solution for fabricating a high-performance ionic conductive hydrogel, which has potential as a multi-functional sensor in wearable devices, artificial intelligence, and electric skins.

The integration of magneto-electric and spintronic sensors to flexible electronics presents a huge potential for advancing flexible and wearable technologies. Magnetic nanowires are core components for building such devices. Therefore, realizing flexible magnetic nanowires with engineered magneto-elastic properties is key to flexible spintronic circuits, as well as creating unique pathways to explore complex flexible spintronic, magnonic, and magneto-plasmonic devices. Here, we demonstrate highly resilient flexible ferromagnetic nanowires on transparent flexible substrates for the first time. Through extensive magneto-optical Kerr experiments, exploring the Villari effect, we reveal an ultralow magnetostrictive constant in nanowires, a two-order reduced value compared to bulk values. In addition, the flexible magnetic nanowires exhibit remarkable resilience sustaining bending radii ∼5 mm, high endurance, and enhanced elastic limit compared to thin films of similar thickness and composition. The observed performance is corroborated by our micro-magnetic simulations and can be attributed to the reduced size and strong nanostructure-interfacial effects. Such stable magnetic nanowires with ultralow magnetostriction open up new opportunities for stable surface mountable and wearable spintronic sensors, advanced nanospintronic circuits, and for exploring novel strain-induced quantum effects in hybrid devices.

The emergence of nanotechnology has provided new avenues for construction industry. It has been shown that nano-silica with much finer particles than cement, is significantly efficient at increasing the strength and resilience of concrete. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the effect of nano-silica in colloidal state on fresh as well as hardened properties of concrete. For this investigation, colloidal nano-silica of particle size 40 nm was used at a concentration of 30% at a varying replacement dosage (1–4% by weight of cement). In addition, microstructural analysis of concrete specimens was performed. Results have shown that by partial substitution of cement with colloidal nano-silica, there is an increase in consistency with decline in flow and delay in setting time. The substitution was found to increase the compressive strength of all the specimens as compared to controlled specimen. The incorporation of colloidal nano-silica fills the pores of the cement matrix and facilitates the pozzolanic reaction thereby enhancing the C-S-H gel formation. However, the optimized substitution dosage was found to provide the best performance in terms of obtaining denser and more uniform microstructure of the specimen.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to synthesis Al7050/B4C Aluminium metal matrix composites using electromagnetic stir casting method under various mass percentage of reinforcement. Metal matrix composites were produced by reinforcing B4C particles with differing weight percent by 3, 6 and 9 using the stir casting process. The efficiency of the composites was contrasted with the alloy in order to study the enhancement of the mechanical properties of the reinforcing particles to the composites. Increasing the weight percent of B4C particles in the aluminum matrix increases the hardness of the composites relative to the alloy due to the resilience of the reinforcement particles to plastic deformation. The tensile strength of the composites greatly increases up to 6 wt% of the reinforcement and after that the increase in tensile strength is reduced due to the clustering of the reinforcement particles. Micro structural studies have been performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that shows uniformity.

In today’s world, composites have got a diverse application in various fields such as automobiles, civil, aerospace because of its high strength to weight ratio as well as high resilience. Holes are introduced in composites to serve many purposes such as electrical wire installation, joining of various parts by using mechanical bolts etc. So, it is necessary to acknowledge the behavioural changes in the composite material due to existence of holes to design any component in an efficient manner. Effect of holes in isotropic material can be predicted easily as compared to anisotropic material. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted on CFRP laminate in the company of holes introduced in top and bottom array to recognize the variation in the composite laminates tensile properties. From the results, it is concluded that the specimen with a single hole has lesser tensile load carrying capacity compared to specimen with multiple holes.

Mechanical machining is a significant part of manufacturing industries, which usually includes the cutting of metals to remove unwanted material using different cutting tools. The EN 353 alloy steel is widely utilized to manufacture critical parts of an automobile such as heavy-duty gear, camshaft, gudgeon pins, shaft, and pinion etc. which require significant strength, hardness, resilience and surface quality. Thus, it needs to be investigated from the point of view of energy efficiency (ĖĖ) during its processing to finish parts. The high ĖĖ of the machining processes is generally the key factor for reducing the electricity bills and carbon emissions. In the present work, the ĖĖ is optimized with the Taguchi method and modelled with response surface methodology (RSM) for the finish turning of EN 353 alloy steel. The interactions between cutting variables and nose radius were considered in experimental design, and the cermet inserts were used. The results reveal that at the optimum finish turning variables, there is a 78.92% enhancement in ĖĖ as compared to finish turning settings utilized in industries. The optimum value of ĖĖ is achieved by cutting variables at higher levels and nose radius at a middle level. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicates that the feed rate has minimal influence on the response and the depth of cut has an immense effect followed by cutting speed and nose radius. The coefficient of determination 93.02% for the regression model is relatively high, which indicates the model’s abilities to create correct predictions. Further, the optimization energy parameters can be considered along with other quality features for more realistic results.

Leaf Spring architecture is a major achievement in the design and production of the product in commercial vehicles. The most common designs with a multiplicity of leaves are leaf springs which display hysteresis when loaded and unloaded. The approaches often used to evaluate spring strength are time intensive and expensive, such as resilience tests on the field and rough tests. In the early stage of the design cycle, however, simulated ways to measure strength and rigidity offer useful knowledge and save time and cost. They are versatile for the assessment of various design options and for the early shift in design. In this work, mono leaf spring suspension was analyzed on the fatigue and modal with different composite made by E-Glass and natural fibers and the results are compared with the base materials steel (65Si7). The 3D modelling was carried out and analyzed with ANSYS on both a steel and a composites blade spring.

Large quasi-elastic deformation with high degree of rebound resilience was reported in dense, monolithic ceramics for the first time, which was achieved in the cyclic compression-resilience tests on bulk amorphous Al2O3–ZrO2–Y2O3 at 600 °C. As the compression strain was 4%, the resilience ratios in the three cycles were 89.5%, 100% and 100%, respectively; for compression strain of 8%, the resilience ratios were 74.5%, 90.6% and 92.0%. The superior elastic deformation in amorphous Al2O3–ZrO2–Y2O3 was due to the round trip migration of atoms through free volume in amorphous phase, and the residual strain after deformation of 4% and 8% are resulted from structural densification and shear band formation, respectively. This work could inspire new guidance on elastic deformation in ceramics, and provide new guidance to ceramic materials with high elastic deformation and rebound resilience in engineering applications.

Steel moment-resisting frames (MRFs) dissipate earthquake energy via the deformation of plastic hinges at beam-ends. To ensure that such plastic hinges are long enough to serve their purpose, their designs are based on a minimum span–depth ratio of beams as per seismic design codes. However, in steel framed-tube structures (SFTSs), deep spandrel beams having large cross-sections with flexural plastic hinges at beam-ends cannot be adequately developed, which is the reason behind SFTSs presenting lower ductility and energy dissipation capacities. To address this issue, high-strength steel (HS)-fabricated SFTSs with bolted web-connected replaceable shear links (HS-FTS-RSLs) have been proposed. In HS-FTS-RSLs, shear links are fabricated from conventional steel and placed in the middle of the deep spandrel beams to behave as ductile fuses that dissipate seismic energy, and the spandrel beams and columns use HS. In this study, a 2/3-scaled HS-FTS-RSL specimen with a very short shear link was fabricated, and cyclic loading tests were performed to investigate the hysteretic behavior of the specimen. The finite-element models (FEMs) of four full-scale sub-structures of HS-FTS-RSLs were established. Subsequently, the effects of the length of the very short bolted web-connected shear links on the cyclic performance of the HS-FTS-RSLs were investigated via nonlinear numerical analyses. The test results showed that the specimen developed the expected failure modes and showed good ductility and energy dissipation capacities. The shear link entered the plastic stage to dissipate energy, while spandrel beams and columns remained in the elastic stage under the cyclic loads. Moreover, the use of a shorter shear link was shown to yield a higher load-carrying capacity and initial elastic lateral stiffness; however, a lower ductility and energy dissipation capacity for HS-FTS-RSLs were induced. The performance of the specimen was comparable to that of the original sub-structure specimen after replacement of the shear link. The expected post-earthquake recoverability and resilience of the structure could be achieved via replacement of the shear link. The acceptable residual interstory drift, which simplifies the replacement of the bolted web-connected shear link, was 0.23%. The length ratios e/(Mp/Vp) of very short bolted web-connected shear links should not be lower than 0.53 in HS-FTS-RSLs, as per the numerical analysis results. The overstrength factor of the very short bolted web-connected shear link could reach 1.9, which is much higher than the proposed value of 1.5 for the shear link in the eccentrically braced frame in AISC 341–16.

Adjusting of species with the rapid change that occurs in the conditions of various ecosystems and environment behavior are not easy for them with the passage of time. One can expect species fight against these forces to get rid of extinction, i.e., species tend to adapt genetically or move to a new environment to resilience against extinction. In this paper, a climate change model is investigated by Caputo fractional derivative. Firstly, the qualitative analysis of the solution of the fractional Climate Change model is found by the application of the theory of fixed point. For approximate solution, the iterative numerical techniques of the consider problem under Caputo derivative is presented. In the last part, the numerical approximation of plotting are provided for validation of our fractional-order iterative scheme. As a whole, the total spectrum lying between two integer values are achieved with more information about the complexity of the dynamics of the proposed fractional Climate Change-model.

Controlled rocking concentrically steel braced frame (CR-CSBF) is an earthquake-resisting system that is effectively capable of reducing structural damage after earthquakes and causes resilience in the structure. Post-tensioning (PT) strands and fuse members are two important elements in CR-CBSFs to provide frame self-centering and energy dissipation, respectively. This study firstly purposes to evaluate the nonlinear response history analysis with five different relative-span ratios (A/B = 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5). Various amounts of four parameters consist of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity of the fuse, the initial force of the PT cable, and the gravity load on the rocking column are also considered as design valuable factors in the analysis. Additionally, it is considered to involve the influence of frame height with 3-, 6- and 9-story and earthquake different characteristics. The second aim of the study is to investigate about optimizing the seismic response of CR-CSBFs, in order to determine the optimal A/B for each height of structures. In addition to previous valuable research, this study has taken a more innovational approach and aims to complement them. A statistical multi-objective optimization methodology is used to distinguish the design of the spanning ratio required to minimize the peak story drift ratio (PSD), peak roof displacement (PRD), peak roof acceleration (PRA) and peak base shear (PBS), which are considered seismic response demand factors. The results demonstrate that the optimal relative-span ratio or A/B for the three-story controlled rocking concentrically steel braced dual-frame is equal to 1.5, and for the six- and nine-story frames is equal to 3.5.