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Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 16ª Reunión de la Red Española de Bacterias Lácticas (RedBAL), celebrada en Madrid los días 11 y 12 de mayo de 2023., Proyecto PID2019-106071RB-I00 (MICIN).

Understanding the individual factors that modulate flavor perception is a central issue for the development of personalized diets strategies to fight obesity. This study aimed to investigate differences in flavor perception between adults with normal weight and those with obesity, as well as some potential biological factors related to these differences. To do that, liking and flavor perception intensity were measured against retronasal olfactory (pineapple, butter, tropical and chocolate) and taste attributes (sweetness, umami and bitter) in 77 individuals grouped as normalweight or obese, according to their body mass index (BMI). Unstimulated saliva was collected from all participants and characterized in terms of salivary flow, total protein content, total antioxidant capacity, total esterase activity and bacterial composition through 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The results showed that participants displayed differences in flavor perception according to their BMI group. Thus, the group with obesity showed significant lower liking and intensity scores for low calorie related food aroma (pineapple and tropical), lower taste intensity scores for sweet and umami, and a higher acceptability for umami than the group with normal weight. Significant differences between BMI groups were observed for salivary biochemical variables and specific bacterial taxa, some of which were significantly correlated to flavor intensity. This work suggests for the first time the existence of an oral-brain axis that might contribute to the development or perpetuation of obesity, which opens new and interesting avenues of research., This work was supported by the Autonomous Community of Madrid through the 2019T1/BIO13748 project. P-C. L.-D. thanks the Atracción de Talento program (ref 2019T1/BIO13748) for her research contract. C. M.-G. thanks the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the Comunidad de Madrid for funding her research contract through the research grant Atracción de Talento (ref 2019T1/BIO13748).

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are well known by the dedicated research studies on them and as commercial products. More recently, a number of “biotic” preparations have emerged with different prefixes and they refer to their nature and formulation (“post-”, “para-”) or they are related to their health effect (“psycho-”, “gero-”, “immuno-”, etc.). So far, numerous probiotics and prebiotics have sound scientific evidences supporting their health effects, but they are not matching with their regulatory status. Despite that, scientific studies are outlining the new trends in this field, like research on new-generation probiotics and prebiotics and well-characterized postbiotics. Future research should focus on sound clinical trials and compositional and mechanistic characterization of these preparations.

Diet has shaped microbiota profiles through human evolution. In recent times, the industrialized trend has resulted in the reduction of the overall degree of gut microbiome diversity. The diminished consumption of nondigestible plant polysaccharides and the increase of fat and easily digestible carbohydrates have produced a progressive loss of certain fiber-fermenting species and a high prevalence of intestinal mucus-degrading species. In addition, diet and derived microbial metabolites have strong implications with the development of food-associated diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, malnutrition and eating disorders, intestinal inflammatory diseases and colorectal cancer, among others. Moreover, recent epidemiological studies have associated the increased intake of highly processed foods and beverages, containing food additives and processing aids, with microbiota and intestinal alterations. In turn, healthy diets and specific nutritional interventions, including increase of dietary fiber, could be valuable for restoration of beneficial microbiota diversity capable of stimulating healthy states.

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 15ª Reunión de la Red Española de Bacterias Lácticas: Bacterias Lácticas en Alimentación y Salud. Valencia, 26 y 27 de mayo de 2022., MICIN: FASBIOTARISK PID2019-10671RB-l00

This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Detection Technology and Safety Risk Assessment of Food Contaminants., For developing the recycling of fruit by-products from kiwano, a polysaccharide was extracted from kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) peels, namely Cucumis metuliferus peels polysaccharide (CMPP), with the aim of investigating the potential beneficial effects. The composition of polysaccharides was analyzed by chemical methods. RAW264.7 macrophages cells and the microbiota dynamics simulator (BFBL gut model) were used for in vitro study. The result showed that CMPP mainly consists of glucuronic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose. By intervening with RAW264.7 cells, CMPP promoted cell proliferation and showed immune-enhancing activity, which significantly (p < 0.05) induced the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. In addition, CMPP had an impact on the composition of the gut bacteria, increasing the growth of Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Feacalibacterium, and Roseburia. During the intake period, acetic, butyric and propionic acids were all increased, especially (p < 0.05) in the descending colon. Moreover, a decrease in ammonia concentration (10.17 ± 0.50 mM in the ascending colon, 13.21 ± 1.54 mM in the transverse colon and 13.62 ± 0.45 mM in the descending colon, respectively) was observed. In summary, CMPP can be considered as a pectin, showed immunological activity and function of gut microbiota modulation. This study could be the scientific basis of developing kiwano peels as beneficial to human health., This research was funded by the Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory independent scientific research project (NZ2021032), the Key Area R&D Program of Guangdong Province (NO. 2019B020211002), the Guangdong Province Universities and Colleges Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme (2017), and the International Cooperation Program of SCAU (NO. 2019SCAUGH03). This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant numbers AGL2016-75951-R and PID2019-106071RB-I00)

This study aimed to highlight the relationship between diet, animal performance and mucosal adherent gut microbiota (anterior intestine) in fish fed plant-based diets supplemented with an egg white hydrolysate (EWH) with antioxidant and antiobesogenic activity in obese rats. The feeding trial with juveniles of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) lasted 8 weeks. Fish were fed near to visual satiety with a fish meal (FM)/fish oil (FO) based diet (CTRL) or a plant-based diet with/without EWH supplementation. Specific growth rate decreased gradually from 2.16% in CTRL fish to 1.88% in EWH fish due to a reduced feed intake, and a slight impairment of feed conversion ratio. Plant-based diets feeding triggered a hyperplasic inflammation of the anterior intestine regardless of EWH supplementation., This work was supported by the EU H2020 Research Innovation Program under the TNA Program (project AE150009) at IATS-CSIC Research Infrastructure within AQUAEXCEL2020 Project (652831). This output reflects only the author’s view and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. Additional funding was obtained by a Spanish MICINN project (Bream-AquaINTECH and RTI2018–094128-B-I00). MCP was funded by a Ramón y Cajal Postdoctoral Research Fellowship [RYC2018-024049-I/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 cofunded by the European Social Fund (ESF) and ACOND/2020 Generalitat Valenciana].

Trabajo presentado al XXXI Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición, celebrado en Cartagena (Murcia) del 15 al 17 de septiembre de 2022.

Trabajo presentado en Aquaculture Europe 2020, celebrado en modalidad virtual del 12 al 15 de abril de 2021., [Introduction]: A bioactive egg white hydrolysate (EWH) treated with pepsin has demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, improving oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers on genetically and diet induced obese rats (Requena et al., 2017). However, the effects of protein hydrolysates and bioactive food-derived peptides on gut microbiome remain relatively poorly studied in mammals and fish in particular. Thus, the aim of this study was to unravel the main effects on fish performance, histopathological scoring and mucosal adherent gut microbiota of EWH supplementation in a fish fed a formulation with a high replacement of marine feedstuffs by alternative plant ingredients, using gilthead sea bream as a farmed fish model. [Methods]: The feeding trial lasted 8 weeks (May-July) under natural photoperiod and temperature conditions. Juvenile fish (20-24 g initial body weight, 4.8-4.9 kg/m3) were fed near to visual satiety with control (CTRL) or low fish meal (FM)/fish oil (FO) diets with/without egg white hydrolysate (EWH) supplementation (7.5%). DNA from the adherent bacteria of the anterior intestine was collected and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA of each sample was amplified and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Taxonomic assignment was performed with a custom-made pipeline using the RDP database. Alpha diversity was calculated using Phyloseq, and beta diversity using PERMANOVA and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) models. Metagenome prediction and pathway analysis were performed using Piphillin., [Methods]: The feeding trial lasted 8 weeks (May-July) under natural photoperiod and temperature conditions. Juvenile fish (20-24 g initial body weight, 4.8-4.9 kg/m3) were fed near to visual satiety with control (CTRL) or low fish meal (FM)/fish oil (FO) diets with/without egg white hydrolysate (EWH) supplementation (7.5%). DNA from the adherent bacteria of the anterior intestine was collected and the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA of each sample was amplified and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq. Taxonomic assignment was performed with a custom-made pipeline using the RDP database. Alpha diversity was calculated using Phyloseq, and beta diversity using PERMANOVA and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) models. Metagenome prediction and pathway analysis were performed using Piphillin., [Results]: Daily specific growth rates (SGR) varied significantly from 2.16 in CTRL fish to 1.88 in EWH fish as a result of a reduced feed intake. A slight impairment of feed conversion ratio, from 1.03 to 1.10, was also observed. Intermediate values on growth performance parameters were reported with the low FM/FO diet without EWH supplementation. No changes in total plasma antioxidant capacity, and faecal concentrations of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids were found among dietary groups. The dietary replacement of FM/FO triggered a hyperplasic inflammation of the anterior intestine submucosa that was not alleviated by EWH supplementation. Conversely, alterations on the staining pattern and amount of goblet cells at the level of anterior intestine were reversed in EWH fish, together with a decreased accumulation of lipid vacuoles in the epithelium of posterior intestine, a high abundance of hepatic melanomacrophage centers, and depletion of hepatocyte lipid depots until the restoration of CTRL fish values. Illumina sequencing reads were assigned to 2,117 OTUs and a significantly lower richness was found in the EWH group. Indeed, at the phylum level, Proteobacteria reached the highest proportion in CTRL and EWH fish, whereas Firmicutes were decreased and Actinobacteria increased with the replacement of FM/FO. The proportion of Actinobacteria was restored to CTRL values with the dietary EWH supplementation. Additionally, EWH triggered the highest amount of Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes phyla. Detailed differences in microbiota composition were analysed with a statistically validated PLS-DA which clearly separated CTRL fish from fish fed low FM/FO diets along x-axis (component 1, 37.4%), whereas component 2 (43.2%) separated the low FM/FO diets with/without EWH along y-axis (Fig. 1). This analysis disclosed 165 OTUs discriminating among diets (VIP ≥ 1), with 46 OTUs representing at least the 1% in one of the groups. For these abundant bacteria, a first type of response was mediated by 17 OTUs that were increasing with the FM/FO replacement and decreasing again in EWH fish. In this group, Neisseriaceae family and species of Ralstonia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium and Nocardioides genera were included. A group of 14 OTUs were present in high proportion in the CTRL group, but decreased in fish fed the two low FM/FO diets. In this case, the dietary plant ingredients drove the decrease of the Comamonadaceae family and Mesorizhobium, Brochotrix, Bacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto and Exiguobacterium genera. The remaining 15 OTUs increased their proportion in fish fed the EWH diet, being in a very low proportion in the other two dietary groups. This response triggered the presence of Bacteroidetes phylum, Rhodospirilalles order and Granucatella, Bradyrizhobium, Propionibacterium and Streptophyta genera. Inferred metagenome results showed two pathways corresponding to primary bile acid biosynthesis and steroid degradation consistently underrepresented in the microbiota of EWH fish when compared to the other two groups, [Conclusions]: These results reinforce the central role of gut microbiota in the regulation of host metabolism and lipid metabolism in particular (Hegyi et al., 2018), supporting a main role of the EWH as an anti-obesity and satiety factor in fish as suggested in rat models of obesity. The potential use of this functional food ingredient in finishing diets, and the role of gut microbiota in tuning fillet fatty acid composition of marketable fish merits further research., This work was funded by the TNA programme (AE150009) within H2020 AQUAEXCEL2020 project (652831) to GAWP for accessing to IATS-CSIC facilities.

Trabajo presentado al Día Mundial de la Inocuidad de los Alimentos, celebrado on-line el 7 de junio de 2021.

Trabajo presentado al 5° Simposio Internacional de Microbiota y Probióticos (MicrobiotaBA), celebrado on-line del 25 al 26 de Noviembre de 2021.

Resumen del póster presentado al XII Workshop Sociedad Española de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos (SEMiPyP) y I Congreso Sociedad Iberoamericana de Microbiota, Probióticos y Prebióticos (SIAMPYP), celebrado de forma virtual del 15 al 18 de septiembre de 2021., [Introducción/Objetivos]: El envejecimiento se asocia con el deterioro del sistema nervioso e inmunitario y la consecuente pérdida de homeostasis que conduce a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. Ratones prematuramente envejecidos (PAM), muestran, siendo adultos, un sistema nervioso e inmunitario típicos de animales cronológicamente viejos, teniendo menor longevidad que los no prematuramente envejecidos (E-NPAM) de igual edad. La suplementación con algunos probióticos ha demostrado mejorar los sistemas homeostáticos y conseguir unadecuado mantenimiento de la salud. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) presenta algunos de estos efectos, pero su incidencia en la longevidad saludable no ha sido comprobada en mamíferos. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de tomar LGG durante 2 y 4 semanas en diversos parámetros conductuales y de funcionalidad inmunitaria de leucocitos peritoneales en PAM, así como sobre la longevidad., [Métodos]: Ratones hembra (ICR-CD1), adultas, fueron clasificadas en PAM y E-NPAM, y se dividieron en los siguientes grupos: 1) PAM suplementados con LGG (PAMLGG) (ingirieron durante 4 semanas 109 ufc/ratón/día disuelto en el agua); 2) PAM control (PAMC), y 3) E-NPAM control (E-NPAMC). PAMC y E-NPAMC recibieron cantidad similar de bebida sin LGG. Tras 2 semanas de tratamiento, se realizaron pruebas conductuales, y a las 2 y 4 semanas se extrajeron leucocitos peritoneales para estudiar su funcionalidad., [Resultados]: PAMLGG presentan mayor coordinación, equilibrio, vigor neuromuscular, y exploración, y menor ansiedad que los PAMC. También, mostraron funciones inmunitarias (quimiotaxis, fagocitosis y linfoproliferación) mejores que las de PAMC, tras 4 semanas y tras 2 semanas de ingestión. En los parámetros estudiados los valores de PAMLGG fueron similares a los de E-NPAMC, e igual sucedió con la longevidad., [Conclusiones]: La administración de LGG, durante un período de tiempo corto, podría ser una buena estrategia nutricional para ralentizar el deterioro asociado al envejecimiento en individuos prematuramente envejecidos, consiguiendo así una mayor longevidad saludable.

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) representa la mayoría de los casos de diabetes en el mundo. La resistencia a insulina (RI), la hiperglicemia y la disbiosis intestinal son algunas afecciones asociadas con la DMT2. En este sentido, se ha demostrado que la ingesta de organismos probióticos e ingredientes prebióticos puede mejorar el control de la DMT2 a través de diferentes mecanismos, como la reducción de estrés oxidativo y el aumento de moléculas antiinflamatorias. Asimismo, diversos estudios han asociado el consumo de productos lácteos, como leches fermentadas y quesos, enriquecidos con microrganismos probióticos, ingredientes prebióticos y simbióticos (combinación de ambos), con un efecto benéfico para pacientes diabéticos, como la reducción de los niveles de glucosa en sangre, la obesidad, la resistencia a la insulina y el estrés oxidativo. Este artículo recopila la información más relevante sobre el efecto de los productos lácteos adicionados con probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos en la prevención y el control de la DMT2, el mecanismo por el que actúan, las aplicaciones actuales en productos lácteos, así como las tendencias a futuro.

Coordinadores: Mónica De la Fuente del Rey ; Ana González-Pinto; Francisco Carlos Pérez Miralles.

Trabajo presentado a la Virtual International Conference on Food Digestion, celebrada del 6 al 7 de mayo de 2021.

Trabajo presentado a la Jornada Probióticos: Del tubo de ensayo a la mesa, celebrada de forma virtual el 25 de febrero de 2021.

Resumen del trabajo presentado a la 14ª Reunión de la Red Española de Bacterias Lácticas (RedBAl), celebrada de forma telemática del 8 al 10 de Septiembre de 2021., FASBIOTARISK PID2019-10671RB-l00.