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Abstract Background Heat stress has deleterious effects on physiological and performance traits in livestock. Within this context, using tropically adapted cattle breeds in pure herds or terminal crossbreeding schemes to explore heterosis is attractive for increasing animal production in warmer climate regions. This study aimed to identify biological processes, pathways, and potential biomarkers related to thermotolerance in Caracu, a tropically adapted beef cattle breed, by proteomic analysis of blood plasma. To achieve this goal, 61 bulls had their thermotolerance evaluated through a heat tolerance index. A subset of 14 extreme animals, including the seven most thermotolerant (HIGH group) and the seven least thermotolerant (LOW group), had their blood plasma samples used for proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The differentially regulated proteins detected between HIGH and LOW groups were used to perform functional enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction network analysis. Results A total of 217 proteins were detected only in the HIGH thermotolerant group and 51 only in the LOW thermotolerant group. In addition, 81 and 87 proteins had significantly higher and lower abundancies in the HIGH group, respectively. Regarding proteins with the highest absolute log-fold change values, we highlighted those encoded by DUSP5, IGFALS, ROCK2, RTN4, IRAG1, and NNT genes based on their functions. The functional enrichment analysis detected several biological processes, molecular functions, and pathways related to cellular responses to stress, immune system, complement system, and hemostasis in both HIGH and LOW groups, in addition to terms and pathways related to lipids and calcium only in the HIGH group. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network revealed as important nodes many proteins with roles in response to stress, hemostasis, immune system, inflammation, and homeostasis. Additionally, proteins with high absolute log-fold change values and proteins detected as essential nodes by PPI analysis highlighted herein are potential biomarkers for thermotolerance, such as ADRA1A, APOA1, APOB, APOC3, C4BPA, CAT, CFB, CFH, CLU, CXADR, DNAJB1, DNAJC13, DUSP5, FGA, FGB, FGG, HBA, HBB, HP, HSPD1, IGFALS, IRAG1, KNG1, NNT, OSGIN1, PROC, PROS1, ROCK2, RTN4, RYR1, TGFB2, VLDLR, VTN, and VWF. Conclusions Identifying potential biomarkers, molecular mechanisms and pathways that act in response to heat stress in tropically adapted beef cattle contributes to developing strategies to improve performance and welfare traits in livestock under tropical climates.

Background: This study aimed to conduct a narrative review approaching the effects of exclusive breastfeeding on neuropsychomotor development. The goal was to provide evidence-based knowledge to inform healthcare practices and policies and promote optimized infant feeding strategies. Methods: Our study reviewed the relevant literature from May and June 2024, covering the publication period between 2013 and 2024. The PubMed database was utilized and searched for articles using keywords such as “Brain”, “Growth”, “Development”, and “Breastfeeding”, employing Boolean operators such as “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT.” Results: Our search initially screened 15,412 studies, resulting in 600 articles. Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria and provided relevant information on the topic. Several studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding and its duration are beneficial for neural development. Research suggests that breastfeeding improves brain architecture, white matter development, and cognitive performance. Additionally, studies indicate that the mother’s intake of omega-3 fatty acids can enhance infant brain development, and specific micronutrients in breast milk, such as myo-inositol, may contribute to neural connectivity. Some findings also suggest that the child’s sex may play a role in how breast milk benefits the brain. Furthermore, there is evidence of the strong influence of epigenetic compounds on the neurodevelopmental benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: This narrative review revealed findings that indicate breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. This emphasizes that breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. It underscores the importance of conducting additional research to understand how breastfeeding specifically influences neurodevelopment.

Abstract Topical treatments for skin conditions offer significant benefits, yet understanding the rheological characteristics of semi-solid formulations is crucial, as they directly influence treatment adherence through their applicability. Ideally, these formulations should maintain their placement at the application site and facilitate easy spreading without requiring excessive force, particularly on painful lesions. In this study, a Python-based tool was developed to assess the rheological behavior of formulations, with a gel-cream serving as a model to demonstrate its applicability. The model formulation was created by emulsifying an oily phase, including blackcurrant oil, with an aqueous phase containing xanthan gum as a gelling agent. Rheological parameters were determined using a rotational viscometer. The prepared gel-cream exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, with viscosity decreasing as rotation speed increased. The Python tool was utilized to extract information about the rheological properties of the samples. Upon applying the data to various mathematical models, it was confirmed that the formulations displayed pseudoplasticity, with the Ostwald-de-Waele model demonstrating the best fit for all evaluated formulations. This pseudoplastic behavior was further confirmed by calculating the flow index (ɳ), which was found to be lower than 1. Open-source tools are gaining popularity across various industries due to their transparency, collaborative nature, and cost-effectiveness. They enable users to enhance product properties, explore therapeutic targets, facilitate efficient collaboration, develop customized software, create predictive models, and ensure regulatory compliance. Our study offers a precise solution for determining the rheological behavior of semi-solid formulations while mitigating human estimation errors. However, it's important to note that proficiency in programming is required to utilize this tool effectively.

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between food introduction and celiac disease development. This bibliographic review was conducted from May to June 2023 and covered publications from 2013 to 2023. The Virtual Health Library (VHL) and PubMed databases were used, with the following search terms: “Celiac Disease,” “Gluten enteropathy” (with the Boolean operator “OR”), “Infant,” “Preschooler” (also using the Boolean operator “OR”) and “Food Introduction.” A total of 28 articles were found and, after careful analysis, only 6 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles addressed topics such as the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of celiac disease, the prevalence of the disease in children born before and after the epidemic in Sweden, the feasibility of introducing allergens and their relationship with breastfeeding, and the implications of introducing gluten into the diet and early weaning in celiac disease. The results of the study highlight the importance of further research into this topic to develop possible methods of prevention and intervention in the manifestation process of celiac disease. From the bibliographic review, it was possible to identify the variables that imply the development of celiac disease and refute the hypotheses of the direct influence of the early introduction of gluten in the diet on the manifestation of the disease.

BackgroundIdentifying molecular mechanisms responsible for the response to heat stress is essential to increase production, reproduction, health, and welfare. This study aimed to identify early biological responses and potential biomarkers involved in the response to heat stress and animal’s recovery in tropically adapted beef cattle through proteomic analysis of blood plasma.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 14 Caracu males during the heat stress peak (HSP) and 16 h after it (heat stress recovery—HSR) assessed based on wet bulb globe temperature index and rectal temperature. Proteome was investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry from plasma samples, and the differentially regulated proteins were evaluated by functional enrichment analysis using DAVID tool. The protein-protein interaction network was evaluated by STRING tool.ResultsA total of 1,550 proteins were detected in both time points, of which 84 and 65 were downregulated and upregulated during HSR, respectively. Among the differentially regulated proteins with the highest absolute log-fold change values, those encoded by the GABBR1, EPHA2, DUSP5, MUC2, DGCR8, MAP2K7, ADRA1A, CXADR, TOPBP1, and NEB genes were highlighted as potential biomarkers because of their roles in response to heat stress. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that 65 Gene Ontology terms and 34 pathways were significant (P < 0.05). We highlighted those that could be associated with the response to heat stress, such as those related to the immune system, complement system, hemostasis, calcium, ECM-receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, the protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed several complement and coagulation proteins and acute-phase proteins as important nodes based on their centrality and edges.ConclusionIdentifying differentially regulated proteins and their relationship, as well as their roles in key pathways contribute to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms behind the response to heat stress in naturally adapted cattle breeds. In addition, proteins highlighted herein are potential biomarkers involved in the early response and recovery from heat stress in tropically adapted beef cattle.

Background/Objectives: The demand for natural-based formulations in chronic wound care has increased, driven by the need for biocompatible, safe, and effective treatments. Natural polysaccharide-based emulsions enriched with vegetable oils present promising benefits for skin repair, offering structural support and protective barriers suitable for sensitive wound environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate semisolid polysaccharide-based emulsions for wound healing, incorporating avocado (Persea gratissima) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) oils (AO and BO, respectively). Both gellan gum (GG) and kappa-carrageenan (KC) were used as stabilizers due to their biocompatibility and gel-forming abilities. Methods: Four formulations were prepared (F1-GG-AO; F2-KC-AO; F3-GG-BO; F4-KC-BO) and evaluated for physicochemical properties, spreadability, rheology, antioxidant activity, occlusive and bioadhesion potential, biocompatibility, and wound healing efficacy using an in vitro scratch assay. Results: The pH values (4.74–5.06) were suitable for skin application, and FTIR confirmed excipient compatibility. The formulations showed reduced occlusive potential, pseudoplastic behavior with thixotropy, and adequate spreadability (7.13–8.47 mm2/g). Lower bioadhesion indicated ease of application and removal, enhancing user comfort. Formulations stabilized with KC exhibited superior antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging) and fibroblast biocompatibility (CC50% 390–589 µg/mL) and were non-hemolytic. Both F2-KC-AO and F4-KC-BO significantly improved in vitro wound healing by promoting cell migration compared to other formulations. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of these emulsions for effective wound treatment, providing a foundation for developing skin care products that harness the therapeutic properties of polysaccharides and plant oils in a natural approach to wound care.

Background/Objectives: This study developed and characterized hydrogels (HG-CGG) and films (F-CGG) based on cationic guar gum (CGG) for application in wound healing. Methods: HG-CGG (2% w/v) was prepared by gum thickening and evaluated for pH, stability, spreadability, and viscosity. F-CGG was obtained using an aqueous dispersion of CGG (6% w/v) and the solvent casting method. F-CGG was characterized for thickness, weight uniformity, morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and swelling potential. Both formulations were evaluated for bioadhesive potential on intact and injured porcine skin, as well as antioxidant activity. F-CGG was further studied for biocompatibility using hemolysis and cell viability assays (L929 fibroblasts), and its wound-healing potential by the scratch assay. Results: HG-CGG showed adequate viscosity and spreadability profiles for wound coverage, but its bioadhesive strength was reduced on injured skin. In contrast, F-CGG maintained consistent bioadhesive strength regardless of skin condition (6554.14 ± 540.57 dyne/cm2 on injured skin), presenting appropriate mechanical properties (flexible, transparent, thin, and resistant) and a high swelling capacity (2032 ± 211% after 6 h). F-CGG demonstrated superior antioxidant potential compared to HG-CGG (20.50 mg/mL ABTS+ radical scavenging activity), in addition to exhibiting low hemolytic potential and no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. F-CGG promoted the proliferation of L929 cells in vitro, supporting wound healing. Conclusions: Therefore, CGG proved to be a promising material for developing formulations with properties suitable for cutaneous use. F-CGG combines bioadhesion, antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and potential wound healing, making it promising for advanced wound treatment.

Abstract Natural compounds are possible alternatives for wound treatment, including Ilex paraguariensis, a plant with several pharmacological actions already reported, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and healing activities. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a technological and scientific mapping of Ilex paraguariensis used for healing and/or analgesic purposes. Technological prospection was carried out in the Questel-Orbit system, while the scientific research was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases. The terms “Ilex paraguariensis”, “Yerba-mate”, “Painkiller”, “Analgesic”, “Wound”, “Healing”, and “Scar” were combined using Boolean operators “OR” and “AND”. The technological prospection resulted in 164 patents found initially. After sorting the abstracts, five patents were read entirely, of which three were selected. Such selected patents report using Ilex paraguariensis for analgesics, wound healing, personal care, and pharmaceutical applications. In addition, the scientific research showed a small number of studies aimed at using Ilex paraguariensis for healing and/or analgesic purposes. Among the 26 articles initially found, only 5 met the inclusion requirements. Scientific studies demonstrate that Ilex paraguariensis is used as an extract or drink, presenting promising results regarding analgesia, inflammation, and wound healing, using in vitro or in vivo models. Despite the potential of Ilex paraguariensis in skin wound therapy, our study demonstrates that few patents and scientific studies explore Ilex paraguariensis for this purpose. This fact may be an incentive for the development of further studies employing Ilex paraguariensis in cutaneous wound management and the pain associated with them.

Palingonalia Young, 1977 is a small, poorly known genus of Neotropical leafhoppers comprising only three described species. Here, we describe for the first time the female genitalia of Palingonalia and provided the first record of P. subta Freytag & Vargas, 2007 from Amazonas state, Brazil. Additionally, a distributional map for the genus, discussion about its distribution, and key to species are provided.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar a distribuição temporal das taxas de malformações congênitas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e sua associação com o uso de agrotóxicos. A pesquisa é de abordagem quantitativa, do tipo descritivo exploratória, realizada durante o primeiro semestre de 2022. O estudo foi conduzido através da associação da ocorrência de malformações com o uso de agrotóxicos, que foi calculada por meio dos Odds Ratios, sendo o Intervalo de Confiança (IC) adotado para as amostras de 95%. Houve variação nas taxas de malformações congênitas ao longo dos cinco períodos analisados. Os resultados indicam que há probabilidade da ocorrência de malformações no estado do Rio Grande do Sul estar associada ao uso de agrotóxicos. Todos os valores de variações percentuais anuais foram significativos e a presença de valores positivos indica tendência de aumento anual da incidência de malformações congênitas no Rio Grande do Sul. É evidente ainda que há variabilidade no número de casos notificados para todas as malformações incluídas no estudo ao longo do período analisado. Ressalta-se a importância de prevenção da exposição aos agrotóxicos, visto que o uso extensivo e inadequado desses está associado a efeitos deletérios na saúde humana.

The present study evaluates the effect of including microencapsulated hot chili pepper (MHCP) in the diet of crossbred dairy cows on the volume and quality of milk and on ovarian morphofunctionality. Twenty-four crossbred females in their lactating period were used. The cows were divided into two experimental groups, a control (CT) and an MHCP -supplemented group (CP) given 1 g a day per animal of microencapsulated hot chili in concentrate for 42 days. Over seven weeks of daily milk production was measured, and sample milk was collected weekly for composition analysis. Animals were subject to an ovulation synchronization protocol on day 0 (D0), and an intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin (PGF2α) were administered. On D8, the P4 implant was removed and PGF2α, equine chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol cypionate were administered to the animals. The ovarian dynamics were evaluated in B mode and color Doppler. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the group X time interaction, the volume of milk produced, and the amount in kg/day of milk components. There was a higher percentage of vascularization in the preovulatory follicle in the CP group (p ≥ 0.10). The findings show that the inclusion of MHCP in the diet of dairy cows does influence their milk production and reproduction.

IntroductionThree in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DFM1) and increasing levels of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis (DFM2) on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters in three different dietary scenarios.MethodsFor Exp. 1, the basal diet consisted of 25:75 roughage:concentrate ratio (R:C) and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive), 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 1.9 mg and 5X = 9.0 mg), and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5X = 19 mg). The Exp. 2 consisted of a 41:59 R:C diet and was composed by 5 treatments: control (no additive) and 2 levels of DFM1 (1X = 3.8 mg and 5 X = 19 mg) and 2 levels of DFM2 (1X = 5.6 mg and 5X = 28 mg). The Exp. 3 consisted of a 100:0 R:C diet [Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa brizantha)] and was composed by the same treatments described in Exp. 1. The DFM1 contained 3.5 × 109 CFU per g of Enterococccus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas the DFM2 contained Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis at 3.2 × 109 CFU per g. In each Exp., an in vitro gas production (GP) system with 43-bottles (AnkomRF) was used in four consecutive 48 or 72-h fermentation batches to evaluate total GP (TGP), kinetics and fermentation profiles, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2).ResultsFor Exp 1, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 24 and 48-h, which reflected in a greater in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The concentrations of ammonia-N, CH4, and CO2 (mmol/g of IVOMD) reduced quadratically as DFM1 increased. For Exp. 2, DFM1 inclusion reduced butyrate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio. Regarding GHG emissions, DFM1 and DFM2 quadratically reduced CH4 and CO2 emission per IVOMD (mmol/g of IVOMD). For Exp. 3, DFM1 increased quadratically TGP at 48h with no impact on IVOMD. Otherwise, DFM2 increased linearly TGP at 24 and 48h which reflected in a greater IVOMD. The inclusion of DFM1 increased linearly iso-valerate and branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) concentration and DFM2 addition increased BCVFA quadratically.DiscussionOverall, addition of DFM1 [Enterococccus faecium (5 × 109 CFU per g) + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 × 109 CFU per g)] or DFM2 [Bacillus licheniformis + Bacillus subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU per g)] might enhance the fermentation process in the rumen and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in a dose-dependent manner, though the results are contingent on the specific type of diet.

Weed interference consistently poses a significant agronomic challenge in cotton production, leading to unfavorable direct and indirect consequences. Consequently, the predominant strategy employed to manage weeds is the application of synthetic herbicides. However, this extensive reliance has resulted in the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations due to the prolonged use of a single herbicide and the lack of rotation. This project focused on identifying weed-suppressive cotton chromosome substitution (CS) lines. These CS lines closely resemble the parent TM-1, an upland cotton derivative (Gossypium hirsutum). Each CS line carries a single chromosome or chromosome arm exchanged from G. barbadense, G. tomentosum, or G. mustelinum within the TM-1 background. In a greenhouse experiment utilizing a stepwise approach, five CS lines, along with two conventional varieties (Enlist and UA48) and the parent line (TM1), were assessed to determine their potential for suppressing Palmer amaranth growth. The plant height was measured 7, 14, and 21 days after establishment, and the chlorophyll content was measured 21 days after establishment. The results revealed varying levels of chlorophyll reduction in Palmer amaranth, with the Enlist variety displaying the lowest reduction (32%) and TM-1 exhibiting the highest (78%). Within 14 days of establishment, the CS lines T26lo, BNTN 1-15, and T11sh demonstrated substantial suppression of Palmer amaranth height, with reductions of 79, 70, and 71%, respectively. Conversely, Enlist displayed the least effective performance among the CS lines. Moreover, CS22, CS49, CS50, CS34, UA48, and CS23 displayed a decreasing trend in reducing Palmer amaranth height from 14 to 21 days after establishment. This research demonstrates the inherent herbicidal attributes within cotton CS lines against Palmer amaranth. In light of the versatile applications of cotton fibers and the unique characteristics of the G. hirsutum genome, this study investigates the potential of specific cotton lines in enhancing weed management practices. By elucidating the implications of our findings, we aim to contribute to promoting sustainability and developing alternatives to synthetic herbicides in agricultural systems.

Background: The prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) that can release mediators that interfere in prostate function. In this study, we examined the effect of periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant obtained from obese mice on prostate reactivity in vitro and on the viability of human prostatic epithelial cell lines.Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard or high-fat diet after which PPAT was isolated, incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution for 30 min (without prostate) or 60 min (with prostate), and the supernatant was then collected and screened for biological activity. Total nitrate and nitrite (NOx−) and adenosine were quantified, and the supernatant was then collected and screened for biological activity. NOx− and adenosine were quantified. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (PE) were obtained in prostatic tissue from lean and obese mice incubated with or without periprostatic adipose tissue. In some experiments, periprostatic adipose tissue was co-incubated with inhibitors of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway (L-NAME, 1400W, ODQ), adenylate cyclase (SQ22536) or with adenosine A2A (ZM241385), and A2B (MRS1754) receptor antagonists. PNT1-A (normal) and BPH-1 (hyperplasic) human epithelial cells were cultured and incubated with supernatant from periprostatic adipose tissue for 24, 48, or 72 h in the absence or presence of these inhibitors/antagonists, after which cell viability and proliferation were assessed.Results: The levels of NOx− and adenosine were significantly higher in the periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant (30 min, without prostate) when compared to the vehicle. A trend toward an increase in the levels of NOX was observed after 60 min. PPAT supernatant from obese mice significantly reduced the PE-induced contractions only in prostate from obese mice. The co-incubation of periprostatic adipose tissue with L-NAME, 1400W, ODQ, or ZM241385 attenuated the anticontractile activity of the periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant. Incubation with the supernatant of periprostatic adipose tissue from obese mice significantly increased the viability of PNT1-A cells and attenuated expression of the apoptosis marker protein caspase-3 when compared to cells incubated with periprostatic adipose tissue from lean mice. Hyperplastic cells (BPH-1) incubated with periprostatic adipose tissue from obese mice showed greater proliferation after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h compared to cells incubated with culture medium alone. BPH-1 cell proliferation in the presence of PPAT supernatant was attenuated by NO-signaling pathway inhibitors and by adenosine receptor antagonists after 72 h.Conclusion: NO and adenosine are involved in the anticontractile and pro-proliferative activities of periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant from obese mice. More studies are needed to determine whether the blockade of NO and/or adenosine derived from periprostatic adipose tissue can improve prostate function.

Introdução: O futebol é uma modalidade que apresenta grande exigência da potência anaeróbia em suas ações específicas de jogo, sendo a avaliação física imprescindível para fornecer informações que melhoram a prescrição do treinamento e, consequentemente, o rendimento esportivo. Objetivo: Verificar e classificar o desempenho da potência anaeróbia em jogadores de futebol de categorias de base. Materiais e Métodos: Participaram do estudo 51 indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade de 14,2 ± 1,6 anos, subdivididos em quatro categorias: Sub 12, Sub 13, Sub 14 e Sub 16. Todos os jogadores foram submetidos ao teste de potência anaeróbia TVPA-RAST. Para a comparação dos resultados, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e, para a sugestão de classificação, foram utilizados os percentis. Resultados: O grupo Sub 16 apresentou melhores resultados em relação aos grupos Sub 12 e Sub 13 na maioria das variáveis (Potência Máxima = 689,9 ± 130,2 W, Potência Máxima Relativa = 11,0 ± 1,4 W/kg, Potência Média = 513,6 ± 88,4 W, Potência Média Relativa = 8,2 ± 0,8 W/kg, Potência Mínima = 377,4 ± 91,5 W, Tempo para percorrer 35 m = 4,8 ± 0,2 s; p

Abstract The locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide with thickening, stabilizing and gelling properties and it has been used in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels (HGs) are obtained from natural or synthetic materials that present interesting properties for skin application. This study aimed to develop HGs from LBG using indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as an asset model for cutaneous application. HGs were prepared by dispersing LBG (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) directly in cold water. The formulations showed content close to 0.5 mg/g (HPLC) and pH ranging from 7.25 to 7.41 (potentiometry). The spreadability factor (parallel plate method) was inversely proportional to LBG concentration. The rheological evaluation (rotational viscometer) demonstrated a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior (Ostwald De Weale model), which is interesting for cutaneous application. The HET-CAM evaluation showed the non-irritating characteristic of the formulations. The bioadhesive potential demonstrated bioadhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. Permeation in human skin using Franz cells showed that the highest LBG concentration improved the skin distribution profile with greater I3C amounts in the viable skin layers. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing HGs with LBG and the formulation with the highest polymer concentration was the most promising to transport active ingredients through the skin.

Multidrug resistance proteins type 4 (MRP4) and 5 (MRP5) play pivotal roles in the transport of cyclic nucleotides in various tissues. However, their specific functions within the lower urinary tract remain relatively unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pharmacological inhibition of MRPs on cyclic nucleotide signaling in isolated pig bladder. The relaxation responses of the bladder were assessed in the presence of the MRP inhibitor, MK571. The temporal changes in intra- and extracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP in stimulated tissues were determined by mass spectrometry. The gene (ABCC4) and protein (MRP4) expression were also determined. MK571 administration resulted in a modest relaxation effect of approximately 26% in carbachol-precontracted bladders. The relaxation induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as cilostazol, tadalafil, and sildenafil was significantly potentiated in the presence of MK571. In contrast, no significant potentiation was observed in the relaxation induced by substances elevating cAMP levels or stimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase. Following forskolin stimulation, both intracellular and extracellular cAMP concentrations increased by approximately 15.8-fold and 12-fold, respectively. Similarly, stimulation with tadalafil + BAY 41-2272 resulted in roughly 8.2-fold and 3.4-fold increases in intracellular and extracellular cGMP concentrations, respectively. The presence of MK571 reduced only the extracellular levels of cGMP. This study reveals the presence and function of MRP4 transporters within the porcine bladder and paves the way for future research exploring the role of this transporter in both underactive and overactive bladder disorders. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: This study investigates the impact of pharmacological inhibition of MRP4 and MRP5 transporters on cyclic nucleotide signaling in isolated pig bladders. MK571 administration led to modest relaxation, with enhanced effects observed in the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. However, substances elevating cAMP levels remained unaffected. MK571 selectively reduced extracellular cGMP levels. These findings shed light on the role of MRP4 transporters in the porcine bladder, opening avenues for further research into bladder disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to conduct a narrative review approaching the effects of exclusive breastfeeding on neuropsychomotor development. The goal was to provide evidence-based knowledge to inform healthcare practices and policies and promote optimized infant feeding strategies. Methods: Our study reviewed the relevant literature from May and June 2024, covering the publication period between 2013 and 2024. The PubMed database was utilized and searched for articles using keywords such as "Brain", "Growth", "Development", and "Breastfeeding", employing Boolean operators such as "AND", "OR", and "NOT." Results: Our search initially screened 15,412 studies, resulting in 600 articles. Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria and provided relevant information on the topic. Several studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding and its duration are beneficial for neural development. Research suggests that breastfeeding improves brain architecture, white matter development, and cognitive performance. Additionally, studies indicate that the mother's intake of omega-3 fatty acids can enhance infant brain development, and specific micronutrients in breast milk, such as myo-inositol, may contribute to neural connectivity. Some findings also suggest that the child's sex may play a role in how breast milk benefits the brain. Furthermore, there is evidence of the strong influence of epigenetic compounds on the neurodevelopmental benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: This narrative review revealed findings that indicate breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. This emphasizes that breast milk has a positive impact on brain development. It underscores the importance of conducting additional research to understand how breastfeeding specifically influences neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study developed and characterized hydrogels (HG-CGG) and films (F-CGG) based on cationic guar gum (CGG) for application in wound healing. Methods: HG-CGG (2% w/v) was prepared by gum thickening and evaluated for pH, stability, spreadability, and viscosity. F-CGG was obtained using an aqueous dispersion of CGG (6% w/v) and the solvent casting method. F-CGG was characterized for thickness, weight uniformity, morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and swelling potential. Both formulations were evaluated for bioadhesive potential on intact and injured porcine skin, as well as antioxidant activity. F-CGG was further studied for biocompatibility using hemolysis and cell viability assays (L929 fibroblasts), and its wound-healing potential by the scratch assay. Results: HG-CGG showed adequate viscosity and spreadability profiles for wound coverage, but its bioadhesive strength was reduced on injured skin. In contrast, F-CGG maintained consistent bioadhesive strength regardless of skin condition (6554.14 ± 540.57 dyne/cm2 on injured skin), presenting appropriate mechanical properties (flexible, transparent, thin, and resistant) and a high swelling capacity (2032 ± 211% after 6 h). F-CGG demonstrated superior antioxidant potential compared to HG-CGG (20.50 mg/mL ABTS+ radical scavenging activity), in addition to exhibiting low hemolytic potential and no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. F-CGG promoted the proliferation of L929 cells in vitro, supporting wound healing. Conclusions: Therefore, CGG proved to be a promising material for developing formulations with properties suitable for cutaneous use. F-CGG combines bioadhesion, antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and potential wound healing, making it promising for advanced wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]