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The objective of this research is to understand how different representations of requirements influence idea generation in terms of quantity, addressment, novelty, and variety of conceptual sketches. Requirements are testable statements of need, desires, and wishes of the stakeholders that are used by engineers to frame the problem. Project success is highly dependent on well-defined requirements documents. An experimental study was conducted with 52 fourth-year mechanical engineering undergraduate students. Two design problems are used with three different representations: a problem statement with embedded requirements, a problem statement and a traditional requirement list, and a problem statement with contextualized scrum stories. Each student addressed both design problems with two different representations of requirements. It was found that the use of contextualized scrum story representations significantly affected the novelty of solution fragments and addressment of requirements, while no significant change in variety and quantity was seen. Finally, it was found that quantity is not directly related to the number of requirements addressed in the sketches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence that an educational intervention has on students generating requirements for a design task. An experiment was performed in a fourth-year mechanical engineering design course by giving the participants a design problem from which they had to generate a list of requirements. A lecture on requirements was given and then the students were given a second problem. The two problems were tested for similarity. The data was evaluated using ideation metrics of variety, novelty, and quantity adapted to this study. Variety was assessed using eighteen categories to classify each requirement. Novelty was evaluated on the level of uniqueness of the requirement against the complete set generated, based on both syntax and semantic filtering. Findings suggest that the lecture had a positive impact on the students in increasing the variety of the requirement. All novel requirements belonged to the activity performed after lecture. Finally, the quantity of the requirements generated after the lecture were found to be statistically significantly higher. It is shown through a second study that the students before the lecture performed similarly to practicing engineers with three or more years of experience. This suggests that using undergraduate students in the final year of their program may be adequate as surrogates for engineering practitioners for requirement identification studies. This is an important methodological contribution for the engineering design research community to justify the use of students as participants in experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Future of Social Sciences is the property of Future of Social Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) programme aims to deliver a first-of-a-kind fusion prototype powerplant (SPP). The SPP plasma places extreme heat, particle and structural loads onto the plasma-facing components (PFCs) of the divertor, limiters and inboard and outboard sections of the first wall. The PFCs must manage the heat and particle loads and wider powerplant requirements relating to safety, net power generation, tritium breeding and plant availability. To enable STEP PFC concepts to be identified that satisfy these wide-ranging requirements, an iterative design ('Decide & Iterate') methodology has been used to synchronize a prioritized set of decisions, within the fast-paced, iterative, whole plant concept design schedule. This paper details the 'Decide and Iterate' methodology and explains how it has enabled the identification of the SPP PFC concepts. These include innovative PFC solutions such as a helium-cooled discrete and panel limiter design to increase tritium breeding while providing sufficient coverage and enabling individual limiter replacement; the integration of the outboard first wall with the breeding zone to enhance fuel self-sufficiency and power generation; and the use of heavy water (D2O) within the inboard first wall and divertor PFCs to increase tritium breeding within the outboard breeding zone. This article is part of the theme issue 'Delivering Fusion Energy – The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling is an important activity in software development and it is essential that students learn the relevant skills. Modelling relies on dedicated tools and these can be complex to install, configure, and use—distracting students from learning key modelling concepts and creating accidental complexity for teachers. To address these challenges, we believe that modelling tools specifically aimed at use in teaching are required. Based on discussions at a working session organised at MODELS 2023 and the results from an internationally shared questionnaire, we report on requirements for such modelling tools for teaching. We also present examples of existing modelling tools for teaching and how they address some of the requirements identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become increasingly common for patients to rely on the use of multiple prescription medications. The management of polypharmacy requires careful consideration for how drugs are metabolized and their potential for interaction with other drugs. Drug–drug interaction (DDI) assessments are typically performed in a stepwise manner during drug development, though knowledge gaps can exist at the time of approval. The US Food and Drug Administration can establish postmarketing requirements (PMRs) or postmarketing commitments (PMCs) to address these knowledge gaps. In this study, we systematically evaluated PMRs and PMCs established to new molecular entities (NMEs) at the time of initial approval between 2009 and 2023, for the assessment of pharmacokinetics‐based DDIs (i.e., drug metabolizing enzyme‐ and transporter‐related DDIs). We found that 22% of NMEs had at least one DDI‐related PMR or PMC, with a total of 263 that were pharmacokinetic based. Of these, 67% were for the assessment of drug metabolizing enzymes, which were established most frequently for their evaluation as a substrate, and 28% for transporters, which were established most frequently for their evaluation as an inhibitor. The 89% of PMRs and PMCs that were considered fulfilled had a revision to the United States prescribing information, the majority of which resulted in updated new instructions for use. This study highlights the value in conducting PMRs and PMCs early in the drug development process allowing broad patient inclusion at the time of initial drug approval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the psychopedagogical issues of teacher preparation and the research conducted in this area. The difficulties arising in teacher preparation stem from several reasons. These reasons include significant differences in education systems across various countries, the differing application of teaching principles and methods, and the existence of various conceptual models for teacher preparation. Since the models of teacher preparation cannot be mechanically applied to different education systems, serious investigation into the issues of teacher preparation is required. The research presented in the article is classified into two categories based on the spatial principle and level of development: studies conducted in our country and those conducted in foreign countries. The research shows that approaches to teacher preparation are primarily addressed in the context of the requirements placed on the teacher's personality, the psychological aspects of pedagogical activity, and the overall issues of teacher preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to identify Requirements for The Development of Environmental Citizenship for Residents of Rural Areas, as well as to identify the obstacles facing the development of environmental citizenship among rural residents, and to identify proposals that contribute to the development of environmental citizenship among rural residents, and finally to reach proposed planning mechanisms for the development of environmental citizenship among rural residents. This study belongs to descriptive studies as it is one of the most appropriate types of studies for the subject of the current study, as it focuses on monitoring and analyzing the reality of the requirements that must be available to develop environmental citizenship among rural residents, reaching proposed planning mechanisms for the development of environmental citizenship among rural residents. The study relied on using the comprehensive social survey method for officials in the Abu Tig Center and City Council, Assiut Governorate, and its affiliated village councils, numbering (136) individuals. The study tools were represented in the questionnaire tool for officials about the requirements for developing environmental citizenship among rural residents. The results of the study found that the level of requirements for developing environmental citizenship among residents of rural areas is high. It also found that there are significant, statistically significant differences between the responses of officials according to gender regarding their determination of the level of requirements for developing environmental citizenship among residents of rural areas, and there is no statistically significant difference between the responses. Officials according to academic qualification in their determination of the level of requirements for developing citizenship. There is also no statistically significant difference between the responses of officials according to job in their determination of the level of requirements for developing environmental citizenship among residents of rural areas. Finally, the study reached a set of proposed planning mechanisms for developing environmental citizenship among residents of rural areas, Rural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the content, legends, and methods of designing basic soil maps in complex regional atlases published over the past 60 years has been performed. The atlases were grouped in accordance with time of their publication and potential users. The main attention was paid to the content and conceptual background of maps and their compliance with the rules and experience of traditional soil mapping in Russia, as well as to the requirements for soil maps: completeness of information with new knowledge included, unambiguity, readability. The content of the maps is assessed in the following respects: lists of soils, presence of human-modified soils, classification used, soil-cover composition and pattern, presentation of relief, and soil texture. The legends were evaluated from the standpoint of information on soils in them and presentation of the map concepts, namely, legend structure and number of units, and the order of soils in the legend. The quality of cartographic presentation was discussed as well. Soil maps in the atlases of the second half of the last century were compiled in accordance with the concept of "zonality," and the soils basically corresponded to soil classification of the Soviet Union in 1977 with some additions. Among the maps in the atlases of the last period, there are maps compiled in the system of the new classification of soils of Russia. Soil maps in the atlases were compiled using standard cartographic techniques, and modern computer technologies for map design are relatively few; there is a certain deviation from the rules and standards of traditional soil cartography, which affects the information content and visibility of maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess the elements of universal access in the external built environment of educational buildings at King Saud University, ensuring their efficacy in providing comfort and safety for users with mobility disabilities. The study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, conducting field visits to various colleges within the university, including the College of Architecture and Planning, the College of Computer and Information Sciences, the College of Physical Education, and the College of Business Administration. These colleges were selected due to their representation of the latest designs and buildings within the university. The study involves conducting a field survey to identify barriers and issues related to universal access and comparing the observations with the standards outlined in the Guide for Universal Access to the Built Environment. Additionally, the study includes photographic documentation of various elements in the built environment of the research area. Upon review and analysis, it was found that many buildings and facilities at the university do not comply with the established standards for accessibility for individuals with disabilities. This lack of compliance is partly attributed to insufficient regulations governing the implementation of these standards and potential negligence during execution and follow-up. Overall, it is evident that the buildings and facilities at the university lack adherence to universal access standards, highlighting the need for reforms and improvements to ensure an appropriate environment for all users. The research concludes with several recommendations, including the necessity of developing a regulatory guide following a thorough study of the current state of educational buildings, identifying existing gaps, and providing solutions for issues that cannot be addressed in existing structures. It also recommends enforcing the application of these standards after granting universal access centers within educational buildings the authority to oversee compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Impacts were divided into subcategories based on the significant themes that emerged. • Cognitive demands are the most required of workers. • The psychosocial factors are the most significant risk factors for workers. • Stress was the most cited adverse effect on workers in the literature. • An interaction model between requirements, risk factors, and effects was proposed. Introduction : Industry 4.0 has brought new paradigms to businesses based on high levels of automation and interconnectivity and the use of technologies. This new context has an impact on the work environment and workers. Nevertheless, these impacts are still inconclusive and controversial, requiring new investigative perspectives. This study aimed to investigate the requirements sought, the risk factors identified, and the adverse effects on workers caused by the characteristics of I4.0. Method: The methodology was based on a systematic literature review utilizing the PRISMA protocol, and 30 articles were found eligible. A descriptive and bibliometric analysis of these studies was performed. Results: The results identified the main topics that emerged and have implications for workers' Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and divided them into categories. The requirements are related mainly to cognitive, organizational, and technological demands. The most significant risk factors generated were associated with the psychosocial ones, but organizational, technological, and occupational factors were also identified. The adverse effects cited were categorized as psychic, cognitive, physical, and organizational; stress was the most cited effect. An explanatory theoretical model of interaction was proposed to represent the pathway of causal relations between the requirements and risk factors for the effects caused by I4.0. Conclusions and practical applications : This review has found just how complex the relationships between the principles of Industry 4.0 are (e.g., requirements, risk factors, and effects) and the human factors. It also suggests a pathway for how these relationships occur, bridging the gap left by the limited studies focused on connecting these topics. These results can help organizational managers understand the impacts of I4.0 on workers' safety and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject. The article analyzes the current practice of applying legislation in the field of administrative responsibility, which is the result of changes in legislation in the field of state control (supervision).The choice of the research object is due to the need for systematic application of legislation in the areas of legal regulation under consideration, as well as the need to ensure uniformity in the practice of applying the Code of Administrative Offenses, which is due to the principle of equality before the law.The purpose of the study. The article presents an analysis of current problems faced by courts. The results of the analysis of judicial practice and scientific approaches to solving the problems discussed in the article are presented.Methodology. In the course of the work, the researcher was guided by a systematic way of interpreting current legal norms, as well as existing Russian scientific research in this area.Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, norms were identified in the application of which uniformity was not ensured. In order to harmonize the legislation on state control (supervision) and the legislation on administrative offenses, it is proposed to take into account the scientific approaches that have emerged in the science of administrative law.

Supply chain visibility (SCV) has been gaining recognition in recent years as a key factor for achieving analytical capabilities and improving supply chain performance. However, levels of SCV implementation lag behind current technological advances. This research was motivated by the lack of visibility in inbound logistics, which limits the possibility of managing deviation, in particular concerning changes in arrival time of incoming goods, in large industrial firms. We addressed this problem by adopting a design science approach. In particular, we followed context–intervention–mechanism–outcome (CIMO) logic to map and analyse material and information flows. The problems areas were successively translated via business and functional requirements into technological solutions. We evaluated alternative technologies using controlled experiments that mimicked real-life situations. This study provides guidance for manufacturing companies aiming to enhance deviation management and predictive capabilities by improving visibility in their inbound logistics and potentially extending visibility to other areas, such as internal and outbound flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data protection compliance is critical from a requirements engineering (RE) perspective, both from a software development lifecycle (SDLC) perspective and regulatory compliance. Not including these requirements from the early phases of the SDLC can prove costly and challenging afterward. The general data protection regulation (GDPR) from the European Union (EU) sets a list of requirements that organizations working within its scope should satisfy. However, these requirements are complex to work with, as legal prose tends to be vague and imprecise, and not all requirements have received the same attention from researchers. This study aims to identify the research published in RE for helping compliance with regulatory data protection requirements. We gathered and analyzed 90 articles from 2016 to 2022 through a systematic mapping study. We analyzed key trends in the sample, such as year of publication, publication venue, type of research, interdisciplinarity in the author's background, GDPR focus of compliance element, and type of proposal. Our main findings show ongoing interest, mostly published in conferences, in achieving overall compliance with the GDPR and consent as the most popular topics. Other topics, such as cookies or children's data, did not receive significant attention. Research over the whole RE process has been done. 20 (22%) of the papers have authors affiliated with non-computer science; however, most research seems not interdisciplinary. We finally discuss gaps in the literature, possible future areas of research, and the importance of interdisciplinary research for regulatory data protection requirements in RE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For time-sensitive treatment of a patient with malignant melanoma, physicians must obtain a rapid overview of the patient’s status. This study aimed to analyze context-specific features and processes at the point of care to derive requirements for a dashboard granting more straightforward access to information. The Think-Aloud method, contextual inquiries, and interviews were performed with physicians from the Department of Dermatology at the University Hospital Essen in Germany. The user statements and observations that were obtained were grouped and categorized using an affinity diagram. Based on the derived subjects, requirements were defined, confirmed, and prioritized. The resulting affinity diagram revealed four topics of importance at the point of care. These topics are “Identifying and Processing the Important”, a comprehensive “Patient Record”, tasks and challenges in the “Clinical Routine”, and interactions and experiences with the available “Systems”. All aspects have been reflected in 135 requirements for developing context- and indication-specific patient dashboards. Our work has elucidated the most important aspects to consider when designing a dashboard that improves patient care by enabling physicians to focus on the relevant information. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the aspects most often mentioned are not context-specific and can be generalized to other medical contexts.

Data analytics projects have become a common accomplishment in many enterprises. However, establishing a data analytics project requires consideration of many factors that are not always recognized at the very beginning of the project. This study seeks to identify what generic requirements must be defined for data analytics projects and what analytics project attributes need to be addressed by these requirements. It proposes a requirements template for the generic requirements of the analytics projects. The template is intended to be used to reduce the complexity of starting the analytics projects by providing a checklist of requirements to be considered at the beginning of the project. The template is derived from analyzing 16 data analytics project reports for descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive analytics tasks. The template is then validated by analyzing its compliance with 20 analytics projects within the real estate domain using the corresponding research articles.

Due to the diverse uses of research reactors compared to power reactors, a variety of safety aspects must be considered in their design and operation. On the other hand, due to the high age of a large percentage of these reactors, the need to update them in order to respond to the growing needs of today’s society is inevitable. One of the items that increase the features in terms of proliferation, economy, usability, security and nuclear to meet the requirements of today’s society is core conversion. The advantages and necessities of using new fuel in research reactors include the possibility of forming a more compact core, reducing operating costs, reducing security challenges, protection, environmental effects, transportation and end-of-cycle processes. In this study, the roadmap for research reactors core conversion is drawn considering all aspects of this issue which would be very useful for research reactor roadmap of any country especially our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Colombia has embarked on its journey into the space era through the FACSAT program, led by the Colombian Aerospace Force, aiming to deploy satellites in low Earth orbit. Following the successful launches of FACSAT-1 and FACSAT-2, the focus has shifted towards the mission design of FACSAT-3, a constellation consisting of three satellites intended for terrestrial observation, with the possibility of incorporating secondary payloads for various applications. Defining the mission's objective stands as a pivotal step in this process. Specialized literature recommends the analysis of project stakeholders as a fundamental method for establishing the requirements of any space mission. In the case of FACSAT-3, an exhaustive analysis of the needs of these stakeholders was performed through surveys and meetings with numerous participants at the national level. Once these needs were identified, the formulation of the requirements, ensuring that the satellite constellation could fulfill them. With operational and functional requirements in place, the constellation is ready to advance to the design phase. This article presents the methodology implemented these essential preliminary requirements identification within the context of the FACSAT-3 mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the production volumes of diesel fuel categorized by environmental safety classes (second, third, fourth, and fifth). The authors analyzed the trends in diesel fuel production volumes in the Russian Federation from 2011 to 2019. They identified mathematical models that effectively describe these trends. A forecast for these indicators was also made for 2024. The calculations suggest that the volume of diesel fuel meeting the fifth environmental safety class is expected to increase by 17.9% compared to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jordanian Educational Journal is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With increasing train speeds and reduced time windows for maintenance work, the interest in the application of slab track technology to increase the capacity of high-speed railways has grown. Slab track may still be considered a relatively young technology, but with several different designs available on the market. Current research on slab tracks commonly focuses on improved methods. In contrast, the formulation of requirements, and evaluation towards these, are seldom investigated. In this paper, state-of-the-art simulation models are employed to illustrate and address the needs for innovative requirements in terms of structural integrity and robustness, life cycle cost (LCC) and environmental footprint of new and existing slab track designs. Based on demonstration examples, it is argued that current standards may lead to overly conservative designs inducing higher LCC and environmental footprint than necessary. Extensions of the standards in terms of LCC and environmental footprint are suggested. The conflict of interest between structural integrity and robustness, LCC and environmental footprint is discussed, and suggestions for how to optimise slab track structures are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper presents a conceptual model comprising performance indicators designed for evaluating suppliers in companies within the electricity sector. Design / Methodology / Approach: The conceptual model was developed based on articles identified from Scopus and Web of Science, which provided indicators and their associated requirements, validated by both academics and practitioners. A multiple case study method was applied, and interviews were conducted with nine participants from six leading companies, which had the highest revenues in the electricity sector in Brazil. The interviews were semistructured and administered remotely. For data analysis, the authors assessed the alignment of the the indicators with the essential requirements for suppliers' evaluation. This evaluation was carried out using the Lawshe's (1975) scale, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), and the critical CVR (Wilson et al., 2012). Results: The conceptual model consists of tree groups of indicators: quality, logistics, and financial. In public companies, the evaluation facilitated external integration, whereas in private companies, this evaluation enabled internal integration. The findings show that some indicators were not applicable to the practice, while all requirements were applicable within the context of both academics and practitioners' reality. Limitations of the investigation: A notable limitation of this study is the relatively small number of interviewees, particularly within the academic sample. Practical implications: The proposal of these indicators aims to guide companies to a more precise supplier evaluation by procurement and operation departments, which manage a valuable input (spare parts). Originality/Value: The proposal of indicators that meet the requirements, using the Lawshe's scale and the calculation of the CVR, and further validated by two different actors (academics and practitioners) was not found in the publications concerning suppliers' evaluation in the electricity sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences is the property of Muthanna Journal of Administrative & Economics Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes an innovative problem/system decomposition approach. Unlike the conventional method, where stakeholder requirements are transformed into system requirements for the system‐of‐interest (SOI), the new approach involves decomposing stakeholder requirements into specifications for modified context subsystems. These subsystems comprise elements from both the SOI and its surrounding context. The new approach offers two key strengths. Firstly, an enhanced contextual relationship. The approach naturally establishes a relationship between the SOI and its context across various abstraction levels. This contextual linkage fosters modularity and agility within the system. Secondly the new approach enables precise functionality definition. Unlike mere declarations, the new approach allows for explicit functionality definition at all levels. Consequently, we can formulate executable requirements, enabling system simulation across all system levels. Very early integration, verification, and validation become possible as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotorcrafts are very complex systems that require a huge systems engineering effort to design, implement and integrate. A successful aircraft design is a matter of good integration between engineering disciplines and suppliers just as much as it is about finding a good technical solution to the customers' expectations. This issue is well understood within the industry and competent authorities. Companies now face the challenge of transitioning from integrating complex systems to make an aircraft (as per ARP4754) to engineering and collating a complex aircraft system as per ARP4754A: in other words, the focus shifted to a more holistic view to the aircraft development, a game changer in all respects. Leonardo Helicopters is tailoring its internal processes to reflect this change and challenge. While the ideal process can be defined today, the transition takes time and a significant change in culture and organization needs to take place. To support the transition, the authors have developed a hybrid approach to the aircraft architecture and system requirements definition process. This new approach leverages existing expertise at a system level to facilitate the integration between systems and the subsequent migration to bridge the gap with the aircraft engineering activities required by the ARP4754A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is witnessing a transformation with innovations such as electric aircraft and increasingly automated airspace operations. Within AAM, the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept focuses on providing air‐taxi services in densely populated urban areas. This research introduces the utilization of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's GPT‐4, to enhance the UAM Requirement discovery process. This study explores two distinct approaches to leverage LLMs in the context of UAM Requirement discovery. The first approach evaluates the LLM's ability to provide responses without relying on additional outside systems, such as a relational or graph database. Instead, a vector store provides relevant information to the LLM based on the user's question, a process known as Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). The second approach integrates the LLM with a graph database. The LLM acts as an intermediary between the user and the graph database, translating user questions into cypher queries for the database and database responses into human‐readable answers for the user. Our team implemented and tested both solutions to analyze requirements within a UAM dataset. This paper will talk about our approaches, implementations, and findings related to both approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing complexity of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in the Automotive Industry due to the integration of more sophisticated vehicle features has made the Systems Engineering (SE) application a necessity to define and implement efficient solutions. In this context, requirements emerge as a critical part of the communication between cross‐functional teams. Thus, the more complex systems become, the more requirements are needed to define them. However, lack of information, misalignment and ambiguity on requirements impact the entire development process, resulting in issues later, harder to be fixed. Some studies are being applied to evaluate techniques using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and how it can replace extensive peer reviews, identifying weaknesses in requirements earlier in the process, avoiding wasted time and large financial losses. Normally, NLP is combined with templates such as Easy Approach Requirements to Syntax (EARS), or other rule‐based techniques such as INCOSE's requirements writing best practice rules to define metrics and assess the compliance of the requirements syntax automatically. The focus of this work is to enhance the use of requirements syntax assessment algorithm by combining NLP techniques with Large Language Models (LLMs) to provide automatically corrected requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much has been written about the property of rationality, its requirements, and whether it is normative, rationality attributions themselves have not received much attention. The main aim of this paper is to address this oversight by focussing directly on rationality attributions and their complexities. After offering a diagnosis for why attributions have been largely overlooked, the paper introduces three problems that have plagued the rationality debate as a result: implausible symmetry, conflicts within rationality, and with reasons. Brunero's (2012) answer to the symmetry problem provides the beginnings of a solution but makes it harder to compare the rationality of agents. The remainder of the paper is dedicated to spelling out the new approach: to understand rationality attributions as relative to specific sets of attitudes. This approach circumvents the previous problems and meets a number of desiderata, resulting in a more nuanced and complete understanding of rationality that can enhance our practices of praising or criticising agents based on their rational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research shows that emotional intelligence (EI) should be used alongside cognitive intelligence during requirements change (RC) handling in Software Engineering (SE), especially in agile settings. Objective: We wanted to study the role of EI in-depth during RC handling. Method: We conducted a mixed-methods study (an interview study followed by a survey study) with 124 software practitioners. Findings: We found the causal condition, intervening condition and causes lead to key direct consequences of regulating own emotions, managing relationships, and extended consequences of sustaining productivity, setting and sustaining team goals. We found several strategies of supporting EI during RC handling. Further, we found strong correlations between six strategies and one being aware of own emotions, regulating own emotions, sustaining team productivity, and setting and sustaining team goals. Conclusion: Empathising with others and tracking commitments and decisions as a team are key strategies that have strong correlations between managing emotions, between sustaining team productivity, and between setting and sustaining team goals. To the best of our knowledge, the framework we present in this paper is the first theoretical framework on EI in SE research. We provide recommendations for software practitioners to consider during RC handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to identify the requirements for disseminating digital culture for general secondary education teachers in light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The research used the descriptive approach, and the questionnaire was a tool for it. The sample of the current research represented a group of general secondary education teachers (780), and the research reached results, the most important of which are: : Low provision of a system for monitoring students’ progress through electronic educational platforms, The lack of guidance for students on mechanisms for dealing with modern technology in the teaching and learning processes. One of the obstacles to spreading digital culture for general secondary education teachers in light of the industrial revolution is the lack of financial allocations for designing and developing programs, renewing the school’s infrastructure, and the digital training programs that the school administration provides for teachers, and the weak ownership of teachers. For the skills necessary to use modern electronic communications means. Based on these results, procedural recommendations are presented for disseminating digital culture for general secondary education teachers in light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore emergency planning requirements for managing disasters in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study adopted interpretivism; an inductive approach; a descriptive survey; and qualitative methods to address its aim. The techniques used included a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The study sample consisted of 13 experts from the KSA General Directorate of Civil Defence (GDCD). The data were analyzed by using content analysis. The study findings revealed that the emergency planning requirements are administrative requirements, including regulations and legislation; technical requirements, which include equipment; human resources, including staff and responders; identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risks; determining the tasks and responsibilities of the relevant agencies and stakeholders; qualified leadership; determining the chain of command at national and local levels; coordination and cooperation among stakeholders; knowledge gained from local or international experiences; updated database; the availability of sufficient financial resources; completed infrastructure; and improved training and practice. The study also found that although emergency planning requirements are more or less in place, there is a need for further improvement and development; specifically, there is a need for better understanding, knowledge, and awareness. Consequently, it strongly recommends that all emergency planning requirements developed from this study should be implemented simultaneously and as an integrated whole. By doing so, it could help decision makers and emergency planners at government emergency agencies to improve, develop, and reinforce emergency planning, specifically in reducing disaster risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) prescriptions should be individualised in adults with chronic intestinal failure (IF). The aims of the review were to explore HPN requirements and available guidelines and to determine whether adults (≥ 18 years) receive recommended parenteral nutrient doses. Methods: Online databases searches identified empirical evidence (excluding case‐reports), reviews and guidelines (Published 2006–2024 in English language). Additional reference lists were hand‐searched. Older studies, cited in national guidelines were highlighted to map evidence source. Two reviewers screened 1660 articles independently, with 98 full articles assessed and 78 articles included (of which 35 were clinical studies). Citation tracking identified 12 older studies. Results: A lack of evidence was found assessing parenteral macronutrient (amounts and ratios to meet energy needs), fluid and electrolyte requirements. For micronutrients, 20 case series reported serum levels as biomarkers of adequacy (36 individual micronutrient levels reported). Studies reported levels below (27 out of 33) and above (24 out of 26) reference ranges for single micronutrients, with associated factors explored in 11 studies. Guidelines stated recommended parenteral dosages. Twenty‐four studies reported variable proportions of participants receiving HPN dosages outside of guideline recommendations. When associated factors were assessed, two studies showed nutrient variation with type of HPN administered (multichamber or individually compounded bags). Five studies considered pathophysiological IF classification, with patients with short bowel more likely to require individualised HPN and more fluid and sodium. Conclusions: This review highlights substantial evidence gaps in our understanding of the parenteral nutritional requirements of adult receiving HPN. The conclusions drawn were limited by temporal bias, small samples sizes, and poor reporting of confounders and dose. Optimal HPN nutrient dose still need to be determined to aid clinical decision‐making and further research should explore characteristics influencing HPN prescribing to refine dosing recommendations. Key points: There are substantial evidence gaps in our understanding of the parenteral nutritional requirements of adults with chronic intestinal failure (IF) receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN).Clinical guidelines report daily recommended parenteral dosages for macronutrients, fluid, electrolytes and micronutrients; these are reported as total or per kilogram body weight or minimum and/or maximum amounts in the case of lipid and glucose. Not all are specific to HPN.Studies that report HPN composition, suggest a wide variation in individual nutrient content is prescribed, with evidence that varying proportions of clinical cohorts receive nutrient amounts above or below the recommended dosages stated in guidelines. The reasons for this have not been fully explored, beyond the small body of evidence suggesting HPN requirements are associated with pathophysiological IF cause.Further research is required to determine the HPN requirements of those with chronic IF to support clinical decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is extensive literature on knowledge management and its new domains and methods, there is still room to discuss the mechanism of how knowledge is disseminated and experts acquire tacit knowledge in organizations; Especially project-oriented organizations that have a different and distinct nature from routine organizations. The main purpose of this study is to provide a model of organizational requirements for the development of a knowledge handbook and also a model for the development of a knowledge handbook based on lessons learned and with emphasis on key factors in the organization. The experts are 45 managers and researchers in the field of Lessons learned and knowledge management in prominent and reputable Iranian organizations. The present study is qualitative-quantitative in terms of applied purpose and terms of the data collection method. This research has been done in two steps: the requirements for implementing the handbook and the model for compiling the handbook. Finally, both models were evaluated based on the structural equation approach with PLS software. The organization knowledge handbook implementation requirements model includes 5 main components of organizational leadership, Staff culture, technology, Staff learning, and system process, which are explained by 53 items; Also, the model of compiling the knowledge handbook of the organization includes approaches of recognizing and selecting the appropriate expert, organizing discourse sessions, reasoning the results, localization of knowledge and the phase of suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the requirements for spreading digital culture among students of Higher Institutes. It was applied to students of the City of culture and Science in Egypt. The study proposes a framework for spreading the culture of digital citizenship in these institutes. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and relies on a social survey method with a sample of (247) students from the Higher Institutes for the academic year 2023/2024 in the City of Culture and Science in 6th of October. The study's tool consists of a questionnaire for students, and the results of the study present a framework to spread the culture of digital citizenship in the Higher Institutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: According the significance of developing desert sports in the areas prone to such sports, the aim of the current study was to identify the requirements for the development of desert sports in Kerman. Method: This research was a qualitative exploratory study that has been done using a thematic analysis method. The participants in the study included experts in the field of sports management with the experience in desert sports. According to the nature of the research, 12 experts were interviewed as the participants through purposive sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation. The tool used in the research was a semi-structured interview. The intra-subject agreement method was used to ensure the reliability of findings, and the validity was confirmed by criteria including credibility, dependability, transferability and confirmability. Results: The thematic analysis of the data by Braun and Clarke's (2006) method led to the extraction of 144 codes, 18 sub-themes and five main themes. The findings showed that "Creating infrastructure", "Holding events", "Encouragement and support", "Promotion and advertising", as well as "Training and preparation" were the explored requirements for the development of desert sports in Kerman. Conclusion: According to the importance and potentials of desert sports in Kerman, the findings of this study can be considered as a basis for developing the desert sports and provide an agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive Mobile Learning Systems (AMLSs) are technological tools that incorporate adaptive learning to generate an individual teaching–learning process for each student. Despite the proliferation of AMLS, their development is often hindered by a lack of standardization and the poor quality of existing software architectures in terms of requirements correctness and coverage. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of software architectures oriented to developing AMLS reported in the state of the art. For this SLR, we searched the ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Springer, and SCOPUS. Studies published in English that describe and evaluate a software architecture to develop AMLS were included. Twenty-two primary works were relevant to the present study. Based on the obtained results, we have identified key aspects that must be considered in a software architecture proposed for developing an AMLS in terms of requirements, quality attributes, stakeholders, services provided to users, views and architectural styles, components, and implementation technologies. The main finding of this work is the lack of a reference software architecture that considers all the requirements and quality attributes needed for developing AMLS. This gap hinders the effective development and standardization of quality AMLSs, suggesting a critical need for a comprehensive reference software architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many types of libraries and all of them struggle to a greater or lesser extent with the issue of staff recruitment and development. With the involvement of colleagues from four hospital libraries, this article examines the question of how new staff is recruited. What requirements have medical librarians to meet? What skills and qualifications do applicants need to have and which can be acquired on the job? How are suitable applicants made aware of the announced positions and how can the employee be retained in the long term once the position has been successfully filled? The article takes a closer look at these and other questions, presents best practices and shows possible strategies for recruiting and developing staff.

University students are frequently preoccupied with their classes, assignments and extracurricular activities, particularly on campus. This may cause them to lose track of any events or programmes that have taken place on campus. Event or programme organizers at the UiTM Machang community often publicize their events by simply placing posters throughout the campus area or disseminating messages through social media like Whatsapp and Telegram. Due to their hectic schedules, students occasionally fail to see the posters and messaging, which in turn leads to a lack of attendees at the organizers' activities. By using predictive Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology, User-centered UiTM e-Event is developed to benefit both the students and event organizers within the UiTM Machang community for improving event management. By developing the system, students’ event information can be centralized, hence, ease the students to discover and engage with upcoming events. UiTM e-Event offers an efficient platform to promote their events, facilitating the attraction of a larger audience and encouraging greater participation among UiTM Machang users. This paper also highlights the users’ feedback regarding UiTM e-Event usability testing which result positive feedback from their testing result.