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Aktuell werden Konflikte in der Migrationsdebatte neu bewertet. So wird ihr vermehrtes Auftreten als Zeichen für „gelingende Integration“ interpretiert. Konflikte sind hier als das Verbindungsband konzipiert, das offene, plurale Gesellschaften zusammenhalten kann. Zugetraut wird den Konflikten auch, dass sie einen Stimulus setzen für die demokratische Weiterentwicklung der als postmigrantisch bezeichneten Gesellschaft. Unser Artikel betrachtet in einem Literaturessay unterschiedliche Zugänge zu den Konflikten und bringt dabei einige der auf diesem Gebiet relevanten Forschungsbereiche zusammen. Wir erkunden, wie die Wirkung von Konflikten jeweils beschrieben beziehungsweise erklärt wird und berichten von Ansätzen der Konfliktsoziologie, der Migrationsforschung, der radikalen Demokratietheorie und der Stadtforschung. Konflikte, insbesondere migrationsbezogene Konflikte, erscheinen in der Gesamtbetrachtung als ein ambivalenter Hoffnungsträger, nicht zuletzt deshalb, weil ihre Ursachen multidimensional sind und weil sie sich mit den Wirkungen anderer Konfliktlinien (wie sozialer Ungleichheit) überlagern. Currently, conflicts are being re-evaluated in the migration debate. Their increased occurrence is interpreted as a sign of “successful integration”. Conflicts are conceived here as the bond that can hold open, plural societies together. We look at different approaches to conflicts in a literary essay, bringing together relevant areas of research in this field. Conflicts, especially migration-related conflicts, appear to be an ambivalent bearer of hope, not least because their causes are multidimensional and because they overlap with other lines of conflict (such as social inequality).

Working Paper 1b widmet sich der weiten Landschaft der sozialwissenschaftlichen Migrationsforschung aus Soziologie, Politikwissenschaft, Kulturwissenschaft oder Geographie, in der die oben angesprochene Neucodierung von Konflikten von Zeichen misslingender Integration zu Zeichen gelingender Integration jüngst vorgeschlagen wurde. Hier betrachten wir auch Arbeiten, die sich mit Konflikten im Kontext von Zuwanderung auf der lokalen Ebene beschäftigen.Konflikte im Kontext von Zuwanderung führten in der Nachkriegszeit zur Gründung der deutschen Migrations- bzw. damals noch „Ausländerforschung“. Seitdem hat sich dieser Forschungsbereich disziplinübergreifend weiterentwickelt und verschiedene Perspektivwechsel durchlaufen. Standen über Jahrzehnte vor allem Konflikte zwischen „Eingesessenen“ und „Zugewanderten“ im Fokus, wie etwa Verteilungskonflikte auf dem Arbeitsmarkt oder sogenannte kulturelle bzw. kulturalisierte Konflikte, werden inzwischen vermehrt (konflikthafte) Aushandlungsprozesse in der gesamten Einwanderungsgesellschaft thematisiert. Im Kontext dieser Entwicklung ist die Herausbildung einer zunehmend selbstreflexiven und kritischen Migrationsforschung zu beobachten, die verstärkt auch Haltungen und Forderungen vertritt, die auf eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe aller an der pluralen und postmigrantischen der Gesellschaft abzielen.Im Folgenden werden einige der zentralen älteren und jüngeren, für unseren Themenfokus relevanten Debattenstränge der Migrationsforschung fragmentarisch dargestellt, die Thematisierung von Migration und Konflikt in der Stadtforschung betrachtet und im Anschluss zusammenfassend die Entwicklung und Bedeutung bisheriger Ansätze und Debatten für die lokale Konfliktforschung nachgezeichnet.

__Background:__ Equitable access to vaccines has been suggested as a priority for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, it is unclear whether providing equitable access is enough to ensure health equity. Furthermore, disaggregated data on health outcomes and benefits gained across population subgroups are often unavailable. This paper develops a model to estimate the distribution of childhood disease cases and deaths across socioeconomic groups, and the potential benefits of three vaccine programs in LMICs. __Methods:__ For each country and for three diseases (diarrhea, measles, pneumonia), we estimated the distributions of cases and deaths that would occur across wealth quintiles in the absence of any immunization or treatment programs, using both the prevalence and relative risk of a set of risk and prognostic factors. Building on these baseline estimates, we examined what might be the impact of three vaccines (first dose of measles, pneumococcal conjugate, and rotavirus vaccines), under five scenarios based on different sets of quintile-specific immunization coverage and disease treatment utilization rates. __Results:__ Due to higher prevalence of risk factors among the poor, disproportionately more disease cases and deaths would occur among the two lowest wealth quintiles for all three diseases when vaccines or treatment are unavailable. Country-specific context, including how the baseline risks, immunization coverage, and treatment utilization are currently distributed across quintiles, affects how different policies translate into changes in cases and deaths distribution. __Conclusions:__ Our study highlights several factors that would substantially contribute to the unequal distribution of childhood diseases, and finds that merely ensuring equal access to vaccines will not reduce the health outcomes gap across wealth quintiles. Such information can inform policies and planning of programs that aim to improve equitable delivery of healthcare servi

Since the early 2000s, aid organizations and developing country governments have invested heavily in AIDS treatment. By 2010, more than five million people began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) - yet each year, 2.7 million people are becoming newly infected and another two million are dying without ever having received treatment. As the need for treatment grows without commensurate increase in the amount of available resources, it is critical to assess the health and economic gains being realized from increasingly large investments in ART. This study estimates total program costs and compares them with selected economic benefits of ART, for the current cohort of patients whose treatment is cofinanced by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. At end 2011, 3.5 million patients in low and middle income countries will be receiving ART through treatment programs cofinanced by the Global Fund. Using 2009 ART prices and program costs, we estimate that the discounted resource needs required for maintaining this cohort are $14.2 billion for the period 2011-2020. This investment is expected to save 18.5 million life-years and return $12 to $34 billion through increased labor productivity, averted orphan care, and deferred medical treatment for opportunistic infections and end-of-life care. Under alternative assumptions regarding the labor productivity effects of HIV infection, AIDS disease, and ART, the monetary benefits range from 81 percent to 287 percent of program costs over the same period. These results suggest that, in addition to the large health gains generated, the economic benefits of treatment will substantially offset, and likely exceed, program costs within 10 years of investment.

Since the early 2000s, aid organizations and developing country governments have invested heavily in AIDS treatment. By 2010, more than five million people began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) - yet each year, 2.7 million people are becoming newly infected and another two million are dying without ever having received treatment. As the need for treatment grows without commensurate increase in the amount of available resources, it is critical to assess the health and economic gains being realized from increasingly large investments in ART. This study estimates total program costs and compares them with selected economic benefits of ART, for the current cohort of patients whose treatment is cofinanced by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. At end 2011, 3.5 million patients in low and middle income countries will be receiving ART through treatment programs cofinanced by the Global Fund. Using 2009 ART prices and program costs, we estimate that the discounted resource needs required for maintaining this cohort are $14.2 billion for the period 2011-2020. This investment is expected to save 18.5 million life-years and return $12 to $34 billion through increased labor productivity, averted orphan care, and deferred medical treatment for opportunistic infections and end-of-life care. Under alternative assumptions regarding the labor productivity effects of HIV infection, AIDS disease, and ART, the monetary benefits range from 81 percent to 287 percent of program costs over the same period. These results suggest that, in addition to the large health gains generated, the economic benefits of treatment will substantially offset, and likely exceed, program costs within 10 years of investment.

Item does not contain fulltext, Aim: A decrease in glomerular heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan (PG), without apparent decrease in HSPG core protein expression, has been reported to occur in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In most studies however, agrin, the major HSPG core protein in the glomerular basement membrane, has not been studied. This prompted us to study the glomerular expression of agrin in parallel to the expression of HS-glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in biopsies of patients with DN. Furthermore, the influence of glucose on agrin production in cultured podocytes and the expression of agrin in fetal kidneys was investigated. Methods: Cryostat sections of renal biopsies from patients with DN (n = 8) and healthy controls (HC, n = 8), were stained for agrin and HS-GAG. Sections of fetal kidneys were double stained for agrin and CD35 or CD31. Stainings were performed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The production of agrin by cultured human podocytes was tested by ELISA and IIF. Results: The expression of agrin, detected by AS46, was significantly reduced in biopsies from patients with DN compared to HC (p < 0.01). Similar findings were observed when monoclonal antibody JM72 was used (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant reduction in the glomerular expression of HS-GAG was detected with JM403 in these patients (p < 0.01). Agrin is expressed in cultured podocytes, the expression hereof was reduced when the cells were cultured in the presence of 25 mM D-glucose (p < 0.01). In biopsies of human fetal kidneys, glomerular expression of agrin coincided with the expression of CD31. In early stages of glomerular differentiation there was a strong staining for agrin and CD31 while CD35 was only slightly positive. Conclusions: Our data argue against a selective dysregulation in HSPG sulfation in DN, but suggest a pivotal role for hyperglycemia in the downregulation of agrin core protein production.