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Abstract: To determine the prevalence of enteroparasites, 136 students attending the Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana “Caicara”, Caicara del Orinoco, Cedeño Municipality, State of Bolivar, were assessed. A stool sample was collected for each student, which was analyzed by direct examination, Kato, Willis, spontaneous sedimentation and agar plate culture techniques. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 89% (121/136). In all age groups, parasites were diagnosed (=3.873, f.d. =3p> 0.05). Both sexes were equally affected (p > 0.05). A total of 12 species of parasites and/or commensals were diagnosed. Protozoa were more prevalent (98.4%) than helminthes (30.0). Blastocystis hominis was the most prevalent intestinal parasite in 79.4%. In conclusion, results showed a high prevalence (89%) of intestinal parasitic infection in the population studied, with no predilection for sex or age, with prevalence for protozoa, particularly B. hominis. Sanitary and sanitation deficiencies could explain such high prevalence rates. Resumen: Para determinar la prevalencia de enteroparásitos, fueron evaluados 136 alumnos pertenecientes a la Escuela Técnica Agropecuaria Robinsoniana “Caicara”, Caicara del Orinoco, municipio Cedeño del estado Bolívar. De cada estudiante se obtuvo una muestra fecal la cual fue analizada mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato, Willis, sedimentación espontánea y cultivo en placa de agar. La prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales fue de 89% (121/136). En todos los grupos de edad se encontraron parásitos (= 3,873; g.l.= 3 p >0,05). Ambos sexos fueron afectados por igual (p>0,05). Se diagnosticaron 12 especies de parásitos y/o comensales intestinales. Los protozoarios fueron más prevalentes (98,4%) que los helmintos (30%). Blastocystis hominis fue el parásito intestinal más prevalente con 79,4%. En conclusión, se determinó una elevada prevalencia (89%) de enteroparásitos en la población estudiada, sin predilección por el sexo o la edad, con predominio de los protozoarios, en particular de B. hominis. Las deficiencias sanitarias y en el saneamiento ambiental encontradas pudieran explicar esas elevadas tasas de prevalencia.

Para determinar la prevalencia de Blastocystis hominis en una muestra de vendedores ambulantes de comida, aparentemente sanos, se realizó un estudio seccional con 415 personas que acudieron al Ambulatorio Urbano tipo III "Manoa" (Municipio Caroní, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela), Programa de Higiene del Adulto, a solicitar el certificado de salud para trabajar como vendedores de comida. Una muestra de heces obtenida por evacuación espontánea fue analizada mediante la técnica de examen directo y método de concentración de Willis. Se encontraron 150 personas parasitadas (36,14%), de ellas 107 (25,78%) con B. hominis. No se observó predilección por el sexo (p > 0,05), pero sí con relación a la edad, siendo las personas de 18 a 27 años las más afectados (ji² = 12,17; g.l. = 4). En el 71,02% de los casos se encontró como parásito único y en 28,98% de los casos asociados a otros parásitos, siendo el más frecuentemente asociado Giardia lamblia (2,41%). En la mayoría de las personas parasitadas (85%) el protozoario se observó en un número menor de cinco células por campo. Se concluye que B. hominis es un parásito frecuente en manipuladores de alimentos del Municipio Caroní, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela.

Pediculosis capitis is a ectoparasitosis that does not recognize geographical, socioeconomic or cultural barriers. The scarce knowledge that exists in some groups of risk allowed in this study to determine the prevalence of pediculosis capitis and the socioeconomic condition in hospitalized patients with mental illness, in the Mental Health Center of Ciudad Bolívar, Bolivar State, during 2016. The diagnosis was made by direct observation of the evolutionary forms of the insect on the scalp and/or hair. A health evaluation of the family nucleus of each patient was carried out using the socio-economic condition questionnaire. A total of 25 patients were assessed. A prevalence of 48% was determined. Ectoparasitosis was observed only among female patients and in all age groups, particularly in the 39-44 years and over 51 years of age (20%). Although they were non-significant, the factors age, gender, hair of average length, wavy and little clean (washed once a week) were present with higher frequency. Only a statistically significant difference was observed for the overcrowding index > 3 persons. In conclusion, a high prevalence of pediculosis capitis was determined in this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A descriptive study was performed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a sample of apparently healthy individuals who sold food in streets in Los Proceres of Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar State. Fecal samples were collected from 85 individuals, which were analyzed by means of direct examination, qualitative Kato, spontaneous sedimentation and Kinyoun staining. Each individual was filled a clinical epidemiological record and underwent anamnesis and oriented clinical examination. The assessed group comprised 50 women and 35 men with ages 14 to 57 years (mean 15.25 ± 4.21 years). From this group, 50 persons (58.82%) were parasitized mainly by Blastocystis spp. (42.22%), Endolimax nana (11.11%), Entamoeba coli (6.67%), Giardia intestinalis (11.11%), Cryptosporidium spp. (11.11%) and Cystoisospora belli (4.44%). There was no preference for gender or age (p > 0.05), and persons aged 20 to 25 years were the most affected group. Monoparasitism was observed in 56% (n = 28) cases and 44% (n = 22) of cases had other associated parasites, being the most frequent association between Blastocystis spp with Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana. It is concluded that there is a high prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among street food handlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Infection of the urinary tract (ITU) is recognized as the second cause of bacterial infection in children. Objective. To determine the etiology and bacterial resistance of uropathogens that are being found with increasing frequency in pediatric patients, including experimental, analytical and cross sectional efforts. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Laboratory for Bacteriological Diagnosis "Dr. Socrates Medina", School of Health Sciences "Francisco Battistini Casalta" of the Universidad de Oriente, Bolívar City, Bolivar State, Venezuela, between January 2007 and December 2010. Urine cultures were performed according to the calibrated loop technique, with identification by conventional methods for all urine samples. Patient samples came from inpatient and outpatient pediatric hospital patients with suspected symptoms of urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the techniques of Bauer et al. The main mechanisms of resistance were identified according to CLSI (2007) protocols. Results. UTIs were most frequently observed in preschoolers (11%) and schoolchildren (9%). Females were more affected than males, with significant statistical differences (p <0.05). 58% (n = 26/45) of patients were hospitalized, while 42% (n = 19/45) were patients from the outpatient or ambulatory clinics. The most frequent symptoms causing consultations were fever and dysuria, followed by fever and abdominal pain. Midstream urine sample collection methods were used most frequently (76%, n=33/45), followed by suprapubic aspirations (16%, n=7/45). Escherichia coli (47%, n=22/47) was the most frequently identified microbe, followed by Proteus mirabilis (11%, n=5/47). In general, E. coli infections responded well to quinolones (ciprofloxacin/ norfloxacin), and aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and aztreonam. We found significant resistance to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (36%), ampicillin sulbactam (36%), and ampicillin/clavulanic acid (32%). The rest of the Gram-negative bacilli showed a similar pattern, except Enterobacter spp, who demonstrated higher levels of resistance to antibiotics, (resistance rates ranged from 45%-79%). Conclusion. Identified a high prevalence of ITU in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to epidemiologically characterize Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in a sample of HIV/AIDS patients, a sectional study with 50 patients that attended the Immunology Service, of the "Julio Criollo Rivas" Hospital (Heres Municipality, Bolivar State, Venezuela) Regional Reference Center was carried out from January to December 2004. For this purpose, samples from nasal exudates were taken. The strains were identified by means of Gram staining, catalase, coagulase, and production of desoxyribonuclease tests. 29 persons (58%) were found to be carriers of the bacterium, and belonged mainly to the age group of 33 to 37 years old (24.12%), although no statistically significant differences were found. There was no sex preference (p> 0.05). Heterosexual pattern (89.66%), sexual contact as a means of transmission for the virus (51.72%), arterial hypertension (20.69%), CD4 T lymphocyte counts greater to 200 cel/mm³ (75.86%), and the presence of previous staphylococcus infections (11%) were the most frequent epidemiological characteristics in the carriers of the bacterium. Preference was only observed when sexual contact and arterial hypertension were demonstrated (p>0.05). It is concluded that the number of nasal carriers of S. aureus was high in this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the enterobiosis prevalence in preschool children, a study was carried out from may-july 2003, in the SEU "Teresa de la Parra" in San Félix, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Three samples from the perianal region were obtained from every child, by applying the Graham method, and one sample was obtained of the subungucal deposit by scraping and cutting off their finger nails. These samples were preserved in 10% formol and processed by the formol-ether method. Also, a stool sample was collected and analyzed by direct examination and the formol-ether method. The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis was 45.8% (27/59). No differences in relation to age (chi2 = 1.23 d. f. = 2) and sex (p > 0.05) were observed between the infected children. The eggs E. vermicularis were not observed in the 59 samples of subungueal deposits. In conclusion, although the enterobiosis prevalence was high, as determined by the Graham method, a relationship could not be found between E. vermicularis in the scotch tape and the finger nail samples of the children evaluated.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis infection in a random sample of apparently healthy food handlers. A total of 415 individuals attending the Manoa Urban Outpatient Clinic (Caroní Municipality, Bolívar State, Venezuela) in the Adult Hygiene Program and who requested health certification to work as food handlers were studied. Stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation were examined by direct microscopy and the Willis concentration method. A total of 150 individuals were infected (36.14%), 107 (25.78%) of whom with B. hominis. There was no difference between males and females (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference between ages (chi(2) = 12.17; g.l. = 4), with infection more frequent between 18 and 27 years. In 71.02% of the cases, B. hominis was the only parasite. Giardia lamblia was the parasite most frequently associated with B. hominis (2.41%). In the majority (85%) of infected individuals, less than five microorganisms per microscopic field were observed. We conclude that B. hominis is a frequent intestinal parasite among food handlers in Caroní Municipality, Bolivar State, Venezuela.