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This perspective explores the transformative potential of data-driven insights to understand and address women's reproductive health conditions. Historically, clinical studies often excluded women, hindering comprehensive research into conditions such as adverse pregnancy outcomes and endometriosis. Recent advances in technology (e.g., next-generation sequencing techniques, electronic medical records (EMRs), computational power) provide unprecedented opportunities for research in women's reproductive health. Studies of molecular data, including large-scale meta-analyses, provide valuable insights into conditions like preterm birth and preeclampsia. Moreover, EMRs and other clinical data sources enable researchers to study populations of individuals, uncovering trends and associations in women's reproductive health conditions. Despite these advancements, challenges such as data completeness, accuracy, and representation persist. We emphasize the importance of holistic approaches, greater inclusion, and refining and expanding on how we leverage data and computational integrative approaches for discoveries so that we can benefit not only women's reproductive health but overall human health.

Simple Summary: A total of 47 pseudopregnant (PPG), 11 nonpregnant (NPG), and 10 pregnant (PG) does were used to characterize the profile of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and evaluate the PAG/P4 ratio as a feasible biomarker to detect pseudopregnancy (PPG) in four intensive dairy farms. At 34.5 ± 0.5 days after the removal of bucks, uterine ultrasonographic examination and blood sample collection were performed in all groups. A PAG/P4 ratio cut-off of 0.04 was obtained for a sensitivity and specificity of 97.9 and 100%, respectively, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.996. This novel ratio biomarker could become a feasible tool to diagnose pseudopregnancy in intensive dairy goat farms and should be tested in a large goat population. Pseudopregnancy (PPG) is a common reproductive disorder in dairy goats, characterized by the accumulation of sterile fluid in the uterus and persistence of a corpus luteum, leading to temporary infertility and reduced farm efficiency. This study aimed to determine the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) profile in dairy goats and to evaluate the PAG/P4 ratio as a potential novel biomarker for PPG diagnosis. A total of 605 Saanen and crossbreed mated goats were evaluated via transabdominal ultrasonography between 31 and 52 days after the removal of bucks in four intensive dairy farms, presenting an overall PPG incidence of 7.8%. Blood samples from PPG (n = 47), nonpregnant (NPG; negative control; n = 11), and pregnant (PG; positive control; n = 10) does were collected for PAG and P4 analysis. The PAG plasma levels were 0.08 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.04, and 1.45 ± 0.04 OD (optical density) in the PPG, NPG, and PG groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The PAG/P4 ratio was lower in the PPG group (0.01 ± 0.11; p < 0.001) than in the NPG (0.24 ± 0.23) and PG (0.18 ± 0.23) groups. This difference allows for the establishment of a new methodological diagnostic approach to PPG. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.996 for a cut-off of 0.04 and 97.9% and 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. This study suggests that the PAG/P4 ratio can serve as a reliable biomarker for PPG diagnosis, helping to distinguish it from pregnancy and nonpregnancy and improving reproductive management in dairy goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Concerns about inflammation‐related issues affecting female reproductive health are growing. Chronic low‐grade inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects follicular growth, ovulation, and androgen production. The present investigation aimed to elucidate the efficacy of flavonoid patuletin in ameliorating the letrozole–induced PCOS and associated inflammation in rats. Female Wistar rats (32 days old) were divided into five groups (n = 12): Group I, control; Group II, vehicle control; Group III, letrozole oral (1 mg/kg) for 28 days; Group IV and Group V treatment groups, patuletin i.p. (25 mg/kg) and clomiphene citrate + metformin i.p. (50 mg/kg + 300 mg/kg), respectively. Leterozole–induced PCOS and ovarian inflammation were ameliorated by patuletin, as reflected in the improved histopathology, prevention of cyst formation, significant upregulation of growth factors such as growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF‐9) and bone morphogenetic protein‐15 (BMP‐15) expression, and a decrease in the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐6, and COX‐2. Additionally, the plasma levels of reproductive hormones were restored. Upregulation of FSH‐R, PR, and CYP19a1, along with downregulation of ERα, LHR, CYP17a1, CYP11a1 and HSDβ17a1, showed the regulation of gonadotropin receptors and steroid biosynthesis genes in ovarian tissues. Patuletin demonstrated a promising protective approach against the biological model of PCOS by increasing the inflammation in ovarian tissues with consequent regulation of growth factors, enzymes, and hormones, and might be used as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of problems related to female reproductive health. Summary: The current study included novel findings on the therapeutic potential of the flavonoid patuletin against PCOS.This study is the first to investigate its effect on the expression of reproductive hormones, growth factors, steroidal genes, and enzymes.This study also demonstrated the modulatory properties of patuletin against inflammation associated with PCOS.The present study discussed the ameliorative effects of this promising natural product against PCOS and its associated inflammation, which could be beneficial in the fields of basic, applied, medical, and pharmaceutical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone that was initially known only for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels and maintaining bone health. However, it was later discovered that many organs express vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and have a ligand for vitamin D, which regulates the expression of an extensive assortment of genes. As a result, vitamin D is indispensable for the proper function of organs, and its deficiency is believed to be a critical factor in symptoms and disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The significance of vitamin D in reproductive tissues was recognized later, and studies have revealed its crucial role in male and female fertility, as well as proper reproductive function during pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for infertility, gonadal cancers, pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis. However, data investigating the association between vitamin D levels and reproductive disorders, including endometriosis, have encountered inconsistencies. Therefore, the present study aims to review existing research on the effect of vitamin D on proper reproductive function, and the role of deficiency in reproductive diseases and specifically focuses on endometriosis.

The present study was conducted to record the transitional period reproductive disorders in crossbred cows reared in organized farms as well as nearby villages around Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. A total of two hundred seventy eight (N=278) crossbred cows with different parities were studied to record the incidence of reproductive disorders viz., dystocia, metritis, genital prolapse and retained fetal membranes. Overall incidence of transitional period reproductive disorder recorded in current study was 34.9% with highest incidence in dystocia (16.7%) followed by metritis (11.7%), genital prolapse (3.7%) and retained fetal membrane (2.7%), respectively. Adult animals (<7 yrs, 65.9%) were more susceptible for reproductive disorders than older cows (>7yrs, 34.1%; P<0.05). Majority (93.8%) of the affected animals had prolonged postpartum anoestrus and lower conception rates. In conclusion, one-third of the crossbred cows are affected with transitional period reproductive disorders. Therefore, there is a dire need to prevent transitional period reproductive disorders through appropriate management of cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone that was initially known only for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels and maintaining bone health. However, it was later discovered that many organs express vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and have a ligand for vitamin D, which regulates the expression of an extensive assortment of genes. As a result, vitamin D is indispensable for the proper function of organs, and its deficiency is believed to be a critical factor in symptoms and disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The significance of vitamin D in reproductive tissues was recognized later, and studies have revealed its crucial role in male and female fertility, as well as proper reproductive function during pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for infertility, gonadal cancers, pregnancy complications, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis. However, data investigating the association between vitamin D levels and reproductive disorders, including endometriosis, have encountered inconsistencies. Therefore, the present study aims to review existing research on the effect of vitamin D on proper reproductive function, and the role of deficiency in reproductive diseases and specifically focuses on endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory arthritis in women. The effects of RA on the reproductive system are usually overlooked, as RA is not diagnosed until later in reproductive age. Whether RA itself or its related rheumatoid antibodies have an impact on female reproductive function has long been a thought-provoking issue. In brief, relevant epidemiological evidence has shown that women affected by RA are more likely to have coexisting reproductive disorders, including infertility, endometriosis, and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), or to subsequently develop them. Furthermore, linkage between RA and pregnancy loss (PL) as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is also well known, albeit controversial in available evidence. RA and reproductive disorders appear to share a similar inflammatory immune response and genetic background. The stress experienced by patients with RA may affect their reproductive choices to some extent. Notably, few studies have explored the impact of rheumatoid antibodies such as rheumatoid factors (RFs) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) on reproductive disorders. Although it has been mentioned that the rate of RF and/or ACPA positivity is higher in women with a history of PL and POI, the clinical relevance of this relationship and underlying mechanisms still need to be further clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity, a chronic metabolic disorder, is related to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reproductive disorders. The relationship between obesity and male infertility is now well recognized, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We aimed to observe the effect of obesity on spermatogenesis and to investigate the role of histone ubiquitination and acetylation modifications in obesity-induced spermatogenesis disorders. Methods: Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed with a general maintenance diet (12% fat), while a high-fat diet (HFD) group was fed with 40% fat for 10 weeks; then, they were mated with normal females. The fertility of male mice was calculated, testicular and sperm morphology were observed, and the expression levels of key genes and the levels of histone acetylation and ubiquitination modification during spermatogenesis were detected. Results: The number of sperm was decreased, as well as the sperm motility, while the number of sperm with malformations was increased. In the testes, the mRNA and protein expression levels of gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25), chromosome region maintenance-1 protein (CRM1), high-mobility group B2 (HMGB2), phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2), and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) were decreased. Furthermore, obesity led to a decrease in ubiquitinated H2A (ubH2A) and reduced levels of histone H3 acetylation K18 (H3AcK18) and histone H4 acetylation K5, K8, K12, and K16 (H4tetraAck), which disrupted protamine 1 (Prm1) deposition in testis tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that low levels of histone ubiquitination and acetylation are linked with obesity-induced disorders during spermatogenesis, contributing to a better understanding of obesity-induced damage to male reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenanthrene (Phe), a typical low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of three benzene rings, is one of the most abundant PAHs detected in daily diets. Pregnant women and infants are at great risk of Phe exposure. In the present study, Phe was administered to pregnant mice at a dose of 0, 60, or 600 μg/kg body weight six times, and the F1 male mice showed significant reproductive disorders: the testicular weight and testis somatic index were significantly reduced; the levels of serum testosterone, GnRH and SHBG were increased, while the FSH levels were reduced; histological analysis showed that the amount of Sertoli cells and primary spermatocytes in seminiferous tubules was increased, while the amount of secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were decreased in Phe groups. The protein levels of PCNA and androgen receptor were reduced. Differently expressed genes in the testis screened by RNA sequence were enriched in antioxidant capacity, reproduction et al.. Further biochemical tests confirmed that the antioxidant capacity in the F1 testis was significantly inhibited by treatment with Phe during pregnancy. Those results suggested that gestational Phe exposure disordered hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormones on the one hand, and on the other hand reduced testicular antioxidant capacity and further arrested cell cycle in F1 adult male mice, which co-caused the inhibition of spermatogenesis.

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory arthritis in women. The effects of RA on the reproductive system are usually overlooked, as RA is not diagnosed until later in reproductive age. Whether RA itself or its related rheumatoid antibodies have an impact on female reproductive function has long been a thought-provoking issue. In brief, relevant epidemiological evidence has shown that women affected by RA are more likely to have coexisting reproductive disorders, including infertility, endometriosis, and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), or to subsequently develop them. Furthermore, linkage between RA and pregnancy loss (PL) as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is also well known, albeit controversial in available evidence. RA and reproductive disorders appear to share a similar inflammatory immune response and genetic background. The stress experienced by patients with RA may affect their reproductive choices to some extent. Notably, few studies have explored the impact of rheumatoid antibodies such as rheumatoid factors (RFs) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) on reproductive disorders. Although it has been mentioned that the rate of RF and/or ACPA positivity is higher in women with a history of PL and POI, the clinical relevance of this relationship and underlying mechanisms still need to be further clarified.

Pseudopregnancy (PPG) is a common reproductive disorder in dairy goats, characterized by the accumulation of sterile fluid in the uterus and persistence of a corpus luteum, leading to temporary infertility and reduced farm efficiency. This study aimed to determine the pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) profile in dairy goats and to evaluate the PAG/P4 ratio as a potential novel biomarker for PPG diagnosis. A total of 605 Saanen and crossbreed mated goats were evaluated via transabdominal ultrasonography between 31 and 52 days after the removal of bucks in four intensive dairy farms, presenting an overall PPG incidence of 7.8%. Blood samples from PPG (n = 47), nonpregnant (NPG; negative control; n = 11), and pregnant (PG; positive control; n = 10) does were collected for PAG and P4 analysis. The PAG plasma levels were 0.08 ± 0.02, 0.13 ± 0.04, and 1.45 ± 0.04 OD (optical density) in the PPG, NPG, and PG groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The PAG/P4 ratio was lower in the PPG group (0.01 ± 0.11; p < 0.001) than in the NPG (0.24 ± 0.23) and PG (0.18 ± 0.23) groups. This difference allows for the establishment of a new methodological diagnostic approach to PPG. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.996 for a cut-off of 0.04 and 97.9% and 100% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. This study suggests that the PAG/P4 ratio can serve as a reliable biomarker for PPG diagnosis, helping to distinguish it from pregnancy and nonpregnancy and improving reproductive management in dairy goats.

Objective: Prenatal hyperandrogenism, characterized by elevated androgen levels during pregnancy, has significant multisystem impacts on offspring health. This review systematically examines the effects of prenatal hyperandrogenism on the cardiovascular, metabolic, reproductive, and behavioral health of offspring. By analyzing existing research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the long-term health impacts of prenatal hyperandrogenism, offering insights for clinical management and prevention of related diseases. Mechanism: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed database with the key words: “hyperandrogenemia and child”, “hyperandrogenemia and offspring”, “androgen excess and child”, “androgen excess and offspring”, “prenatal hyperandrogenism”, “prenatal androgen excess”, and a combination of these terms to find quality articles published from 1995 to 2024. Findings in Brief: Elevated prenatal androgen levels disrupt normal fetal development, leading to long-term consequences such as cardiovascular dysfunction, including hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, and metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. It has a significant impact on the long-term health of the offspring’s reproductive system, with potential links to conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Furthermore, prenatal hyperandrogenism is associated with increased risks of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anxiety. Conclusions: Elevated prenatal androgen levels disrupt normal fetal development, leading to long-term cardiovascular, metabolic, reproductive, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The underlying mechanisms involve hormonal regulation, placental function, oxidative stress, gene expression alterations, and metabolic programming. Further research is needed to develop effective interventions to mitigate these adverse effects.

NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod‐like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its 'specific' functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function and regulation of nuclear factor‐κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight the effect of adiposity on reproductive function, emphasizing the immediate effect of some adipokines on ovarian function. Our methodology involved the bibliographic review of scientific articles. Our review provided an update concerning the prevalence figures for overweight and obesity in Mexico, and we highlight the effects of adiposity on regulating adipokines for ovarian function and reproductive health. Besides this, we reveal the benefits derived from making lifestyle changes. The results allow concluding that it is essential to publicize the repercussions of adiposity at the reproductive level and advocate the implementation of measures that promote healthy weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of body condition score (BCS) and the parity of Bali cows experiencing reproductive disorders in Bulukumba District. A total of 54 Bali cows kept under smallholder farms were used in the present study. The cows were identified using a survey method to the cows owned by the farmers, and data collection was carried out was only in Bali cows at the study location. Clinical examinations were carried out to all the cows such as general reproductive health, pregnancy examination, examination of reproductive disorders, and measurement of body condition scores (body condition score = BCS; scale 1-9). All data were analyzed using regression analysis and correlation tests with the help of SPSS 24 program. The results of this study showed that out of the 54 Bali cows examined, 42 (76.4%) had normal status and 12 (23.6%) had reproductive disorders. Parity 1 was the highest proportion in Bali cows experiencing reproductive disorders (41.7%), followed by Parity 4 (25.0%), and 16.7% in Parity 2 and 3, respectively. The highest BCS values in Bali cows experiencing reproductive disorders were BCS ≤3 (50.0%), BCS 4-6 (33.3%), and BCS 7-9 (16.7%). The correlation test conducted between parity and BCS stated that it was correlated (P <0.01) with the degree of perfect compression (0.87). It can be concluded that the lower BCS value resulted more potential to be experiencing for reproductive disorders. The parity value obtained cannot be used as a standard for determining reproductive performance but can be used to assess reproductive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryo development of sediment-dwelling amphipod Monoporeia affinis is sensitive to contaminant exposure. Therefore, embryo aberrations in gravid females are used to detect the biological effects of contaminant exposure in the Baltic Sea benthic habitats. The indicator based on the aberration frequencies in wild populations (ReproIND) is currently used for environmental status assessment within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Descriptor 8.2. However, so far, it has mainly been applied in the Bothnian Sea (BoS) and the Western Gotland Basin (WGB), where it was found to respond to contaminant pressure and non-chemical environmental factors, such as temperature.To expand the applicability of the indicator to other Baltic Sea basins, we used field data from the gulfs of Finland and Riga, BoS, and WGB to investigate the relationships between reproductive disorders and contaminants and environmental factors, thus evaluating the indicator suitability in these areas. Despite the natural variability of the environments and contaminant distribution across and within the basins, we found that high concentrations of contaminants, e.g. metals, PAHs, and PCBs, contribute significantly to the embryo aberrations in M. affinis. These findings support ReproIND applicability in the Baltic Sea and, perhaps, in other marine areas.

In Ethiopia, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira Hardjo, and Brucella spp are recognized as the primary factors contributing to cattle reproductive issues. A cross-sectional study was conducted in southwest Ethiopia from October 2020 to October 2021 to assess the risk of reproductive disorders associated with L. Hardjo, Coxiella burnetii, and Brucella spp. Moreover, the study aimed to identify the factors associated with reproductive disorders. Using an indirect ELISA, antibodies against these pathogens were observed in serum samples collected from 461 cattle. We employed multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis to identify potential risk factors associated with reproductive disorders in cattle. The study areas showed a prevalence of 25.16 % (95 % CI: 21.20–29.12) for cattle reproductive disorders. The presence of Leptospira Hardjo (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.17–4.02) and Coxiella burnetii (OR = 3.0, 1.49–5.94) antibodies was associated to the occurrence of cattle reproductive disorders. Seropositivity to pathogens B. abortus, C. burnetii, and L. Hardjo, along with co-infection of all three, showed association with cattle abortion. The presence of L. Hardjo seropositivity and co-infection with C. burnetii were related to dystocia in cattle. Cattle with retained fetal membranes were associated with co-infection seropositivity to these pathogens. Additionally, B. abortus seropositivity was linked to cases of repeated breeding in cattle. Age, breeding practices, and dog access to cattle showed associations with reproductive disorders, with odds ratios of 2.3 (95 % CI: 2.03–4.69), 2.9 (95 % CI: 1.83–4.82), and 6.5 (95 % CI: 1.04–2.53) respectively. This research indicates that Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Leptospira Hardjo, which are responsible for severe zoonotic diseases, have a substantial negative impact on cattle production by causing reproductive disorders. To address the transmission of these diseases, it is essential to implement effective mitigation strategies and enhance public awareness. Additional investigation is necessary to identify and understand the factors contributing to cattle reproductive disorders in the specified area.

Simple Summary: The aim of the study was to identify the genomic instability in cows with reproductive disorders following infection with the BVD virus. The genomic stability was analyzed using the sister chromatid exchange, fragile sites, and comet assays. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups. Of the three assays, the comet assay proved to be the most sensitive for identifying DNA damage in the animals. An important factor for dairy cattle farmers is the profitability of cattle rearing, which is influenced by the animals' health and reproductive parameters, as well as their genomic stability and integrity. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) negatively affects the health of dairy cattle and causes reproductive problems. The aim of the study was to identify genomic instability in cows with reproductive disorders following infection with the BVD virus. The material for analysis was peripheral blood from Holstein-Friesian cows with reproductive problems, which had tested positive for BVD, and from healthy cows with no reproductive problems, which had tested negative for BVD. Three cytogenetic tests were used: the sister chromatid exchange assay, fragile sites assay, and comet assay. Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups and between the individual cows in the average frequency of damage. The assays were good biomarkers of genomic stability and enabled the identification of individuals with an increased frequency of damage to genetic material that posed a negative impact on their health. The assays can be used to prevent disease during its course and evaluate the genetic resistance of animals. This is especially important for the breeder, both for economic and breeding reasons. Of the three assays, the comet assay proved to be the most sensitive for identifying DNA damage in the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene expression of immune and antioxidant markers associated with reproductive disorders in Baladi goats. A total of one hundred adults Baladi does were allocated into two equal-sized groups: normal reproductive performance and does have a history of reproductive disorders. DNA sequencing of PRLR (304-bp), LTF (904-bp), TLR2 (420-bp), TLR4 (335-bp), CLA-DRB3.2 (285-bp), SOD3 (735-bp), CAT (1526-bp), GPX4 (782-bp), and GST (690-bp) revealed SNPs associated with reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in investigated does. Nonetheless, DNA sequencing of beta defensin (483-bp), CCL5 (840-bp), and ATOX1 (374-bp) genes elicited a monomorphic pattern. Levels of PRLR, LTF, TLR2, TLR4, CLA-DRB3.2, beta defensin, and CCL5 genes were significantly up-regulated in does affect with reproductive disorders than tolerant ones; while SOD3, CAT, GPX4, GST and ATOX1 genes pattern elicited an opposite trend. The results herein confirmed the potential significance of SNPs in immune and antioxidant genes as genetic markers for reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in Baladi does. The Gene expression profile of investigated genes could be also used as proxy biomarkers for the prediction of the most susceptible risk time for disease occurrence and for building up an effective management protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder (BD) is frequently accompanied by endocrine disturbances. We compared the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and related reproductive disorders between drug-naïve BD patients and matched healthy controls (HCs) and between drug-naïve BD patients and BD patients with long-term medication, as well as the clinical metabolic correlates among BD patients. 72 drug-naïve BD patients, 98 HCs, and 72 BD patients with long-term medication were recruited in the study. Menstruation was recorded, reproductive hormone levels and metabolic indicators were measured, and a pelvic ultrasound examination was performed via transvaginal sensor for each participant. PCOS was defined using the Rotterdam criteria. After controlling for demographic variables, drug-naïve BD patients presented higher rates of PCOS than the HCs (OR: 3.02, 95 % CI: 1.09–8.36). Regression analysis showed that long-term treatment with valproate (OR: 3.89, 95 % CI: 1.13–13.37), age (OR: 0.37, 95 % CI: 0.14–0.95), and insulin resistance index (OR: 1.73, 95 % CI: 1.10–12.71) were correlated with PCOS in BD patients. Drug-naïve BD patients are susceptible to developing PCOS, and valproate is correlated with increased occurrence and development of PCOS. Therefore, PCOS in BD patients, especially those who use valproate, needs to be investigated and monitored closely by medical personnel. • Bipolar disorder disease itself was a risk factor for polycystic ovarian syndrome. • Bipolar disorder patients treated long-term with valproate were at an increased risk. • Bipolar disorder patients should evaluate reproductive health before drug initiation and review regularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age and can cause metabolic disorder, infertility, and increased anxiety and depression; as a result, it can seriously affect the physical and mental health of fertile women. PCOS is a highly clinically heterogeneous disease with unclear etiology and pathogenesis, which increases the difficulty of treatment. The thyroid gland has complex regulatory effects on metabolism, reproduction, and emotion, and produces hormones that act on almost all cells of the human body. The clinical manifestations of PCOS are similar to some thyroid diseases. Furthermore, some thyroid diseases, such as subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), not only increase the incidence rate of PCOS, but also exacerbate its associated metabolic abnormalities and reproductive disorders. Interestingly, PCOS also increases the incidence of some thyroid diseases. However, the role of the thyroid in PCOS remains unclear. This review is intended to thoroughly explore the critical role of the thyroid in PCOS by summarizing the comorbidity of PCOS and thyroid diseases and their combined role in metabolic disorders, related metabolic diseases, and reproductive disorders; and by analyzing the potential mechanism through which the thyroid influences the development and progression of PCOS and its symptoms. We hope this review will provide a valuable reference for the role of the thyroid in PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ovulatory dysfunction is usually caused by an endocrine disorder, of which polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause. PCOS is usually associated with estrogen levels within the normal range and can be characterized by oligo-/anovulation resulting in decreased progesterone levels. It is suggested that decreased progesterone levels may lead to more autoimmune diseases in women with PCOS. In addition, it is often claimed that there is an association between hyperprolactinemia and PCOS. In this large well-phenotyped cohort of women with PCOS, we have studied the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia compared to controls, and compared this between the four PCOS phenotypes. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study contains data of 1429 women with PCOS and 299 women without PCOS. Main outcome measures included thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOab) levels in serum, the prevalence of thyroid diseases and hyperprolactinemia. Results: The prevalence of thyroid disease in PCOS women was similar to that of controls (1.9% versus 2.7%; P = 0.39 for hypothyroidism and 0.5% versus 0%; P = 0.99 for hyperthyroidism). TSH levels were also similar (1.55 mIU/L versus 1.48 mIU/L; P = 0.54). FT4 levels were slightly elevated in the PCOS group, although within the normal range (18.1 pmol/L versus 17.7 pmol/L; P < 0.05). The prevalence of positive TPOab was similar in both groups (5.7% versus 8.7%; P = 0.12). The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similarly not increased in women with PCOS (1.3%% versus 3%; P = 0.05). In a subanalysis of 235 women with PCOS and 235 age- and BMI-matched controls, we found no differences in thyroid dysfunction or hyperprolactinemia. In according to differences between PCOS phenotypes, only the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in phenotype B (6.3%, n = 6) compared to the other phenotypes. Conclusion: Women with PCOS do not suffer from thyroid dysfunction more often than controls. Also, the prevalence of positive TPOab, being a marker for future risk of thyroid pathology, was similar in both groups. Furthermore, the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similar in women with PCOS compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sex steroid hormone fluctuations may underlie both reproductive disorders and sex differences in lifetime depression prevalence. Previous studies report high comorbidity among reproductive disorders and between reproductive disorders and depression. This study sought to assess the multivariate genetic architecture of reproductive disorders and their loading onto a common genetic factor and investigated whether this latent factor shares a common genetic architecture with female depression, including perinatal depression (PND). Method: Using UK Biobank and FinnGen data, genome-wide association meta-analyses were conducted for nine reproductive disorders, and genetic correlation between disorders was estimated. Genomic Structural Equation Modelling identified a latent genetic factor underlying disorders, accounting for their significant genetic correlations. SNPs significantly associated with both latent factor and depression were identified. Results: Excellent model fit existed between a latent factor underlying five reproductive disorders (χ2 (5) = 6.4; AIC = 26.4; CFI = 1.00; SRMR = 0.03) with high standardised loadings for menorrhagia (0.96, SE = 0.05); ovarian cysts (0.94, SE = 0.05); endometriosis (0.83, SE = 0.05); menopausal symptoms (0.77, SE = 0.10); and uterine fibroids (0.65, SE = 0.05). This latent factor was genetically correlated with PND (rG = 0.37, SE = 0.15, p = 1.4e−03), depression in females only (rG = 0.48, SE = 0.06, p = 7.2e−11), and depression in both males and females (MD) (rG = 0.35, SE = 0.03, p = 1.8e−30), with its top locus associated with FSHB/ARL14EP (rs11031006; p = 9.1e−33). SNPs intronic to ESR1, significantly associated with the latent factor, were also associated with PND, female depression, and MD. Conclusion: A common genetic factor, correlated with depression, underlies risk of reproductive disorders, with implications for aetiology and treatment. Genetic variation in ESR1 is associated with reproductive disorders and depression, highlighting the importance of oestrogen signalling for both reproductive and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and effect of non‐genetic factors on reproductive disorders in the Hardhenu cattle population over a period of 11 years (2010–2021). The study included a total of 1340 cattle for calculating the incidence of reproductive disorders and analysed the occurrence of different reproductive disorders. In the present study, retention of placenta had highest frequency, accounting for approximately 18.36% of the incidence, followed by repeater cows (11.19%), metritis (6.27%), dystocia (0.60%), anestrus (0.45%) and prolapse (0.37%). Chi‐square analysis revealed a significant relationship between the year and the incidence of reproductive disorders (p <.05). Logistic regression analysis of temporal variability of reproductive disorders was also analysed, with an increase in the odds from 2014 to 2020, peaking in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Logistic regression analysis showed that season and parity did not significantly influence the incidence of reproductive disorders. However, period of calving had a significant impact. Cows calving between 2008 and 2014 had a significantly lower odds ratio (0.13, 95% CI: 0.06–0.30), indicating a decreased risk, while those calving between 2014 and 2017 had a higher odds ratio (0.59, 95% CI: 0.38–0.90), suggesting an increased risk of reproductive disorders. Compared to parity 3, parity 1 (1.344, 95% CI: 0.869–2.08) and parity 2 (1.193, 95% CI: 0.768–1.851) showed highest odds ratio. Similarly, the odds ratio for winter (1.64, 95% CI: 0.93–2.89), summer (1.71, 95% CI: 0.89–3.26) and rainy season (1.64, 95% CI: 0.92–2.91) was higher as compared to autumn. The present results provided valuable insights into the incidence of various reproductive disorders and associated risk factors in Hardhenu cattle. These results can be utilized for targeted interventions to enhance reproductive health and overall productivity in dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim. Substantiation of the prognostic component in the process of developing the model of prevention of miscarriage among the female population of Ukraine. Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the miscarriage dynamics among the female population of Ukraine and Lviv region for the period of 2014-2021 was performed, and prognosis of the indicators of this pathology until 2026 was established. The work uses the methods of a systemic approach and structural-logical analysis, medical-statistical analysis , prognostic methodology using exponential smoothing according to the two-parameter Holt method. Results and discussion. Over the analyzed period from 2014 to 2021, an increase in the index of the ratio of the total rate of miscarriage to the total number of pregnancies (cases of miscarriage per 100 pregnancies) from 5.50 in 2014 to 6.22 in 2021 in Ukraine and from 3.57 to 4.72 in Lviv region, respectively, was noted. In order to predict the ratio of miscarriages to the total number of pregnancies we have chosen the exponential smoothing method according to the two-parameter Holt method. In our opinion, this indicator will be the least dependent on the impact of war and COVID-19 pandemic. All other conditions remaining unchanged, the prognosis results predict that in 2026, the ratio of miscarriage to the total number of pregnancies in Ukraine will amount to 6.37 cases of miscarriage per 100 pregnancies, and 5.38 cases of miscarriage per 100 pregnancies in Lviv region. Conclusions. Analysis of the dynamic indicators of the ratio of stillbirths to the total number of pregnancies over the analyzed 8-year period both in Ukraine and in Lviv region showed a trend towards annual growth of this index. A worsening of the demographic situation according to the results of the study, as well as the likely development of a demographic crisis in connection with the state of war in Ukraine and the mass migration of the female population provoked by the war, requires searching for all possible ways to prevent miscarriage and take into account this prognostic-negative trend in the development of preventive programs.

Background and Aim: Flemish cattle in Brazil are on the brink of extinction and are found only in one herd in Lages, Santa Catarina State. This study aimed to uncover the reasons for the recurring abortions in the Flemish cattle herd. Materials and Methods: Seventeen Flemish fetuses underwent postmortem examinations, with samples collected for histopathology and microbiology culture tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Neospora caninum, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from 2015 to 2020. Results: Of the 17 fetuses, N. caninum was the most common diagnosis and was found in 88% (15/17). One fetus (5.8%) had a coinfection with N. caninum and Citrobacter amalonaticus, leading to fibrinonecrotic pericarditis. All fetuses tested negative for BVDV by RT-PCR. Of the 107 dams tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, 26 (25.2%) were anti-N. caninum seropositive, with 17 (65.4%) aborting and 5 (19.2%) having estrus repetition. Reverse transcription-PCR results showed that 9 (8.4%) of the serum samples collected from dams tested positive, which tested follow-up test 3 months later, indicating a BVDV transient infection. The factors that contributed to neosporosis included dogs’ access to pastures and improper disposal of fetal remains, which made it easier for dogs to consume them. Conclusion: This study warns the occurrence of N. caninum as a cause of reproductive disorders that can lead to abortion in the studied Flemish cattle herd.

Background: Obesity, a chronic metabolic disorder, is related to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and reproductive disorders. The relationship between obesity and male infertility is now well recognized, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. We aimed to observe the effect of obesity on spermatogenesis and to investigate the role of histone ubiquitination and acetylation modifications in obesity-induced spermatogenesis disorders. Methods: Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed with a general maintenance diet (12% fat), while a high-fat diet (HFD) group was fed with 40% fat for 10 weeks; then, they were mated with normal females. The fertility of male mice was calculated, testicular and sperm morphology were observed, and the expression levels of key genes and the levels of histone acetylation and ubiquitination modification during spermatogenesis were detected. Results: The number of sperm was decreased, as well as the sperm motility, while the number of sperm with malformations was increased. In the testes, the mRNA and protein expression levels of gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25), chromosome region maintenance-1 protein (CRM1), high-mobility group B2 (HMGB2), phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2), and testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) were decreased. Furthermore, obesity led to a decrease in ubiquitinated H2A (ubH2A) and reduced levels of histone H3 acetylation K18 (H3AcK18) and histone H4 acetylation K5, K8, K12, and K16 (H4tetraAck), which disrupted protamine 1 (Prm1) deposition in testis tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that low levels of histone ubiquitination and acetylation are linked with obesity-induced disorders during spermatogenesis, contributing to a better understanding of obesity-induced damage to male reproduction.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of hysteroscopic hysteroplasty in the treatment of uterine malformation complicated by primary reproductive disorders.MethodsWomen with unexplained primary infertility, repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure or repeated spontaneous abortion, and uterine malformations unrelated to diethylstilbestrol who visited the obstetrics and gynecology department of our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were included in the prospective cohort study. Uterine malformation in the patients was confirmed by three-dimensional ultrasound and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopic hysteroplasty was performed using a 5-mm diameter hysteroscope and 5-FR surgical scissors, and after 3 months, palliative care was proposed for patients with unexplained infertility or repeated spontaneous abortion, and after 6 months, IVF treatment was recommended for patients with repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures, with a planned minimum follow-up time of 1 year.ResultsA total of 83 women enrolled in the study, including 33 cases of primary infertility, 29 cases of repeated spontaneous abortion, and 21 cases of repeated IVF failure. No complications occurred during the hysteroscopic surgery. During the follow-up period, the clinical pregnancy rate of the women enrolled in the study increased to 77.1%, the live birth rate went up to 79.7%, the fetus delivered at full term accounted for 64.1%, and the cesarean section rate was 27.5%. The miscarriage rate was 9.4%.ConclusionHysteroscopic hysteroplasty can improve the reproductive outcomes in women with primary reproductive disorders and uterine malformations.

This research aims to identify reproductife disorders in female cattle raised by farmers in Woha Sub-district, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The study involves the identification of 141 female cattle (56 heifers and 85 cows). The research is carried out by bringing the cattle to the designated locations determined by the farmers’ group leader, which includes fields and barns. Data collection is conducted through rectal examination of the reproductive system and analysis of records from farmers and officials. The research method includes several stages, namely anamnesis, clinical examination, and rectal examination of the reproductive system. The obtained data is then recorded and analyzed descriptively. Based on the examination results, it is known that 210 female cattle experienced reproductive disorders, including silent heat (4.55%), vaginitis (21.8%), follicular cysts (12.73%), persistent corpus luteum (11.82%), ovarian hypofunction (5.45%), and endometritis (20.91%) of cows and silent heat (8%), vaginitis (28%), follicular cysts (12.73 %) corpus luteum persisten (15 %), and ovarian hypofunction (5%) of heifers.

IntroductionOvulatory dysfunction is usually caused by an endocrine disorder, of which polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause. PCOS is usually associated with estrogen levels within the normal range and can be characterized by oligo-/anovulation resulting in decreased progesterone levels. It is suggested that decreased progesterone levels may lead to more autoimmune diseases in women with PCOS. In addition, it is often claimed that there is an association between hyperprolactinemia and PCOS. In this large well-phenotyped cohort of women with PCOS, we have studied the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia compared to controls, and compared this between the four PCOS phenotypes.MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study contains data of 1429 women with PCOS and 299 women without PCOS. Main outcome measures included thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Free Thyroxine (FT4), and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOab) levels in serum, the prevalence of thyroid diseases and hyperprolactinemia.ResultsThe prevalence of thyroid disease in PCOS women was similar to that of controls (1.9% versus 2.7%; P = 0.39 for hypothyroidism and 0.5% versus 0%; P = 0.99 for hyperthyroidism). TSH levels were also similar (1.55 mIU/L versus 1.48 mIU/L; P = 0.54). FT4 levels were slightly elevated in the PCOS group, although within the normal range (18.1 pmol/L versus 17.7 pmol/L; P < 0.05). The prevalence of positive TPOab was similar in both groups (5.7% versus 8.7%; P = 0.12). The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similarly not increased in women with PCOS (1.3%% versus 3%; P = 0.05). In a subanalysis of 235 women with PCOS and 235 age- and BMI-matched controls, we found no differences in thyroid dysfunction or hyperprolactinemia. In according to differences between PCOS phenotypes, only the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in phenotype B (6.3%, n = 6) compared to the other phenotypes.ConclusionWomen with PCOS do not suffer from thyroid dysfunction more often than controls. Also, the prevalence of positive TPOab, being a marker for future risk of thyroid pathology, was similar in both groups. Furthermore, the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was similar in women with PCOS compared to controls.

The present study investigated the presence of CXCR1 gene polymorphisms and their association with clinical mastitis, reproductive disorders and performance traits in Hardhenu cattle. Genotyping of the targeted SNP rs211042414 (C>T) at the g.106216468 loci of the CXCR1 gene was performed through PCR amplification and Bsa1 restriction enzyme digestion. The genotypic frequencies revealed three genotypes: CC, CT and TT, with the C allele being the most prevalent. Significant associations were found between the targeted SNP and clinical mastitis occurrence using chi‐square and logistic regression analyses. The CC genotype showed higher susceptibility to clinical mastitis with a higher odds ratio of 3.47 compared to TT (1.00) and CT (2.90) genotypes (p <.05). Furthermore, least squares analysis revealed significant associations between genotypes and performance traits such as total milk yield, 305‐day milk yield and peak yield (p <.05). The CC genotype exhibited higher milk yields than CT and TT genotypes, indicating a positive association between the C allele and increased milk production. These findings have practical implications for the genetic improvement of Hardhenu cattle. Incorporating the identified CXCR1 gene polymorphisms into existing selection criteria can help enhance disease resistance and milk production traits. However, further validation with a larger sample size is necessary to strengthen the observed associations and ensure their practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Future reproduction methods for boosting crucial traits will likely be influenced by the proportion of genetic and phenotypic variances. Using PCR-DNA sequencing, the variations in the nucleotide sequences of the immunological genes between healthy buffaloes and buffaloes suffering from inflammatory reproductive disorders were discovered. When buffaloes experienced inflammatory reproductive disorders, they were more likely to express the examined genes. The molecular alterations may, therefore, provide crucial information about the relationships between the physiologies of the various reproductive pathways and help diagnose inflammatory postpartum disorders. The immunological genes that may interact with inflammatory postpartum diseases in Italian buffaloes were examined in this study. A total number of 120 female Italian buffaloes (60 normal and 60 with inflammatory reproductive diseases) were employed. Each buffalo's jugular vein was pierced to get five milliliters of blood. To obtain whole blood and extract DNA and RNA, the blood was placed within tubes containing sodium fluoride or EDTA anticoagulants. The immunological (IKBKG, LGALS, IL1B, CCL2, RANTES, MASP2, HMGB1, and S-LZ) genes' nucleotide sequence differences between healthy buffaloes and buffaloes affected by inflammatory reproductive diseases were found by employing PCR-DNA sequencing. According to Fisher's exact test (p ˂ 0.01), there were noticeably different probabilities of all major nucleotide changes spreading among buffalo groups with and without reproductive problems. Buffaloes were significantly more likely to express the examined genes when they had inflammatory reproductive diseases. The outcomes might support the significance of these markers' nucleotide variations and gene expression patterns as indicators of the prevalence of inflammatory reproductive disorders and provide a workable buffalo management policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's infertility impacts the quality of life of both patients and couples and has multifaceted dimensions that increase the number of challenges associated with female infertility and how to face them. Female reproductive disorders, such as premature ovarian failure (POF), endometriosis, Asherman syndrome (AS), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and preeclampsia, can stimulate infertility. In the last decade, translational medicine has advanced, and scientists are focusing on infertility therapy with innovative attitudes. Recent investigations have suggested that stem cell treatments could be safe and effective. Stem cell therapy has established a novel method for treating women's infertility as part of a regeneration approach. The chief properties and potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in the future of women's infertility should be considered by researchers. Due to their high abundance, great ability to self-renew, and high differentiation capacity, as well as less ethical concerns, MSC-based therapy has been found to be an effective alternative strategy to the previous methods for treating female infertility, such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, medicines, and surgical procedures. These types of stem cells exert their beneficial role by releasing active mediators, promoting cell homing, and contributing to immune modulation. Here we first provide an overview of MSCs and their crucial roles in both biological and immunological processes. The next large chapter covers current preclinical and clinical studies on the application of MSCs to treat various female reproductive disorders. Finally, we deliberate on the extant challenges that hinder the application of MSCs in female infertility and suggest plausible measures to alleviate these impediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan protozoa parasite that causes reproductive disorders in cattle worldwide. Despite the high seroprevalence reported in Romania, there are limited data on N. caninum infection in dairy cattle, and no studies have evaluated the presence of infection over time in a limited area. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of N. caninum in a dairy cattle farm in Southeastern Romania where a previously study reported about the cattle exposure to N. caninum infection. A total of 85 cattle, assigned in four groups, according to the reproductive status (repeated breeding syndrome, history of abortion, pregnant cows, and fresh cows) were tested for the presence of N. caninum antibodies, using an indirect ELISA test. The overall seroprevalence was 28.23% (95% CI: 18.67-37.80). According to the reproductive groups, the seroprevalence varied between 19.04% (95% CI: 2.25-35.84) in fresh cows to 38.09% (95% CI: 17.32 - 58.87) in cows with repeated breeding syndrome. By these findings new information is provided about the disease's presence in the studied farm, implying that infection with N. caninum may be the primary cause of reported reproductive disorders, as well as about the infection's persistent nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is described as a symptom of disturbances in the aspects of reproduction and metabolism. Reproductive disorders usually manifest as hyperandrogenism, irregular ovulation, and polycystic ovaries, leading to decreased fertility. This was a literature review research that writes briefly, concisely and up to date on a topic from scientific publication articles. The purpose of this research was to solve the problem of reproductive disorders in young women with PCOS from the theory studied. Articles were compiled by conducting a library search through Google Scholar and Scientdirect from 2013-2022 with a total of 7 articles. Therapy for improving the body's metabolism is improved so that the function of reproductive hormones is also expected to function properly and normally, so that lifestyle changes become a support for therapy for women with PCO to reproductive hormonal changes related to successful ovulation in adolescent girls with PCOS.

Abstract Discovered as a contaminant of adenovirus stocks in the 1960s, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a mono-stranded DNA virus that depends on helper factors to replicate. Even though AAV is endemic in the human population (35–80%), it is remarkable that many issues concerning the natural infection by this virus remain unanswered. In this study, we reflect on the main basic aspects of AAV biology and provide an overview of the studies exploring the impact of AAV infection on human health, focusing on three major research areas including, (i) cervical and (ii) liver cancer, and (iii) reproductive system disorders. Conflicting results have been obtained into the association of AAV infection with the occurrence of adverse reproductive outcomes, such as placental complications, spontaneous abortion, and fertility disorders, or with a protective role in HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis. Noteworthy, recent reports have identified AAV insertional mutagenesis as a novel risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This latest finding raises concern regarding the widespread usage of AAV vectors in liver-targeted gene therapy.

Damage to the reproductive system is the key factor leading to male infertility. Citrinin (CTN) is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus in nature, and is definitely found in food and animal feed. Studies have revealed that CTN can cause damage to male reproductive organs and reduce fertility, but the mechanism of toxicity has not been revealed. In the present study, male Kunming mice were given different doses of CTN (0, 1.25, 5 or 20 mg/kg BW) by intragastric administration. The results demonstrated that CTN exposure caused disorder of androgen, a decline in sperm quality, and histopathological damage of testis. The inhibition of the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin suggests that the blood-testis barrier (BTB) was damaged. Simultaneously, CTN inhibited the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT and SOD, and promoted the production of MDA and ROS, resulting in oxidative damage of testis. Additionally, apoptotic cells were detected and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. Not only that, CTN activated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related proteins IRE1, ATF6, CHOP, and GRP78. Interestingly, 4-Phenylbutyric Acid (4-PBA, an ERS inhibitor) treatment blocked the adverse effects of CTN exposure on male reproduction. In short, the findings suggested that CTN exposure can cause damage to mouse testis tissue, in which ERS exhibited an important regulatory role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Flemish cattle in Brazil are on the brink of extinction and are found only in one herd in Lages, Santa Catarina State. This study aimed to uncover the reasons for the recurring abortions in the Flemish cattle herd. Materials and Methods: Seventeen Flemish fetuses underwent postmortem examinations, with samples collected for histopathology and microbiology culture tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Neospora caninum, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from 2015 to 2020. Results: Of the 17 fetuses, N. caninum was the most common diagnosis and was found in 88% (15/17). One fetus (5.8%) had a coinfection with N. caninum and Citrobacter amalonaticus, leading to fibrinonecrotic pericarditis. All fetuses tested negative for BVDV by RT-PCR. Of the 107 dams tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, 26 (25.2%) were anti-N. caninum seropositive, with 17 (65.4%) aborting and 5 (19.2%) having estrus repetition. Reverse transcription-PCR results showed that 9 (8.4%) of the serum samples collected from dams tested positive, which tested follow-up test 3 months later, indicating a BVDV transient infection. The factors that contributed to neosporosis included dogs' access to pastures and improper disposal of fetal remains, which made it easier for dogs to consume them. Conclusion: This study warns the occurrence of N. caninum as a cause of reproductive disorders that can lead to abortion in the studied Flemish cattle herd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transition period dairy cattle are more susceptible to disease because many aspects of the immune system are altered by uncontrolled inflammation, a condition that has as a cause the metabolic adaptation of the cows. Inflammation and oxidative stress are interlinked, and contribute to the evolution of reproduction diseases of dairy cows. Our review highlights to light scientific data on oxidative stress and reproductive disorders in dairy cows. The information collected is significant for animal welfare and reproduction, and it will create the foundation for future research on the connection between oxidative stress, reproductive diseases, and nutrition in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose: to compare the effectiveness of restoring reproductive function in women with uterine septum and reproductive disorders with various metroplasty techniques using monopolar and bipolar surgical energy. Material and methods. 153 patients with a uterine septum (group US) and reproductive disorders were under prospective observation, of which 75 patients (group M) underwent metroplasty using a monopolar hysteroresectoscope, 78 patients (group B) underwent a bipolar hysteroresectoscope. In groups M and B, 2 groups were allocated: group MD - 39 women who underwent hysteroscopic monopolar dissection of the uterine septum; group MR - 36 women who underwent hysteroscopic monopolar resection of the uterine septum; BD group - 37 women who underwent hysteroscopic bipolar dissection of the uterine septum; group BR - 41 women who underwent hysteroscopic bipolar resection of the uterine septum. The observation of operated women was carried out for 2 years after metroplasty. Results. When using various types of electrical surgical energy and various techniques for performing metroplasty in women with reproductive disorders against the background of the uterine septum, when using bipolar removal of the septum, the overall frequency of pregnancy termination by childbirth and term delivery was the highest and exceeded similar indicators: with monopolar incision 2.20 times (OR 13.30 [3.95–44.72], p 0.05) and 1.37 times (OR 3.44 [1.06-11.20], p < 0.04), with bipolar incision of the septum - by 1.26 times (OR 3.43 [0.97-12.09], p < 0.05) and 1.35 times (OR 3.90 [1, 23-12.36], p < 0.02). The overall frequency of childbirth in women with initial infertility was the highest among patients with bipolar removal of the septum - 95.24% and exceeded the same indicator in women with monopolar incision of the septum (35.29%) by 2.70 times (OR 36.67 [3, 90-344.85], p < 0.01) and with bipolar dissection of the intersection (66.67%) by 1.43 times (OR 10.00 [1.07-93.44], p 0.05). The total number of births in women with initial miscarriage after bipolar incision was 2.17 times higher than that after unipolar incision (78.95% vs. 36.36%; OR 4.50 [1.13-17.99], p < 0.04), with bipolar resection was 2.34 times greater than that with monopolar incision (85.00% versus 36.36%; OR 6.80 [1.54–30.08], p < 0.02). Conclusion. The technique of choice when performing hysteroresectoscopic metroplasty in women with uterine septum and reproductive disorders is bipolar removal of the septum, which leads to a probable increase in the termination of pregnancy by urgent delivery and live births both in the general group and in the group of patients with initial infertility.

Reproductive disorders in non-human primates can be caused by a range of factors, in particular by infectious diseases. The literature review presented here aimed to identify the principal pathogens that can cause reproductive disorders in nonhuman primates, in particular, in the experimental models used for biomedical research. Although it is still largely unclear to what extent the pathogens as Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Mycoplasma spp. can cause similar reproductive disorders in nonhuman primates, as observed in the human population and other animal group, we concluded that it would be strongly recommended to test for infection by these infectious agents all captive nonhuman primates with a history of reproductive disorders.

According to literature sources, the real frequency of many umbilical cord pathologies differs significantly from the statistical data indicated by researchers in their works (from 15% to 38%). The implementation of a system of diagnostic and treatment and preventive measures, based on mandatory antenatal and postnatal assessment of the features and characteristics of the umbilical cord, allows to improve perinatal outcomes and reduce perinatal morbidity. The aim of the work was to identify the main risk factors of umbilical cord pathology and negative perinatal consequences; to develop elements of standardization of antenatal and postnatal diagnosis of umbilical cord pathology. Research materials and methods. A retrospective assessment of medical documentation data (3,280 individual medical records of pregnant women) made it possible to establish the frequency of umbilical cord pathology in the population. In the future, a more detailed extended antenatal and postnatal examination of the umbilical cord and placenta after delivery was carried out in 637 patients of reproductive age with pregnancy complicated by pathology of the umbilical cord (main group). The control group was formed by 40 patients with an uncomplicated course of pregnancy and live birth of full-term healthy children. The study was conducted taking into account the main principles of the Helsinki Declaration on Biometric Research and the powers of the GCH ICH, in accordance with biometric norms with compliance with the principles of confidentiality and ethics (excerpt from protocol No. 128/22 of the meeting of the Bioethics Commission dated September 29, 2022, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ministry of Health of Ukraine). Data analysis was performed using the Statistica 7.0 package of statistical programs (StatSoftInc., USA). The association of independent variables with the condition being studied is presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The materials of the article are the result of the research of the complex research work fragment of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology named after I.D. Lanovyi of the Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University: “Development of diagnostic tactics and pathogenetic substantiation of effective methods of preserving and restoring reproductive potential and improving parameters of a woman’s quality of life in obstetric and gynecological pathology” (state registration number 0121U109269, implementation dates 2021-2026 ), the author is a co-executor of the topic. Research results and their discussion. The following data were noted: an excess of the population norm of the length of the umbilical cord, a high proportion of eccentric and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord (22.14%) and umbilical cord coiling (33.28%), a decrease in the proportion of the reference limits of the umbilical cord tortuosity index (15.86%), in 56.7% of observations, the specific gravity of the umbilical cord was lower. Probable risk factors for umbilical cord pathology with a predominance of age over 35 years, nicotine addiction in pregnant women, multiple fertility, use of IVF programs, change in the amniotic fluid index, overweight and obesity, other clinical conditions associated with metabolic disorders (gestational diabetes, insulin resistance) were identified. Conclusion. The share of the umbilical cord pathology both in the isolated type and in the combination of characteristic features of the umbilical cord is 40.98%. The increase in the risk of negative perinatal consequences has a close relationship with the umbilical cord pathology and the combination of different types of pathology, as well as the addition of gestational complications, which allows for the formation of screening programs and optimization of the diagnostic algorithm.

The dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been detected in fetuses and infants and can cause damage to the reproductive system in adulthood, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of intrauterine DBP exposure on offspring reproductive function and explore possible mechanisms. SPF C57BL/6 pregnant mice were given DBP (0.5, 5, 75 mg/kg/d) or corn oil from day 5 to day 19 by gavage. After weaning, the pups were fed a standard diet for 5 weeks. In addition, TM3 Leydig cell cultures were used to study the relevant mechanisms in vitro. The results showed that intrauterine DBP exposure could reduce sperm density and sperm motility, cause testicular tissue damage, down‐regulate serum T and LH levels, and up‐regulate serum FSH levels at 75 mg/kg/d. Western blot and methylation detection revealed intrauterine exposure to DBP down‐regulated testosterone synthesis‐related proteins StAR, P450scc, 3β‐HSD, PKA, and PKC expression, while up‐regulated the levels of methyltransferase proteins expression and DNA 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) in testicular tissue of mouse offspring at 75 mg/kg/d. Further detection found in utero 75 mg/kg/d DBP exposure down‐regulated MGARP protein expression, and induced incomplete methylation of the MGARP gene. An in vitro analysis showed that MGARP inhibition is involved in an impaired testosterone synthesis in TM3 cells. Cell culture results suggest that MGARP down‐regulation may be involved in impaired testosterone production in monobutyl phthalate‐treated cells. The present study revealed that 75 mg/kg/d DBP exposure in utero resulted in testosterone synthesis disorders and reproductive function impairment in mouse offspring, and the mechanism may be related to DNA methylation‐mediated down‐regulation of MGARP in the testis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]