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Introduction There is still uncertainty about which aspects of cigarette smoking influence the risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to estimate the COPD risk as related to duration of use, intensity of use, lifetime tobacco consumption, age of smoking initiation and years of abstinence. Methods We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study based on data from the EPISCAN-II study (n = 9092). All participants underwent a face-to-face interview and post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed. COPD was defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70%. Parametric and nonparametric logistic regression models with generalized additive models were used. Results 8819 persons were included; 858 with COPD and 7961 without COPD. The COPD risk increased with smoking duration up to ≥50 years [OR 3.5 (95% CI: 2.3–5.4)], with smoking intensity up to ≥39 cig/day [OR 10.1 (95% CI: 5.3–18.4)] and with lifetime tobacco consumption up to >29 pack-years [OR 3.8 (95% CI: 3.1–4.8)]. The COPD risk for those who started smoking at 22 or later was 0.9 (95% CI: 0.6–1.4). The risk of COPD decreased with increasing years of cessation. In comparison with both never smokers and current smokers, the lowest risk of COPD was found after 15–25 years of abstinence. Conclusion COPD risk increases with duration, intensity, and lifetime tobacco consumption and decreases importantly with years of abstinence. Age at smoking initiation shows no effect. After 15–25 years of cessation, COPD risk could be equal to that of a never smoker. This work suggests that the time it takes to develop COPD in a smoker is about 30 years

Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third cause of death worldwide. While tobacco smoking is a key risk factor, COPD also occurs in never-smokers (NS). However, available evidence on risk factors, clinical characteristics, and natural history of the disease in NS is scarce. Here, we perform a systematic review of the literature to better describe the characteristics of COPD in NS. Methods We searched different databases following the PRISMA guidelines with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. A purpose-designed quality scale was applied to the studies included in the analysis. It was not possible to pool the results due to the high heterogeneity of the studies included. Results A total of 17 studies that met the selection criteria were included, albeit only 2 of them studied NS exclusively. The total number of participants in these studies were 57,146 subjects, 25,047 of whom were NS and 2,655 of the latter had NS-COPD. Compared to COPD in smokers, COPD in NS is more frequent in women and older ages, and is associated with a slightly higher prevalence of comorbidities. There are not enough studies to understand if COPD progression and clinical symptoms in NS are different to that of ever-smokers. Conclusions There is a significant knowledge gap on COPD in NS. Given that COPD in NS account for about a third of all COPD patients in the world, particularly in low-middle income countries, and the decrease in tobacco consumption in high income countries, understanding COPD in NS constitutes a public-health priority

Purpose: Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) are a frequent cause of hospitalization that seemed to ameliorate during the COVID outbreak. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of COPD-related hospital admissions and mortality in relation to the presence of COVID-19. Patients and Methods: We conducted a case-control study of patients admitted in four teaching hospitals throughout Spain between March 15 and April 30, 2020. Hospital admis- sions of respiratory cause with and without PCR-proven SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with COPD were evaluated. Baseline and episode-related clinical characteristics were ana- lyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk for mortality. Results: During the study period, 2101 patients were admitted for respiratory worsening, 1200 (57.1%) with COVID-19. A total of 228 (10.8%) were admitted due to COPD worsening, of whom 52 (22.8%) tested positive for COVID-19. COPD patients with COVID-19, when compared to those without COVID-19, were more frequently males with better lung function (FEV1 postbronchodilator 71% vs 46% respectively, p<0.001) and had higher mortality (44.9% vs 13.6% respectively, p<0.001) despite similar age, comorbidities, total days of hospitalization and admission to intensive care unit. COVID-19 and eosinopenia were the strongest risk factors for mortality in the multivariate analysis in the overall COPD population. Inhaled corticosteroid use was not associated to mortality. Conclusion: Hospitalizations for ECOPD without COVID-19 were more frequent than COPD with COVID-19 during the first outbreak, but the latter were associated with higher mortality and low eosinophil counts that warrant further analysis. © 2021 Cosio et al.

There is little information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality trends, age of death, or male:female ratio. This study therefore sought to analyze time trends in mortality with COPD recorded as the underlying cause of death from 1980 through 2017, and with COPD recorded other than as the underlying cause of death. We conducted an analysis of COPD deaths in Galicia (Spain) from 1980 through 2017, including those in which COPD was recorded other than as the underlying cause of death from 2015 through 2017. We calculated the crude and standardized rates, and analyzed mortality trends using joinpoint regression models. There were 43,234 COPD deaths, with a male:female ratio of 2.4. Median age of death was 82 years. A change point in the mortality trend was detected in 1996 with a significant decrease across the sexes, reflected by an annual percentage change of −3.8%. Taking deaths into account in which COPD participated or contributed without being the underlying cause led to an overall 42% increase in the mortality burden. The most frequent causes of death when COPD was not considered to be the underlying cause were bronchopulmonary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. COPD mortality has decreased steadily across the sexes in Galicia since 1996, and age of death has also gradually increased. Multiple-cause death analysis may help prevent the underestimation of COPD mortality

[Abstract] Introduction: Currently there is lack of data regarding the impact of a home telehealth program on readmissions and mortality rate after a COPD exacerbation-related hospitalization. Objective: To demonstrate if a tele-monitoring system after a COPD exacerbation admission could have a favorable effect in 1-year readmissions and mortality in a real-world setting. Methods: This is an observational study where we compared an intervention group of COPD patients treated after hospitalization that conveyed a telehealth program with a followance period of 1 year with a control group of patients evaluated during one year before the intervention began. A propensity-score analyses was developed to control for confounders. The main clinical outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality or COPD-related readmission. Results: The analysis comprised 351 telemonitoring patients and 495 patients in the control group. The intervention resulted in less mortality or readmission after 12 months (35.2% vs. 45.2%; hazard ratio [HR] 0.71 [95% CI=0.56-0.91]; p=0.007). This benefit was maintained after the propensity score analysis (HR=0.66 [95% CI=0.51-0.84]). This benefit, which was seen from the first month of the study and during its whole duration, is maintained when mortality (HR=0.54; 95% CI=[0.36-0.82]) or readmission (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.66; 95% CI=[0.50-0.86]) are analyzed separately. Conclusion: Telemonitoring after a severe COPD exacerbation is associated with less mortality or readmissions at 12 months in a real world clinical setting.

Hasta el momento no existe una clara evidencia de la situación social de los pacientes que ingresan por agudizaciones graves de EPOC, ni de las diferencias de género ni de la capacidad predictiva de variables de esta esfera ene ventos como la duración de la hospitalización, los reingresos o incluso la mortalidad en los siguientes meses. Con este objetivo se llevo a cabo un estudio prospectivo de cohortes en los que 253 pacientes con una agudización grave de EPOC y que fueron caracterizados de forma completa desde el punto de vista social y clínico fueron estrechamente seguidos durante 1 año. En este trabajo se demuestra que la situación social es desfavorable en muchos pacientes, sobre todo las mujeres, y que factores como el riesgo socio-familiar y la dependencia para actividades básicas permiten predecir estos eventos, muchas veces con una mayor potencia que las variables clínicas y demográficas.

La EPOC es una enfermedad muy prevalente, que afecta aproximadamente al 10% de la población mayor de 40 años, con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, y causa de importante gasto sanitario. Sin embargo el grado de infradiagnóstico supera el 70%. Es por ello que se recomienda hacer una búsqueda activa de estos casos, para intentar diagnosticarlos en estadios iniciales. En este tesis doctoral se evalúan varias estrategias para mejorar la detección precoz de la EPOC, como son la efectividad de un programa formativo tutelado para la realización de espirometrías de calidad en Atención Primaria, la validación del COPD-6 como dispositivo para cribado de EPOC y su fiabilidad al utilizarlo en ámbitos sanitarios no especializados.

[Background] Although tobacco smoke is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other inhaled toxics have also been associated with the disease. The present study analyzes data from exposure to these substances in a cohort of patients with COPD and assesses their impact on the clinical presentation of the disease., [Methods] This is a cross-sectional analysis of the Clinical presentation, diagnosis and course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (On-Sint) study. All patients were smokers or ex-smokers as per protocol. In addition, during the inclusion visit patients were enquired about their occupational and biomass exposure history. The clinical features of patients with and without an added risk factor to tobacco were compared and those significant were entered in a multivariate logistic regression analysis, expressed as odds ratio (OR)., [Results] The sample size was 1214 patients with COPD, of which 1012 (83.4%) had tobacco as the only risk factor and 202 (16.6%) had additional ones, mainly 174 (14.3%) with occupational gases and 32 (2.6%) with biomass exposure. The geographical distribution of this exposure showed a preference for the northern parts of the country and the East coast. The biomass exposure was rather low. Male gender (OR: 2.180), CAT score (OR: 1.036) and the use of long-term oxygen therapy (OR: 1.642) were associated with having an additional risk factor in the multivariate analysis., [Conclusions] Occupational exposures are more common than biomass in Spain. COPD caused by tobacco plus other inhalants has some differential features and a more impaired quality of life., [Introducción] Aunque el humo del tabaco es el principal factor de riesgo de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), también se han relacionado con la enfermedad otros agentes tóxicos inhalados. El presente estudio analiza datos de la exposición a estas sustancias y evalúa su impacto sobre la presentación clínica de la enfermedad en una cohorte de pacientes con EPOC., [Métodos] Se trata de un análisis transversal del estudio Presentación clínica, diagnóstico y evolución de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (On-Sint). De conformidad con el protocolo, todos los pacientes eran fumadores o exfumadores. Durante la visita de inclusión se interrogó a los pacientes acerca de sus antecedentes de exposición laboral a tóxicos y a combustión de biomasa. Las características clínicas de los pacientes que presentaban algún factor de riesgo además del tabaco se compararon con las de los pacientes que no presentaban factores de riesgo adicionales, y los factores que indicaron ser significativos fueron incluidos en un análisis de regresión logística multivariante, expresados en oportunidades relativas (odds ratio [OR])., [Resultados] La muestra incluyó 1.214 pacientes con EPOC, en 1.012 (83,4%) de los cuales el tabaco era el único factor de riesgo. En 202 (16,6%) se constataron otros factores, en 174 (14,3%) principalmente la exposición a gases en el ámbito laboral y en 32 (2,6%) la exposición a combustión de biomasa. La distribución geográfica de esta exposición fue mayor en la zona norte y la costa este del país. La exposición a humo de biomasa fue relativamente baja. El análisis multivariante mostró asociaciones entre la presentación de un factor de riesgo adicional y el sexo masculino (OR: 2,180), la puntuación CAT (OR: 1,036) y el uso de oxigenoterapia crónica (OR: 1,642)., [Conclusiones] En España, la exposición laboral a tóxicos inhalados es más frecuente que la exposición a humo de biomasa. La EPOC causada por el tabaco y otros productos inhalados tiene algunas características diferenciales y provoca un mayor deterioro de la calidad de vida.