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Using three waves of data and tracing the same refugees over time, this paper shows that some factors associated with settlement experience are different from life satisfaction. Evidence shows that although settlement experience has not improved over time, life satisfaction of both male and female refugees has. The non-linear effect of age on life satisfaction disappears over time while that of settlement experience lingers on. Discrimination affects both male and female life satisfaction but is only a concern for females and the younger cohort’s settlement experience. Psychological capital did not appear to moderate the discrimination effect, but this needs to be robustly examined further. Lastly, different support for refugees over time and a targeted focus on some groups is likely to be more effective than a blanket support policy.

This paper compares the causal effect of parents’ education on three outcomes of their adolescent offspring aged 10–15 years in China. Empirical results from propensity score matching show that only mothers with a college degree have an effect on the emotional well-being of adolescents. Mothers’ educational influence on health and emotional well-being of adolescents is also greater than fathers but in rural areas, only father’s education has an impact on health and education of the adolescents. Sons however benefit more than daughters in the domains of health and educational well-being from parents’ education. Evidence indicates that promoting women’s education is a key urban policy although in rural areas, empowering women and providing an enabling environment through communities and schools is critical to improving various well-being outcomes of the next generation.

Despite evidence of sub-standard working conditions and low rates of pay, drivers working on the Uber platform report varying levels of job-satisfaction. In order to better understand driver experience most research conducted to date differentiates driver experience by driver investment (time) on the platform. While this approach offers insight into driver motivations, it obfuscates key socio-political aspects of the globalised labour market; namely the precarity of many migrant workers. We present findings from a mixed methods study into migrant and non-migrant drivers on the Uber platform in Queensland, Australia. Specifically, our data illustrates key differences between migrants and non-migrants’ motivations to drive, their dependency on the platform, and their sense of autonomy and agency. Our findings suggest that migrant drivers experience greater levels of job insecurity, specifically around factors of job tenure, agency, and personal safety.

This paper uses a mixed methods approach to understand local and foreign tourists’ views of the World heritage (WH) site of Lijiang in China. A good majority of both foreign and local tourists knew of Lijiang’s WH status before their visit. But the WH status appeared to be a strong brand to initially only attract first-time foreign tourists but this was however not the main reason in the final decision to visit Lijiang. Importantly, there was a divergence in the reasons between domestic and international visitors visiting this destination. This has implications for targeted marketing especially the growing international market which Lijiang needs to address by way of sustaining tourism which is the mainstay for this area. One strategy to attract both visitor types is to highlight the clustering of other WH sites near Lijiang. For the domestic tourist cohort, it will be helpful to devise destination marketing around the young and old and for international tourism, marketing based on Asian-Non Asian segmentation should be further examined.

This article examines the correlation of post-migration factors and in particular parental mental health with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and happiness levels of adolescent refugee migrants in Australia, with a special emphasis on associated age and gender differences. Data were sourced from the child module in the 2015–2016 Building a New Life in Australia data set. Results indicate that factors associated with happiness are quite different from those associated with PTSD and this varies across gender and the age groups of 11–14 and 15–17. For example, discrimination related to religion/culture and language have different correlation with boys’ and girls’ well-being measures. While father’s education and mental state have no significant association with any well-being measure, mothers’ education plays some role. Of concern is the intergenerational correlation of mother’s PTSD with their daughters. The results in this study caution against a one-size-fits-all approach to intervention and suggest that a targeted focus on older and younger adolescents further differentiated by gender is likely to be more effective.

This study examines the role of urbanization in explaining the effect of tourism on poverty which is proxied by the Engel coefficient for China’s 31 provinces over the period of 1999–2016. For urba...

This paper adapts a ‘sense of place’ framework to investigate varying preferences for the physical and cultural offerings of arts centres using a choice experiment. An on-site survey was conducted ...

Purpose Blockchain is a disruptive technology enabling distributed, encrypted, smart and secure peer-to-peer transactions. The fragmented nature of the tourism industry with a high number of contracts and transactions between several parties has security issues, disputes and delay. Although these motivate the use of blockchain, scholars have barely begun to systematically assess the value proposition of blockchain in the hospitality and tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts, opportunities and challenges of blockchain in the tourism and hospitality sector. The authors present early use cases of blockchain in the tourism industry. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a multiple case-study approach and grounded this study based on the technology acceptance management literature with context-specific variables that are pivotal to the study of this topic. Findings This paper outlines the useful features of blockchain in the tourism industry in seven major streams and raises four future research questions. This review will enable hypotheses to be set out for consumers and producers involved in tourism to uncover potential motives and barriers to embracing blockchain. Research limitations/implications Blockchain is a relatively new technology, and given that all use cases are limited to the proof of concept and have not been fully adopted by the industry, empirical assessment of case studies is not feasible yet. Originality/value As blockchain is becoming more known and used in the tourism industry, there is a need to identify challenges, issues and concerns relevant for this industry moving forward. This paper fulfils this need and provides directions for future research.

This study examines the influence of use and nonuse values on volunteers' satisfaction and their continued future engagement in a sports event. Using the case study of the Arctic Winter Games, evidence showed that nonuse values have a higher impact on satisfaction but use values outweigh nonuse values' direct influence on the intention to volunteer again due to the strong mediating effect of satisfaction in the effect of nonuse values on intention to volunteer again. Some of these effects were significantly different based on gender, first-time volunteers, and the younger generation. Both use and nonuse values had greater impact on satisfaction for the indigenous than nonindigenous group. The results point to the new potential for using use and nonuse values to target different groups to continue volunteering.

An examination of the two-way relationship between tourism expenditure and life satisfaction for seniors is undertaken in this article. This examination uses panel data on China's seniors and tracks the same seniors over 3 years. Results show that there is bidirectional causality between tourism expenditure and life satisfaction, casting doubt on previous studies that do not consider this two-way relationship. This empirical relationship highlights the importance of a two-pronged policy strategy— a government policy committed to social tourism programs for seniors who may not be able to afford travel and those who reside in rural areas. Another government strategy is to address aged concerns related to mobility and health to improve well-being and the provision of appropriate facilities for leisure travel. Senior tourism demand was found to be income inelastic and this result means that senior tourism can buffer Chinese economic growth in times of economic crisis and uncertainty, making the twin policy strategy a worthwhile consideration.

This article distinguishes between use and nonuse values in their impact on two behavioral intentions to a rural cultural festival. Results from the case study showed that in the willingness to recommend the festival and intention to revisit by repeat tourists, both use and nonuse values were influential but first timers' intention to revisit was mainly affected by use values. In addition, there was support for the recency–frequency–monetary value paradigm and the distance decay theory with some evidence of a nonlinear relationship between distance and behavioral intention. The life cycle theory and length of festival stay on the other hand saw mixed effects on the two types of behavioral intention. Overall, a two-pronged marketing strategy based on the importance of use and nonuse values to attract first timers and repeat tourists could be considered for a cultural festival.

This research note sheds light on the regional dimension underlying peer-to-peer accommodation (P2PA) in urban and rural areas. Using a survey on Australian residents’ use of P2PA, empirical result...

The efficient use of nitrogen fertilisers is a global priority to optimise the economic and environmental outcomes of farming. This paper is the first to consider pollution in the form of nitrous oxide emissions and excess nitrogen to analyse technical efficiency (TE) in farming. This is done by extending the two-stage double bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis to explicitly model nitrogen pollutants as undesirable outputs. We compared green TE (when undesirable pollutants are considered) and conventional TE (without pollutants) using a case study of 33 rice-producing provinces in the Philippines. Provinces in Mindanao, Luzon, and Visayas islands experienced improvements in green TE but stagnant conventional TE from 2006 to 2017. Although transplanting rice seedlings (rather than direct sowing of seeds) improved both green and conventional TE, seed quality was also identified as an important factor for green TE but not for conventional TE. Our analysis has implications for sustainable rice production and such analysis can be extended to other crops. To advance the effective green transformation of rice production, future research should analyse farm-level data to understand farmers' decisions regarding seed quality, crop establishment method and nitrogen fertiliser application to devise comprehensive farm integrated management plans.

This paper analyses the trend and changes in Sri Lanka’s multidimensional poverty before the ethnic war in 2007, the transition through 2009 and after the war in 2012/13. Using multiple correspondence and stochastic dominance analyses, the change in multidimensional poverty for various groups over time is considered using provincial and sectoral decompositions. Evidence shows that multidimensional poverty has declined since 2007. This is seen for war-affected and non-affected provinces as well as all ethnic groups. In particular, the after-war decline was caused by considerable improvements in the rural sector and some improvement in the urban sector but little change in the estate sector. Quantile regression analysis revealed that the war-affected Northern and Eastern provinces, and the ethnic minority of Tamils are still worse off than their counterparts after the war. To reduce multidimensional poverty, a targeted policy of priming up the peace dividend efforts comprising infrastructural development and improving employment opportunities within a coherent policy framework in the war-affected provinces should be undertaken. To address regional imbalance, improving living conditions and incomes in the estate sector in particular cannot be neglected and a public–private partnership could be effective in addressing multidimensional poverty.

This is the first intertemporal analysis of seniors’ income elasticity of expenditure on food-away-from-home (FAFH) across age cohorts. While the expenditure behaviour of Australian seniors today is not too different from those a decade ago, today’s seniors are more homogenous in terms of the sensitivity of their FAFH spending to a change in income. The finding that seniors do not treat FAFH as a luxury good can serve as a buffer against potential declines in demand for food services in times of economic crisis and uncertainty, especially as seniors’ share of the overall population continues to grow in future years.

Using ex post tariff schedules for the first time, it was found that the global gains provided by the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) are not enough to overcome the negative impacts of the United States-China trade dispute. While trade tensions cause China's welfare loss to be more than twice as large as the United States, they provide some trade diversion to RCEP members. But of concern is if India successfully delays the conclusion of the RCEP even by a year, there will be a global loss of US$17.7 billion. The RCEP is also beneficial for the emerging economy of Vietnam and the high-tariff-imposing Korean economy. The results obtained here are, however, conservative as reduction in non-tariff barriers and other positive spillover effects of trade liberalisation related to investment and productivity improvements due to competition or increased intra-industry trade could not be accounted for.

Using a computable general equilibrium framework, this paper uses Sri Lanka and Bangladesh as case studies in examining the associated macroeconomic and sectoral impacts under two different climate change scenarios. Our results indicate that a nation’s welfare deteriorates due to technical efficiency losses from climate change. Neither unilateral nor regional trade liberalization as a mitigating option improves welfare in these countries. For Sri Lanka, global full trade liberalization of all commodities is the optimum policy with some welfare gains. For Bangladesh on the other hand, regional partial agricultural trade liberalization is the optimum option with the least welfare deterioration. These results show that under climate change, countries within South Asia should respond differently to climate-induced crop productivity changes and no one optimum policy fits all.

This article examines the question of how to engage with the value generated by large sport events by reviewing valuation studies on sports events and explaining the need to differentiate the valuing of events in the short and long run. It is argued that the latter, measured by the notion of public value, is a relevant concept to consider in addition to social valuation defined here as a short-run concept. The Arctic Winter Games, a youth sports event, was used to shed light on these valuation concepts by showcasing how the event spurred a large range of outcomes. Based on fieldwork in the preparation phases of the event to identify relevant outcomes and using the contingent valuation method, it was found that the social value of the Games (although it was free to attend), estimated at US$10.5 million in the short run, outweighed the cost of US$9.4 million. Some suggestions for measuring the public value of sports events and a dynamic approach of sequentially refining the process of exploring and measuring long-lasting effects as they vanish or unfold is proposed.

This article examines the impact of Indonesia���s electricity reform and meeting its 2030 carbon emissions and 2050 renewable energy targets on the country���s economic growth, carbon emissions and poverty and income distribution. Simulation results from a dynamic computable general equilibrium model show that energy reform and carbon tax in Indonesia have a regressive impact while the gasoline tax has a progressive impact. Of the two demand side policies, gasoline tax was found to be more harmful than the carbon tax, resulting in GDP loss, declining investment, higher energy prices, and rising urban and rural poverty. A hybrid policy comprising a renewable energy mix target (supply side policy) and a carbon tax (demand side policy) is a viable option for minimising GDP loss, income disparity and carbon emissions. However, the transition towards renewable energy use is fraught with challenges for Indonesia.

This paper considers the impact of variables at three different levels—city, community and individual—on the depression of adults aged 45 years and above in China. Evidence shows that community factors, such as infrastructure and elderly centres, are critical to reduce depression but the effect of city-level factors such as lowering income inequality and improving public health investment is different for the segments of poor and non-poor as well as the rural and urban residents. This highlights the need to consider targeted policy mix options to avoid resource misallocation. Lastly, Chinese females’ depression has worsened over time with ageing, particularly those who drink alcohol or are less educated are prone to depression prompting the need for specialist women health centres.

This paper examines the effectiveness, efficiency, and economy-wide impacts of a carbon tax, fuel tax, and some policy mix options for Sri Lanka and Pakistan using their global commitments to reduce carbon emissions. The results indicate that the carbon tax is best for Sri Lanka to reduce emissions by 7% from 2010 levels. This policy shows the least welfare deteriorating effect with increases in real GDP by 0.2%. Although Pakistan has a distorted market of energy subsidies and taxes, the carbon tax is appropriate for emissions reductions of 5% from 2011 levels with no adverse impact on GDP. Thus, both economies can achieve their emission targets cost-effectively and any welfare loss can be compensated from the carbon tax revenues. However, a carbon tax is not a one size fits all climate change policy instrument given the associated cost effectiveness-efficiency trade off, and the countries' dependence on domestic and imported energy resources.

Evidence on income and different forms of social capital associated with subjective and objective well-being calls for a recalibration in the policy balance between targeting different types of social capital and addressing poverty. For instance, renqing and community integration in the form of social networks are associated with improved objective well-being (OWB) or poverty while social capital in the form of trust is positively associated with a boost in subjective well-being (SWB). Age too has different effects on SWB and OWB. While an older person is more satisfied with life, there is however a struggle in owning material things. The lack of correlation between SWB and OWB measures further complicates the policy debate. A robust approach to understanding and enhancing well-being in rural remote areas should thus be an urgent priority in regional policy analyses.

This article introduces a Valuation Studies approach, in which valuation is seen as a social practice, to studying the outcomes of events. Drawing on material gathered around the Arctic Winter Games organized in Nuuk, Greenland in 2016, we exemplify how researchers working together across disciplinary and methodological boundaries can engage together with events stakeholders in making event values knowable beyond the confines of traditional evaluation. Analytically, we use Callons’ concepts on framing and overflows to exemplify alternative outcomes of events. We argue that a valuation approach offers an iterative understanding of event outcomes which encourages economics and constructivist research to collaborate on exploring event worth and making event overflows knowable and valuable.

This article considers a temporal dimension and extends the theoretical framework beyond the leisure constraints theory to incorporate passive use and direct use values for the first time, to examine nonattendees' intention to attend a rural festival. It was found that passive use values affect only the decision to attend but direct use values influence that decision to take place sooner rather than later. Results also support the family life cycle stage theory for a potential first visit but not the decision to visit soon while the reverse was found for the distance decay theory. Overall, the impact of the various dimensions of the barriers within the leisure constraints theory, the perceived beliefs, and visit motivations differed among would-be visitors and those intending to visit sooner rather than later. Thus, a dual marketing strategy aimed generally at the former, and specifically at the latter, would be effective in attracting new visitors to rural festivals.

The case study revealed that, on average, volunteers not only spent less than visitors at the festival but they are also not willing to pay more to keep the festival going. However, this lower nonmarket valuation of the festival by the volunteers does not reflect the fact that they appeared to have gained more satisfaction than visitors from attending the festival. But in terms of the regional festival generating social capital, pride, and community benefits, both volunteers and visitors shared similar views. More than 50% of the volunteers were under 30 years, which is twice the proportion of visitors in that age group. However, females were the dominant gender among both volunteers and visitors, and overall, volunteers traveled a longer distance than visitors to attend the regional festival.

This paper uses a segmented analysis based on age, gender, repeat and first time peer-to-peer accommodation users to examine their motives and concerns influencing their satisfaction. This ...

The original version of this article unfortunately contained incorrect corresponding author. The corrected corresponding author is presented above.

In this article, we explore the 2016 Arctic Winter Games (AWG) as a site for arctic, Indigenous, and national identity building, drawing on fieldwork from the planning and execution of AWG 2016 and surveys conducted with participant and stakeholder groups. We show that although the AWG 2016 event is seemingly a contranational sports competition in the Olympic modality, and thus a vehicle for traditional national identity manifestations, it also caters to other collective identity constructions. In our analysis, we present and discuss four collective identity manifestations at the AWG 2016: "panarctic," "contranational/regional," Indigenous, and "autocommunicating" national identity. Our study suggests that the AWG event not only reproduces existing national identities or the singular panarctic identity that organizers actively promote, but works as a catalyst for the manifestation of other identity positions also. In practice, competition at this sporting event extends to identity discourses competing for hegemony, but the games also create spaces for identity negotiation and willful identity entanglement.

While many studies have identified the important aspects on the ship to cruisers, none has evaluated these attributes to determine cruisers’ willingness to pay for each attribute. This paper is the first to use a choice experiment to unbundle the overarching cruise price to explore the preferences of cruisers. The absence of a status quo effect suggests that cruise passengers are novelty lovers who welcome innovative offerings apart from those who cruise specifically to “get away”. Overall, males, Gen X-ers and first timers were willing to pay the most for a cabin with a view while the desire to be pampered influenced preferences for cabin comfort and shore excursion choice. Concern over value for money explained whether a respondent would be more prone to choosing the new options presented instead of remaining with the status quo.

Using a panel of 13 tourism-intensive economies for the period 1995–2012, this paper shows that rising growth in tourism which is proxied by tourism receipts to GDP ratio has an impact on poverty conditional on the poverty measure used. Using a panel Vector Autoregression method, there is little evidence to suggest that growth in tourism reduces headcount poverty. However, the poverty gap measure shows that the amount of money needed to help the poor out of poverty is significantly reduced. Based on different types of Gini coefficient, the results fail to find an improvement in income inequality resulting from tourism growth. Alternative measures such as relative poverty and poverty gap may be considered to better assess the impact of tourism on the poor.

Unlike previous studies which often focus on trade liberalisation, this paper examines the impact of protectionism in the form of import tariffs and mineral export taxes on rural and urban poverty and income inequality for the first time. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model on Indonesia, mineral export taxes were found to adversely affect urban and rural poverty but income inequality hardly changed as the decline in income in the higher income group is not significantly different to the decline in low income groups. However, if smelters for mineral ore are developed, then there is not only a fall in poverty, more so for the rural than urban, but there is some decline in income inequality. On the other hand, although the current imposed import tariffs do not affect poverty or income inequality, any further increases from the current low average MFN applied rates, will see a rise in rural and urban poverty and income inequality. By and large, any small improvements in the trade balance brought upon by the mineral tax and import tariffs are more than outweighed by the substantial decline in real household consumption expenditure due to falls in employment and wages, thereby leading to a fall in GDP growth.

Using recent nationwide panel data, an analysis considering the factors that influence the choice of Aboriginal tourism was undertaken. Although international visit numbers were larger than domestic, the former and not the latter is found to be on a decline over time. Gender does not influence domestic visits but females among international visitors are more likely to participate in Aboriginal tourism. Evidence also shows that international marketing strategies aimed at first-time visitors and adult couples, while domestic marketing efforts towards the friends and relatives travel group are likely to work. Blending Aboriginal tourism with attractions in the natural environment and wildlife for international tourists, and for domestic visitors, incorporating it in often visited regional areas can raise participation in this tourism form.

This article analyzes the factors influencing the intention to cruise again, comparing male and female cruisers as well as first-timers and repeat cruisers. A case study on Australian cruisers revealed the need for a targeted marketing approach and some similarities toward a more general advertising effort. Contrary to previous studies, brand loyalty to cruise line is found to be less important than cruise destination. However, men—unlike women—were influenced by a cruise recommended by others and interesting ports of calls, whereas women valued cruise experience over cruise destination. Among first-timers, women were more likely to cruise again; however, to attract repeat cruisers, there needs to be a deeper understanding of preferences underlying a good cruise experience.

This study examines some challenges and draws lessons for a new cultural city promoting an emerging festival. This was done by considering the valuation of the festival and its determinants by foreign tourists, domestic tourists, and potential attenders (a group often ignored in the literature). For a young festival, it was encouraging to find that the festival's social value to tourists, local attenders, and potential attenders exceeded the entry fee. Overall, the Biennale was more popular with younger people, and local attenders appreciated the educational dimension of the event. This augurs well for the future of this festival. However, for the festival's sustainability, it is important to strike a balance between catering to preferences of international and local attenders as well as avoid trying to achieve multiple objectives that may lead to a dilution in the focus and identity of the new festival.

Background Different types of chronic condition comorbidities can have dissimilar effects on the improvements or deterioration of mental health in older adults. This study aims to examine the impacts of different types of chronic conditions on inter-temporal trends of depressive symptoms. Methods Data on 11,457 adults from age 45 in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2015 were used to estimate the prevalence of comorbidities. We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of how depressive symptoms changed over time, then estimated the odds ratios of worsening or improved levels of depression by types of chronic conditions. Results Prevalence of depression differed by types of chronic condition comorbidities. Dyslipidemia, asthma, liver disease, kidney disease, stomach or other digestive disease, and arthritis or rheumatism were significant risk factors for worsening of depressive symptoms over time among people with low levels of depressive symptoms at baseline. Among people with higher levels of depression at baseline, arthritis, stroke, digestive, and memory-related diseases were risk factors for not improving. Limitations Findings are unlikely to be generalizable to subpopulations with severe levels of physical or mental disabilities as they are unlikely to be captured in the surveys. Conclusions Given these specific physical health conditions’ effects on mental health, clinicians can consider patients’ mental health in their repertoire with regards to particular diseases.

This study examines the value placed on museums by patrons and non-patrons and investigates the factors that affect this valuation with a view to boost visitorship. The total economic value of Singapore’s History Museum is at least US$57 million, and this is high relative to other countries, a fact which can be used to justify increased government funding towards museums as cultural capital. Females and high income people are the target groups for increased visitation, while among the non-patrons, the ethnic majority is another potential clientele. Somewhat surprising is the finding that neither patrons nor non-patrons see the museum as having significant tourist value, and contrary to prospect theory, there is a preference for enhancing the museum’s services over keeping the museum. These findings provide some direction for the management of the museum to improve its visitor appeal.

This article identifies temporal differences in the factors that influence a cruise passenger’s intention to cruise again in the short-, medium- and long-term. Using a sample of Australian cruisers, the reputation of a cruise line and indulging in interesting and different ship activities are found to be weakly influential, while satisfaction from past cruises and educational cruises are important factors in the choice to cruise again in the short-term. But variety in ports of call and cruise destinations, recent frequent past trips and recommended cruises influence cruising again in the medium-term. While first-time cruisers are not likely to cruise again in the short-term, neither are those looking for a sense of exoticism and adventure, and wanting to go to places not accessible by land. These findings have implications for the effective targeting of marketing and advertising, keeping in mind the time frame of the likely intentions to cruise again.

This article shows how the social worth of a regional festival can be measured for tourism purposes by including the valuation of the festival’s non-attendees, an aspect often ignored in the literature. The finding that the festival’s social worth was 1.46 times that of the economic impact provides practitioners with an important tool for consideration. In addition, evidence on the differences between visitors and potential future visitors sheds new light on regional festival marketing. The sense of well-being associated with attending the festival, the acknowledgement of the festival’s importance to the local community, and how it nurtures and supports new talent were also found to influence people’s valuation. These findings highlight the need for a policy rethink towards increased government funding to sustain regional festivals.

This study finds that an increase in Indonesia’s domestic and foreign tourism led to a reduction in poverty and an increase in income inequality in both rural and urban regions. The important finding that greater reductions in poverty were accompanied by greater increases in income inequality highlights the difficulty in addressing this trade-off from a tourism boost. Accompanying policies, such as investment to raise labour productivity in tourism-related sectors of hotels and restaurants, led to greater poverty reduction than a cash transfer policy. The cash transfer policy, on the other hand, reduced urban poverty but did not increase urban income inequality, unlike in the rural areas. Thus, there is no ‘one size fits all’ policy to address poverty and income inequality in rural and urban areas, and whether or not policies need to be targeted differently for touristic and non-touristic urban/rural regions is an area for future research.

This article highlights the impacts on poverty, income inequality, and the macroeconomic and sectoral output resulting from increases in the value-added tax and sales tax on hotels and restaurants using Indonesia as a case study. While taxing tourism-related sectors was ineffective in reducing poverty and income inequality, using tax revenue from the value-added tax as a cash transfer policy was effective and more so in rural Indonesia. Tax revenue used for infrastructural development was however limited in its impact on poverty and income distribution. Overall, the negative effects of taxation on various industries and the contraction of GDP and employment in the economy need to be mitigated. This can be done with an appropriate policy mix for the use of tax revenue between cash transfers and expenditure in education and health, with the view to address potential resource misallocation and output contraction in other industries.

In this paper, we draw on established theoretical work to analyze empirically which segments of the population in the target states bear the most cost when economic sanctions are imposed. Using a cross-country analysis of 68 target states from 1960 to 2008, we find robust empirical evidence that the imposition of sanctions have a deleterious effect on income inequality. Focusing on various sanction instruments, financial and trade sanctions were found to have different impacts on income inequality. Lastly, the adverse effect of the sanctions was more severe on income inequality when sanctions span longer duration. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper analyses the intergenerational earnings mobility in Australia for all combinations of mothers, fathers, sons and daughters. We find that mobility is highest between parents and children of the opposite sex. Daughters are more mobile than sons with respect to fathers' earnings, but there is no statistical difference between the sexes' mobility with respect to mothers' earnings. We also consider how differing levels of mobility between the sexes may be related to the education level of the children. It was found that the father–son elasticity increases with son's education level and that the difference between son–father and daughter–father mobility may be associated with the higher levels of education obtained by females from less affluent backgrounds.

This study on Indonesia decomposes poverty gap using the equally distributed equivalent method and by tracking the poverty status of the same households over four time periods. Empirical evidence shows that unlike all previous studies on Indonesia, chronic poverty was far more prevalent than transient poverty over time. This was robust for developed and less developed provinces, Islamic and non-Islamic groups, and for various education levels of the household head. In addition, it was found that narrowing the cost of inequality in the poverty gap between households holds the key to reducing chronic poverty. This calls for a rethink of the poverty alleviation programs in place for a more targeted focus.

Unlike previous studies’ finding on western and developed economies, income is a significant determinant of multidimensional deprivation in Vietnam. This first study on a developing country also incorporates food security in a latent class framework to compute a new multidimensional deprivation index. It was found that chronic poverty and not transient poverty has a detrimental effect on multidimensional deprivation and thus current poverty alleviation programs should potentially be tailored according to these poverty types to effectively combat multidimensional deprivation. The finding that 20% of non-poor are most deprived with 85% of this group living in urban Vietnam also points to the need for a new form of targeted policy.