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The female reproductive system can face serious disorders and show reproductive abnormalities under the influence of environmental pollutants. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) as emerging pollutants, by affecting different components of this system, may make female fertility a serious challenge. Animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to these substances weakens the function of ovaries and causes a decrease in ovarian reserve capacity. Also, continuous exposure to micro/nano plastics (MNPs) leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and reduction of the number of ovarian follicles. Furthermore, by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, these particles disturb the normal levels of ovarian androgens and endocrine balance and delay the growth of gonads. Exposure to MNPs can accelerate carcinogenesis in the female reproductive system in humans and animal models. Animal studies have determined that these particles can accumulate in the placenta, causing metabolic changes, disrupting the development of the fetus, and endangering the health of future generations. In humans, the presence of micro/nanoplastics in placenta tissue, infant feces, and breast milk has been reported. These particles can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus, increasing the risk of premature birth and other pregnancy complications. This review aims to outline the hazardous effects of micro/nano plastics on female reproductive health and fetal growth and discuss the results of animal experiments and human research focusing on cellular and molecular pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology and the reproductive biology of Calophyllum brasiliense were investigated in Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, Brazil. The study encompassed pollen analyses using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we collected data on reproductive biology, main visitors/pollinators, fruit set, and seed germination. The species exhibits individuals with perfect flowers (hermaphrodites) as well as male individuals with staminate and perfect flowers. Flowering occurs in October and November, and flowers have diurnal anthesis and pollen as a floral resource. Pollen grains are monads of medium size, isopolar, oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal, 3-(4)-zonocolporate, with exine fossulate-perforate with supratectal microechini. Hermaphrodite individuals have the highest proportion of malformed pollen due to their reduced grain size. The pollen grains from the hermaphrodite individuals displayed a low viability (0.06%), while those from male individuals had higher viability (66.38% and 55.78% for perfect and staminate flowers, respectively). The stigma was receptive throughout the anthesis period. Cross-pollination between perfect flowers of male and hermaphrodite individuals resulted in 8.80% success in fruit set, but led to the development of one abnormal seedling. Cross-pollination between staminate flowers and perfect flowers of hermaphrodite individuals showed a 7.70% success rate and the control group showed an 8.00% success rate, both groups leading to the development of normal seedlings. This tree species shows relatively low reproductive success and relies on pollinators (mainly Apis mellifera, Paratrigona subnuda, Tetragonisca angustula, and Halictidae sp. 1) for the setting of fruits and seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Banded krait is a species of venomous snakes that ranks among the top 5 in Thailand, with a significance role as a predator for controlling other animals. Despite numerous studies on the ecology, the microanatomy of body systems has still not reported clearly. The present study was to investigate the microanatomy of the testes and male genital ducts of Banded krait that collected from Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The snakes were collected after anesthetized, and their testes and genital ducts were fixed in Bouin's fixative. The reproductive organs were collected during July to October 2022, and were sectioned of 5-µm-thick pieces for staining with Harris's hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff's (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, bromophenol blue (BB) and Masson's trichrome (MT). The testes contained the seminiferous tubules with 7 stages of germ cells: (I) type A spermatogonium, (II) type B spermatogonium, (III) primary spermatocyte, (IV) secondary spermatocyte, (V) round spermatid, (VI) elongated spermatid and (VII) spermatozoa. Besides, Sertoli and Leydig's cells were appeared in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial area, respectively. During the sampling period, the spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules and genital ducts. The extra-testicular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymis were embedded in the epididymal sheath. The epithelial cells of rete testis, ductus epididymis, as well as ductus deferens possessed microvilli, whereas those of the ductuli efferentes composed of cilia. The epithelial cells of all portions showed the positive staining with PAS and BB due to the presence of neutral glycoproteins and proteins, respectively, and the negative staining for AB pH 2.5 and pH 1.0 because of the absence of acidic glycoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and microbial flora in male and female mice. The impact of PVC microplastics on intestinal microflora differed between males and females, showing contrasting trends. Both male and female mice exhibited impaired structural integrity of the intestine and reproductive systems due to polyvinyl chloride microplastics. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between disturbances in intestinal microflora caused by PVC microplastics and reproductive system function. The pervasive use of plastics in numerous industrial sectors has resulted in the circulation of microplastics across diverse ecosystems and food chains, giving rise to mounting concerns regarding their potential adverse impacts on biological systems and the environment. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the distinct effects of microplastic-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) exposure on the reproductive system, intestinal tissue structure, and intestinal microbial flora of both male and female mice. A total of 24 4-week-old Kunming mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: male control group (CM), female control group (CF), male PVC test group (PVCM), and female PVC test group (PVCF) (n = 6). The findings revealed that in terms of the reproductive system, the PVCM group exhibited an impaired testicular structure with an irregular arrangement and a significant reduction in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatozoa within the seminiferous tubules (p < 0.01). The PVCF group exhibited a notable decrease in ovarian follicles (p < 0.01), accompanied by a reduction in uterus volume, fallopian tube volume, and muscle layer thickness, all of which also decreased significantly (p < 0.01). In comparison to the control groups, exposure to PVC resulted in a reduction in the width and height of the intestinal villi, accompanied by an increase in crypt depth. This led to a significant alteration in the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) (p < 0.01). Moreover, a reduction in microbial species diversity was observed within both the PVCM and PVCF groups; additionally, it was accompanied by contrasting changes in relative abundance and functional gene profiles among the major intestinal flora constituents. In summary, the findings indicate that PVC induces damage to both male and female mice reproductive and digestive systems, further exhibiting notable sex-dependent effects on mouse intestinal microflora composition, which correlates significantly with its impact on reproductive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Result Previous studies have shown that the activation of p38MAPK signaling plays a crucial role in regulating gonadal cell fate decisions in both mouse and human. Excessive activation of p38MAPK by radiation significantly causes testicular damage and negatively affects the male reproductive function. Therefore, fine‐tuned regulation of p38MAPK signaling is critical in both physiological and pathological conditions.This review summarizes the impact of p38MAPK signaling on testicular germ cells and microenvironment under normal condition. The relationship between radiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and p38MAPK is summarized. In conclusion, radiation exposure triggers the overactivation of p38MAPK, which is regulated by ROS, resulting in testicular damage. Various p38MAPK‐targeting agents are discussed, providing guidance for developing new strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is a global phenomenon that impacts people of both the male and the female sex; it is related to multiple factors affecting an individual's overall systemic health. Recently, investigators have been using mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for female-fertility-related disorders such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure (POF), endometriosis, preeclampsia, and Asherman syndrome (AS). Studies have shown promising results, indicating that MSCs can enhance ovarian function and restore fertility for affected individuals. Due to their regenerative effects and their participation in several paracrine pathways, MSCs can improve the fertility outcome. However, their beneficial effects are dependent on the methodologies and materials used from isolation to reimplantation. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols and methods used in applications of MSCs. Moreover, we summarize the findings of published preclinical studies on infertility treatments and discuss the multiple properties of these studies, depending on the isolation source of the MSCs used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background One major barrier to HIV cure is the persistence of virus, possibly linked to an insufficient antiretroviral drug (ARV) distribution into tissues. Objectives To draw the whole-body distribution of three antiretroviral drugs—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and dolutegravir—in non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Eight uninfected NHPs received a single injection of a solution containing the three ARVs. Forty-five different tissues were sampled 24 h after injection. Results Median tissue penetration factors (TPFs) were 45.4, 5.8 and 0.5 for tenofovir, emtricitabine and dolutegravir, respectively, and were statistically different between the three ARVs. Tissues were grouped by system, because TPFs were consistent according to these groups, and ranked in order of decreasing TPFs. The digestive system was the system with the highest tissue concentrations. Next came the two main sites of elimination, the liver and the kidney, as well as the tissues of the cardiopulmonary and urinary systems. Then, it was the whole lymphatic system. The next group included the reproductive system, the adipose tissue and the skin. The last two systems were the muscle and the CNS. The intra-tissue variability was rather low with a median coefficient of variation of the concentrations around 15% and no value greater than 80%. Conclusions Overall, this study determines the first whole-body distribution in a validated NHP model. These data have important implications for future preclinical and clinical studies for the development of novel HIV therapies towards an HIV cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Reproductive systems strongly influence plants' evolution and adaption, and the biogeographic pattern of its variation has intrigued biologists and ecologists. Here, to test the impacts of paleoglaciation on plants' reproductive system variation, we compared the geographical pattern and environmental drivers in the proportions of different reproductive systems in Primula in regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation. Location: Global. Time Period: Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Major Taxa Studied: Primula. Methods: Using data on reproductive systems and distributions of 604 Primula taxa around the world and 221 along the elevational gradient of the Himalayas, we demonstrated the global pattern and the elevational pattern in the proportions of homostylous taxa. We employed general linear models to establish the relationship between the proportion of homostylous taxa and environmental variables and hierarchical partitioning to assess the relative contributions of these variables in both regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation, respectively. Results: We found a higher proportion of homostylous taxa in regions glaciated during the LGM than those unglaciated, with different latitudinal patterns and climate drivers. The proportion of homostylous taxa showed varying trends across different regions: increasing with latitude and temperature anomaly in glaciated regions while concentrating at lower latitudes with higher winter temperatures in unglaciated regions. Additionally, homostylous taxa were more prevalent at lower elevations in the Himalayas. Main Conclusions: Our study provides the first quantitative evidence for the hypothesis that selfers are more prevailing in regions affected by paleoglaciation facilitated by recolonization via comparing the geographic pattern and drivers in regions affected and unaffected by paleoglaciation. Our findings also reveal the concentrated distribution of homostylous taxa in Primula at low latitudes, which may be the result of population shrinkage caused by heat stress, facing a more severe survival crisis under the circumstances of global warming and increasing human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetically manufactured phenolic substance that is very widely employed in producing polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins which further can be found in numerous items of daily use such as foodstuff and their containers, beverages, milk, audit rolls, dental fillings and so forth. Additionally, it is present in the air we breathe-in. The studies have reported that BPA produces toxic impacts on reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, gastrointestinal, immune, respiratory, nervous and skeletal system. In the current literature review, we have targeted to highlight the protective role of herbs in opposition to BPA toxicity. The gift of nature-'Plants' seem to be very efficient and potential agents to overcome the BPA induced toxicity as they themselves are devoid of adverse effects. Plants contain a mixture of phyto-molecules which together act to provide a synergistic effect. Further, we have explained the signaling mechanisms implicated in BPA toxicity. Even though, multiple mechanisms involved in BPA toxicity have been examined, no particular target therapy for this toxicity is available at present. Thus, naturally occurring substances may be looked at in the future for restorative use to mitigate the deleterious and negative consequences of exposure to BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The female reproductive system can face serious disorders and show reproductive abnormalities under the influence of environmental pollutants. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) as emerging pollutants, by affecting different components of this system, may make female fertility a serious challenge. Animal studies have demonstrated that exposure to these substances weakens the function of ovaries and causes a decrease in ovarian reserve capacity. Also, continuous exposure to micro/nano plastics (MNPs) leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis of granulosa cells, and reduction of the number of ovarian follicles. Furthermore, by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, these particles disturb the normal levels of ovarian androgens and endocrine balance and delay the growth of gonads. Exposure to MNPs can accelerate carcinogenesis in the female reproductive system in humans and animal models. Animal studies have determined that these particles can accumulate in the placenta, causing metabolic changes, disrupting the development of the fetus, and endangering the health of future generations. In humans, the presence of micro/nanoplastics in placenta tissue, infant feces, and breast milk has been reported. These particles can directly affect the health of the mother and fetus, increasing the risk of premature birth and other pregnancy complications. This review aims to outline the hazardous effects of micro/nano plastics on female reproductive health and fetal growth and discuss the results of animal experiments and human research focusing on cellular and molecular pathways.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide which affects all organs, including the reproductive system. Today, many researchers use medicinal plants instead of chemical agents to achieve fewer side effects. Ferula assa-foetida L. is one of the medicinal plants used to treat many diseases traditionally for years. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and protective effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. The histomorphologic study of diabetic rats treated with Ferula assa-foetida L. extract showed a significant improvement in testes. Histological studies revealed that treatment with the Ferula assa-foetida L. extract significantly increased sperm count in the seminiferous tubules and reduced fibrosis. Our study confirmed the improving effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on histomorphometric and biochemical parameters in diabetes and related testicular damage, which are partially attributed to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants in Ferula assa-foetida L.

Ovarian germ cell tumors account for 30 % of germ cell tumors of other localizations and 70 % of all ovarian neoplasms. The aim of this review is to study and systematize clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian germ cell tumors in childhood and adolescence on the basis of current foreign and domestic studies.

Modules are teaching materials designed to be studied by students independently or with minimal guidance from educators because they are equipped with their learning instructions. This study aims to determine the feasibility of teaching materials for reproductive system disorders submaterial modules from the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain in Tumiang Village, Samalantan District, Bengkayang Regency. The research method was used research and development (R&D) Borg and Gall model, including potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and product revision. The validation of the teaching materials was done by five validators using validation sheets. The aspects assessed in the validation sheet consist of content, language, presentation, and graphics. The validation data were analyzed using the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI). The results of the validation of the module’s instructional materials yielded a CVR value of 1.00 for each criterion with a valid category and a CVI value of 1.00 with a valid category. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the module on reproductive system disorders from the results of the inventory of medicinal plants that facilitate and relieve menstrual pain is suitable for use as teaching material.

Abstract Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibition is a well-known target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, renal disease and chronic heart failure. The protein SGLT2 is encoded by SLC5A2 (Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 2), which is highly expressed in renal cortex, but also in the testes where glucose uptake may be essential for spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. We postulated that in healthy males, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy may affect gonadal function. We examined the impact on gonadal and steroid hormones in a post-hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled research including 26 healthy males who were given either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg once daily for four weeks. After one month of empagliflozin, there were no discernible changes in androgen, pituitary gonadotropin hormones, or inhibin B. Regardless of BMI category, the administration of empagliflozin, a highly selective SGLT2 inhibitor, did not alter serum androgen levels in men without diabetes. While SGLT2 is present in the testes, its inhibition does not seem to affect testosterone production in Leydig cells nor inhibin B secretion by the Sertoli cells.

Abstract The cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue underscore its paramount importance in safeguarding reproductive capacity and ameliorating reproductive disorders. However, challenges persist in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OTC-T), including the risk of tissue damage and dysfunction. Consequently, there has been a compelling exploration into the realm of nanoregulators to refine and enhance these procedures. This review embarks on a meticulous examination of the intricate anatomical structure of the ovary and its microenvironment, thereby establishing a robust groundwork for the development of nanomodulators. It systematically categorizes nanoregulators and delves deeply into their functions and mechanisms, meticulously tailored for optimizing ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation. Furthermore, the review imparts valuable insights into the practical applications and obstacles encountered in clinical settings associated with OTC-T. Moreover, the review advocates for the utilization of microbially derived nanomodulators as a potent therapeutic intervention in ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The progression of these approaches holds the promise of seamlessly integrating nanoregulators into OTC-T practices, thereby heralding a new era of expansive applications and auspicious prospects in this pivotal domain. Graphical Abstract

We have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between maternal exposure to air pollutants and outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Studies were identified through a comprehensive online search. After standardizing all air pollution concentrations to 10 μg/m3, we analyzed the levels of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2) by applying a random effects model. A total of five articles met inclusion criteria upon final reviewing. Exposure to PM10, NO2, and CO was linked to the risk of ectopic pregnancy, while exposure to O3 was found to have a reverse association with biochemical pregnancy. Additionally, our analysis indicated a negative association between exposure to PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 and live birth rates, as well as between NO2 exposure and intrauterine pregnancy. Our study emphasized the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution and negative effects on pregnancy outcomes for women undergoing IVF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A captive marmoset developed metastatic endometrioid carcinoma (EnC), a rare uterine tumor in non‐human primates (NHPs). The neoplasm showed marked microscopical malignant and tubulopapillary aspects, immunopositivity for pan‐cytokeratin, CK7, estrogen receptor, and a high mitotic index (Ki‐67). These features may contribute to the diagnosis and therapeutics of EnC in NHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an experiment on the oral exposure of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 118 into the zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) (F0) with food at calculated doses of 5, 20, and 80 μg/individuals are presented. In the first generation F1, there is a decrease in survival rate and a shift in the sex ratio, predominantly towards females. In the second generation F2, the same effects are noted as in F1, but they are not as pronounced. It has been hypothesized that the effects seen in the F2 generation may be caused by epigenetic mechanisms, which are still poorly understood. It is possible that the feminization of animal populations and a decrease in their survival rate are very strong factors in reducing the populations of living organisms, including humans, especially near sites of distribution of PCBs. It is necessary to study epigenetic mechanisms in order to develop measures to eliminate and prevent problems with the biotic degradation and depopulation of fish exposed to PCBs in the sites that arise as a result of the improper disposal of electrical engineering waste containing PCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is one of the critical periods of individual development, which is highly sensitive to changes caused by stress factors. Stress-related hormonal imbalances can negatively affect puberty and reproductive function. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-lasting reproductive effects of chronic pubertal stress in rats. Animals were subjected to immobilization stress daily from 30 to 45 postnatal day by placing them for 1 h in cylinders 4.5 cm in diameter and 10 cm in long, equipped with breathing holes. The timing of puberty in animals was studied and their somatic development was assessed. Further studies were conducted in 6-month-old sexually mature rats. The results were compared with the corresponding parameters in intact animals. Pubertal stress delayed sexual maturation in females and decreased weight gain in males. In adult animals of both sexes, pubertal stress did not change testosterone levels or the weight and morphology of the gonads significantly, except for minor vacuolation of the spermatogenic epithelium. The spermatogenesis index in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control, due to a decrease in the number of late spermatids. Pubertal stress led to a 25.9% decrease in the number of spermatozoa in epididymal washes, an increase in the number of their pathological forms and a 2.4-fold slowdown in oxidative-reductive processes in spermatozoa. The content of malonic dialdehyde increased in the testes and ovaries, which indicates the activation of lipid peroxidation. Thus, chronic pubertal stress led to a decrease in the reproductive potential of male rats. Females are less susceptible to the negative effects of pubertal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to its central role in cellular metabolism, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular signalling molecule involved in various physiological processes. In reproduction, extracellular ATP participates in both autocrine and paracrine paths regulating gametogenesis, gamete maturation and fertilisation. This review focusses on how extracellular ATP modulates sperm physiology with emphasis on the mammalian acrosome reaction. The presence of extracellular ATP in the reproductive tract is primarily determined by the ion channels and transporters that influence its movement within the cells comprising the tract. The main targets of extracellular ATP in spermatozoa are its own transporters, particularly species-specific sperm purinergic receptors. We also discuss notable phenotypes from knock-out mouse models and human Mendelian inheritance related to ATP release mechanisms, along with immunological, proteomic, and functional observations regarding sperm purinergic receptors and their involvement in sperm signalling. Reproductive systems express different ion channels and transporters that release ATP into their lumens, which may regulate sperm physiology. Epididymal ATP has been suggested to influence basal sperm motility. Oviductal ATP triggers a head sperm volume increase which contributes to acrosome reaction. Image by López-González, I. This article belongs to the Collection Dedication to Jim Cummins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide which affects all organs, including the reproductive system. Today, many researchers use medicinal plants instead of chemical agents to achieve fewer side effects. Ferula assa-foetida L. is one of the medicinal plants used to treat many diseases traditionally for years. The present study evaluated the antidiabetic and protective effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on the testis of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. The histomorphologic study of diabetic rats treated with Ferula assa-foetida L. extract showed a significant improvement in testes. Histological studies revealed that treatment with the Ferula assa-foetida L. extract significantly increased sfam count in the seminiferous tubules and reduced fibrosis. Our study confirmed the improving effects of Ferula assa-foetida L. on histomorphometric and biochemical parameters in diabetes and related testicular damage, which are partially attributed to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants in Ferula assa-foetida L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibition is a well-known target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, renal disease and chronic heart failure. The protein SGLT2 is encoded by SLC5A2 (Solute Carrier Family 5 Member 2), which is highly expressed in renal cortex, but also in the testes where glucose uptake may be essential for spermatogenesis and androgen synthesis. We postulated that in healthy males, SGLT2 inhibitor therapy may affect gonadal function. We examined the impact on gonadal and steroid hormones in a post-hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled research including 26 healthy males who were given either placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg once daily for four weeks. After one month of empagliflozin, there were no discernible changes in androgen, pituitary gonadotropin hormones, or inhibin B. Regardless of BMI category, the administration of empagliflozin, a highly selective SGLT2 inhibitor, did not alter serum androgen levels in men without diabetes. While SGLT2 is present in the testes, its inhibition does not seem to affect testosterone production in Leydig cells nor inhibin B secretion by the Sertoli cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue underscore its paramount importance in safeguarding reproductive capacity and ameliorating reproductive disorders. However, challenges persist in ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation (OTC-T), including the risk of tissue damage and dysfunction. Consequently, there has been a compelling exploration into the realm of nanoregulators to refine and enhance these procedures. This review embarks on a meticulous examination of the intricate anatomical structure of the ovary and its microenvironment, thereby establishing a robust groundwork for the development of nanomodulators. It systematically categorizes nanoregulators and delves deeply into their functions and mechanisms, meticulously tailored for optimizing ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation. Furthermore, the review imparts valuable insights into the practical applications and obstacles encountered in clinical settings associated with OTC-T. Moreover, the review advocates for the utilization of microbially derived nanomodulators as a potent therapeutic intervention in ovarian tissue cryopreservation. The progression of these approaches holds the promise of seamlessly integrating nanoregulators into OTC-T practices, thereby heralding a new era of expansive applications and auspicious prospects in this pivotal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the primary characteristics of intersexuality in Eriocheir sinensis in aquacultural environments. We employed a variety of research methods, including morphological observations, histological analysis, transcriptome analysis, and 3D reconstruction techniques, to comprehensively examine the phenomenon of intersexuality in this species. Our findings indicate that most intersex E. sinensis in aquaculture may be genetically female crabs undergoing masculinization processes. These crabs exhibit a combination of both external and internal sexual characteristics, with the extent of intersexuality varying among individuals. While these intersex crabs may engage in normal mating behaviour, the structures of their abnormal internal reproductive system may impede proper fertilization, ovulation, or egg production. Additionally, we found that the androgenic gland (AG) in intersex crabs did not inhibit ovarian development. Our study provides insights into the potential mechanisms underlying intersex occurrence in E. sinensis and contributes to the improvement of aquaculture practices, a reduction in the incidence of intersex crabs, and the safeguarding of consumer health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Due to a combination of monandry and promiscuity in Grapholita molesta (Busck), this study investigated the interaction of different adult ages (3, 5, or 7 days) and mating history (unmated or mated) in each sex on the mating selection, development of the reproductive system, and offspring production in the laboratory. The results show that the physiological status of females may be responsible for mating and reproductive decisions, and the physiological status of males may regulate the ranges in behavioral changes. As a species with high reproductive potential, the presence of males accelerated the growth of the G. molesta populations. Our results would provide theoretical data to further understand the reproductive biology of G. molesta in the field. Grapholita molesta (Busck) is a pest of rosaceous fruit plants worldwide. Due to a combination of monandry and promiscuity in G. molesta, the age and mating history of both sexes significantly affected the mating and reproductive success. In this study, the interactions of different ages (3, 5, or 7 days) and mating history (unmated or mated) in each sex on the mating selection, reproductive system, and offspring production were investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that these differences mainly occurred in young females or males, associated with unmated or mated state. Especially, the 3-day-old unmated females were preferred by the 7-day-old males but discriminated against by the 3- or 5-day-old unmated males, whereas the 3-day-old mated males were preferred by the 3-day-old mated or 7-day-old females but discriminated against by the 3- or 5-day-old unmated females. The lengths of the ovarian ducts were affected by age in the unmated females, with the greatest length being found at 7 days old. The size of testes varied with age in the unmated males, being the largest at 3 days old. At 3 days old, the testes size of the unmated males was larger than that of the mated males. The pairing of 5-day-old unmated females × 3-day-old mated males maximized the successful matings. The least productive pairing was 7-day-old unmated females × 5-day-old mated males. The pairing of 5-day-old mated males × 3-day-old mated females had the lowest number of matings and the highest number of offspring. The pairing of 3-day-old mated females × 3-day-old mated males had a high rate of mating success and the most offspring. These results revealed the different roles between females and males because of physiological states in terms of the reproductive biology in G. molesta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic agents can adversely impact the male reproductive system mainly via activating oxidative stress affecting the seminiferous epithelia, spermatogenesis, sperms, and the testis. Toxic agents lead to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anions. ROS exert a cytotoxic effect and oxidative damage to nucleic acids, proteins, and membrane lipids. Hesperidin is a pharmacologically active phytoflavone abundantly occurring in citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons. It has shown various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, analgesic, antiviral, anti-coagulant, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects. Hesperidin has been found to exert protective effects against natural and chemical toxins-induced organ toxicity. Considerable evidence has implicated the testicular protective effects of hesperidin against the toxicological properties of pharmaceutical drugs as well as biological and chemical agents, and in the present review, we discussed, for the first time, the reported studies. The resultant data indicate that hesperidin can exert testicular protective effects through antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuma longa is a well-known medicinal plant with various health benefits. This study was designed to evaluate the administration of Indonesian C. longa maceration for its effect on promoting growth and development of the ovary and uterus before mating in female albino rats. A total of 15 female Sprague Dawley rats in their dioestrous phase were assigned into three different groups: the Control group (mineral water); the Cur-Low group (mineral water with 1% C. longa maceration) and the Cur-High group (mineral water with 5% C. longa maceration). The treatments were given for 20 days. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, oestradiol and progesterone were determined. After the sacrifice of the rats, ovary and uterine relative weight, uterine cornua diameter and length, uterine gland diameter (by histology), the number of primary, secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles, the number of corpora lutea and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the ovary were measured. Uterine vascularisation was also evaluated. Administration of C. longa maceration significantly improved the relative weights of the uterus and ovary; uterine cornua diameter, length and vascularisation; uterine gland diameter; and expression of VEGF in the ovary. It also increased the number of tertiary follicles and corpora lutea, albeit not significantly. Follicle-stimulating hormone serum concentrations were lower in the administered rats. Oestradiol and progesterone levels rose with C. longa maceration treatment. The maceration improved the reproductive organs of unmated rats and had potential to optimise the uterine environment for supporting pregnancy in order to produce high-quality offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a major global focus since 2019. However, drug development and vaccination have been unable to stop the rise in the number of COVID-19 infections. As a result, almost everyone has been infected with COVID-19. As the COVID-19 pandemic nears its end, it is important to explore whether contracting COVID-19 has any irreversible effects on the female reproductive system. This article aims to review the effects of COVID-19 on the female ovary and reproductive system and examine whether these effects are permanent. In conclusion, we can state that COVID-19 has not caused any long-lasting effects on the reproductive health of most women, with the exception of a few cases where premature ovarian failure has been observed. These temporary effects, such as menstrual disturbances and temporary fertility loss, tend to diminish and eventually disappear over time.

Tetracycline (TC) residues in the environment are harmful to plants and animals; earthworms play an important role in detoxicating tetracycline in the soil. However, the response of different systems of the geophagous earthworm to TC and its degradation products is still not understood well. To understand this problem, Metaphire guillelmi were exposed to the soil contaminated by 100 mg kg−1 tetracycline for 21 days. Liquid chromatography was used to detect the tetracycline concentration and its degradation products in different organs of earthworms on the 1st, 7th, and 21st day. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to determine the cumulative interaction of TC among different systems of earthworm. The results showed that the degradation ability of TC of digestive organs (98.29–99.77 %) was stronger than that of reproductive organs (87.46–98.64 %). The main metabolic pathway of TC in earthworms might be direct dehydration. Anhydrotetracycline was the main degradation product in earthworm organs and could last long in production organs. For lipid soluble pollutants, such as TC, the digestive system of earthworms might be the main pathway for absorbing pollutants from the soil. Furthermore, earthworms can expedite the degradation of organic pollutants. Meanwhile, they also need to absorb more nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, to counteract the impact of pollutants on their antioxidant system and reproductive organs. Our study improves our understanding of the degradation and detoxification mechanism of earthworms to TC, and provides useful information for further assessment of the soil eco-risk.

Background. Currently, oncological diseases and their possible prevention are being actively studied. Cancer mortality remains high. A national project “Healthcare” has been started in Russia, including the Federal projects “Fighting Cancer” and “Development of Children’s Health Care, including the creation of a modern infrastructure for providing medical care to children”. In a number of regions, girls can be vaccinated against the human papillomavirus (HPV). The main reason for refusing HPV vaccination is an unfounded fear of negatively affecting the fertility and other bad data. The aim of the study is an investigation of the reproductive system of adolescent girls with completed course of vaccination against HPV using quadrivalent vaccine. Methods. We selected 65 schoolgirls in Moscow by analyzing medical documentation data. All of them were vaccinated against HPV and examined by a gynecologist. The state of their reproductive system was assessed. Results. Most girls received the vaccine at the age of 12–13, according to the regional vaccination calendar of the city of Moscow. They were vaccinated with the quadrivalent vaccine twice with an interval of 6 months; no adverse event was noted. The mean period of time since vaccination was 2.7 ± 1.1 years. The mean age of menarche, mean menstrual cycle length, and mean bleeding time were normal in girls vaccinated against HPV. Among menstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea and oligomenorrhea were most often observed, but the data did not differ from the population average. The incidence of abnormal uterine bleeding and breast pathology was lower. No papillomas were detected. Pubertal development corresponded to age of all girls. Conclusion. It has been established that vaccination against the human papillomavirus does not have a negative impact on the reproductive system of teenage girls. However, additional dynamic studies are needed at different age periods of girls and women vaccinated against HPV to confirm the positive effect on the sexual sphere and formation of strong adherence to vaccination.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), previously regarded as a toxic exhaust and atmospheric pollutant, has emerged as the third gaseous signaling molecule following nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Recent research has revealed significant biological effects of H2S in a variety of systems, such as the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Additionally, H2S has been found to impact reproductive system function and may have therapeutic implications for reproductive disorders. This paper explores the relationship between H2S and male reproductive disorders, specifically erectile dysfunction, prostate cancer, male infertility, and testicular damage. Additionally, it examines the impact of H2S regulation on the pathophysiology of the female reproductive system, including improvements in preterm birth, endometriosis, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, placental oxidative damage, embryo implantation, recovery of myometrium post-delivery, and ovulation. The study delves into the regulatory functions of H2S within the reproductive systems of both genders, including its impact on the NO/cGMP pathway, the activation of K+ channels, and the relaxation mechanism of the spongy smooth muscle through the ROCK pathway, aiming to broaden the scope of potential therapeutic strategies for treating reproductive system disorders in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the relationship between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sourced from wood smoke, and the histological structure and endocrine function of the uterus in nulliparous adult rats. It assesses potential structural changes in the uterus that could impact reproductive health, viewing PM2.5 exposure as a possible risk factor. A controlled experiment was conducted in a city known for high air pollution levels, exposing rats to filtered and unfiltered air conditions, thus mimicking human PM2.5 exposure. Histological findings indicated a significant increase in collagen density and uterine wall thickness in PM2.5 exposed subjects, suggesting a reproductive function risk. However, no significant differences were observed in progesterone and estradiol hormone levels, pointing to the complex relationship between PM2.5 exposure and its endocrine impact, and emphasizing the need for further studies for a deeper understanding. This work highlights the importance of thoroughly investigating the long-term effects of PM2.5 pollution on reproductive health, underlining the significance of considering environmental exposure as a critical factor in reproductive health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oxidative stress and disruption of energy metabolism in the reproductive system, especially sperm, play a significant role in diabetes-related infertility. Zataria multiflora Boissis (ZMB), a medicinal plant containing various bioactive compounds, may have efficacy in treating metabolic diseases and reproductive disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of ZMB extract on diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by assessing oxidative damage and the gene expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and pyruvate kinase (PK) in male rats' sperm. Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups; control (C), diabetes (D), and diabetic animals treated with glibenclamide (G, 50 mg/kg) and thyme extract (T100, T200, and T400). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). Insulin, glucose, oxidative and pro-inflammatory markers in the serum, and gene expressions of IRS, and PK were measured in the stored sperms in the epididymis. Changes in the process of spermatogenesis were assessed through the histological evaluation of the testis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze the quantity and quality of thyme extract. Key findings: The study results indicated that body weight, food intake, and sperm parameters significantly improved in a dose-dependent manner in the T200 group compared to the other groups. Additionally, in the same group, pro-inflammatory biomarkers, DNA fragmentation, and MDA levels decreased, while the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes in the stored epididymal sperm significantly improved compared to the other groups. The expression of IRS and PK, along with the mean counts of spermatogenesis cell lines (especially Sertoli cells), significantly increased in the T200 group. Summary: In conclusion, thymol appears to alleviate diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative damage, improving the metabolic state, and upregulating the expression of IRS and PK genes in the sperm of male rats. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual selection is a driving force behind the evolution of insect genitalia morphology. Understanding the functional morphologies of mating-related structures can help explain the evolution of diverse genital morphologies. However, this research is limited to many insect groups, such as the Cerambycidae. We observed the mating process and morphology of mating-related structures of the longhorn beetle Dorysthenes granulosus (Thomson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Prioninae). Our observations revealed mating behavior characteristics and the functional morphology of genitalia and leg tarsi. The mating process of D. granulosus can be divided into three stages: mounting, insemination, and guarding. The male usually spends 30 min from mounting to control the female, then extends its endophallus and typically inserts it twice into the female reproductive tract. Each insertion lasts for about 40 s. After that, the male begins a long-time insemination, which lasts for two to three minutes. Then, the male withdraws the endophallus and the female reproductive tract secretes a sperm mass. After insemination, some males continue to mount the female for a postcopulatory guarding period, which can last from one to five hours. During copulation, barbs on the surface of the everted male endophallus directly contact the female reproductive tract. The male fore and mid leg tarsi firmly grasp the female elytra, thorax, and abdomen. We discuss the functional morphologies of mating-related structures and the possible reason for male multiple insertions in the Cerambycidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals with severe reproductive toxicity, whose half-life lasts 20 to 40 years. Cadmium could induce dysfunction of testis and epididymis for its significant accumulation in human testis, and the amount, motility parameters and morphology of sperm change abnormally. The adverse change could also extend to male offspring and cause the impairment of their reproductive system. There has been no clear mechanism of how cadmium induces dysfunction of male reproductive system, and treatment for the adverse influence on male reproductive system by cadmium has not yet been found. Therefore, this problem has been discussed in reproductive and environmental field for a long time. A number of previous investigations showed that cadmium could damage male fertility by followed pathways, including interfering with hormone secretion, inducing oxidative stress, activating inflammation and apoptosis, and causing energy metabolism disorder, etc. In order to enlighten new ideas for therapeutic targets of male reproductive function damage induced by cadmium, we systematically reviewed and summarized the findings of previous publications in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has lately been a threat to maize and other crops in the graminaceous family in most parts of the world. For a long time, this devastating pest has been a resident of the Western Hemisphere. However, in 2018, it was reported in Africa, and subsequently in Asia in 2019. This study aimed to understand the reproductive system of virgin and mated female fall armyworm to be able to envisage its population trend and hence suggest how to contain its infection. The virgin and copulated females were dissected to observe their reproductive structures. There was no significant difference in the number of ovarioles in each ovary due to the mating of Spodoptera frugiperda, although ovarian development was affected. Notably, the ovaries enlarged in the early stages after adult emergence, and there was more yolk deposit present in mated females than virgin females. It was found that ovarian advancement begins in the pupal stage. It was also noted that the beginning of ovarian development happens 4–5 days after the pupation of the female. At this stage, the ovarioles begin to develop. However, no eggs or yolk deposition were observed. Stage six, which is the final stage of oviposition, occurs 20 and 24 days after female adult emergence. After mating, oviposition occurs between 11 and 13 days and ends with their mortality. This study goes a long way in understanding the population trend of fall armyworm and hence determining the best stage for control. The results will also be useful to the researchers who are currently working on this insect in laboratories around the world to sustain the fall armyworm populations for further experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between follicular fluid Bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations with alterations in the expressions of NOTCH1-3, CASPASE 3/7, HLA-G, and ICAM-1 genes and the number of retrieved mature oocytes (MII oocyte) in the cumulus cells of infertile poor ovarian response stimulates women. Materials and Methods:In this prospective cohort study, 80 infertile unexpected poor ovarian response (POR) subjects were selected on the basis of subgroup 1a of the POSEIDON classification. They were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 40 women, each with a higher number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes (G1, 3-4 oocytes retrieved), while group 2 comprised of 40 women, each with a lower number of MII oocytes (G2, ≤2 oocytes retrieved). The expressions of the studied genes were evaluated by quantitative-real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The concentration of BPA in follicular fluid was measured with HPLC. Results: The expression levels of NOTCH1-3, HLA-G, and ICAM-1 genes were significantly lower in G2 than G1 (P<0.05). Meanwhile, CASPASE 3/7 expression levels were higher in unexpected POR patients in G2 compared to G1 (P<0.05). There was a significant direct correlation between the levels of NOTCH1-3, HLA-G and ICAM-1 gene expressions and there was also a significant inverse correlation (P<0.05) between the levels of CASPASE 3/7, with the number of MII oocytes and embryo development between the two groups. The concentration of BPA in the follicular fluids of G2 was higher compared to G1 (P<0.05). Conclusion: A higher concentration of BPA was associated with a lower number of mature oocytes and oocyte quality in these patients. Also, alterations of NOTCH1-3, CASPASE 3/7, HLA-G, and ICAM-1 transcript levels in unexpected POR women were associated with BPA concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of living organisms. They can be natural (N-EDCs) or synthetic compounds (S-EDCs). N-EDCs can belong to different groups, such as phytoestrogens (PEs), including flavonoids, or mycotoxins originating from plants or fungi, and cyanotoxins, derived from bacteria. Humans encounter these substances in their daily lives. The aim of this rapid review (RR) is to provide a fine mapping of N-EDCs and their toxicological effects on human health in terms of various medical conditions or adverse consequences. This work is based on an extensive literature search and follows a rigorous step-by-step approach (search strategy, analysis strategy and data extraction), to select eligible papers published between 2019 and 2023 in the PubMed database, and to define a set of aspects characterizing N-EDCs and the different human target systems. Of the N-EDCs identified in this RR, flavonoids are the most representative class. Male and female reproductive systems were the targets most affected by N-EDCs, followed by the endocrine, nervous, bone and cardiovascular systems. In addition, the perinatal, pubertal and pregnancy periods were found to be particularly susceptible to natural endocrine disruptors. Considering their current daily use, more toxicological research on N-EDCs is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major threat to world health and safety, making it the primary concern of global community that requires immediate preventive measures. Several organs are affected by this disease simultaneously with possible long-lasting sequelae. Disease pathogenesis is influenced by, the type of virus and its mutation, the number of viruses, individual's immune system and their age, gender, nutritional status, homeostasis between the immune, nervous and endocrine systems, and also physical condition. All of these factors play a role in the onset, duration, severity, and recurrence of the disease. Since the exact mechanism of infection with this virus is not fully understood, in this study we aimed to investigate its effects on the reproductive system in male and female as well as pregnancy outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interdisciplinary aspect in the study of the core concept in complex genetically organized systems of natural and anthropogenic origin is analyzed. The purpose of the article is scientific substantiation of the nature and essence of the genetic core of the electromechanical system. Based on the provisions of the theory of genetic evolution of electromechanical systems, the information essence of the genetic core as a carrier of genetic information of the primary source of the electromagnetic field is revealed. The analysis of the invariant relationships of the genetic nucleus with the structure of groups, subgroups and small periods, the generative system was carried out. An invariant connection between the core concept and the processes of evolutionary speciation and the main taxonomic categories of electromechanical systems has been established. Based on the results of the system-genetic analysis, a definition of the concept of the genetic core is proposed. The relationship between genetic and energy cores in the hierarchy of levels of complexity of electromechanical systems is studied. The principles of genetic structuring of complex systems of the multinuclear type are revealed. According to the results of the system-genetic analysis of the conception of the genetic core of electro-mechanical systems, its main properties are summarized. The importance of the obtained research results for the spread of genetic prediction technology and interdisciplinary synthesis to complex electromechanical complexes with nuclei of different physical nature is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the reproductive system necessitates instructional media to facilitate comprehension, as its processes unfold internally and are not readily observable. This study aims to assess the viability of booklet sub-materials on fertilization, gestation, and childbirth, derived from the inventory findings of medicinal plants for postpartum care, as educational resources. The research and development used the Borg & Gall model which included identifying potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and product revision. The booklet media underwent validation by five validators using validation sheets, while the evaluation criteria encompassed format, content, and language proficiency. The validation data were analyzed using CVR (Content Validity Ratio) and CVI (Content Validity Index). The results of the booklet media validation obtained a CVR value on each criterion of 1.00 with a valid category and a CVI value of 1.00 with a valid category. The booklet on the subject of gestational fertilization and childbirth from the results of the inventory of medicinal plants for postpartum is suitable for use as a learning media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]