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The recent advancement in cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) paradigms, paves a way to support the patients through remote monitoring and they can enjoy their health services at home. The medical professional (MP) needs to analyze IoT health data or Electronic Health Records (EHR) from a cloud server using their authorized login credentials. However, the Cloud-IoT network is vulnerable to many malicious attacks, it is necessary to make strong user authentication. Therefore, strong user authentication is a prerequisite for a successful global deployment of centralized healthcare systems. In this paper, we present a secure, efficient authentication protocol to allow MPs to access patient data through a Cloud IoT network. The proposed protocol contains Light Weight Self-Adaptive Honey Encryption (LWSHE) for securing the Internet of Things (IoT) medical data in a cloud server. The traditional Honey encryption algorithm has a message space limitation problem which is overcome through a discrete distribution function in Distribution Transforming Encoder (DTE) which maps the plain text strings into the seed strings. In the honey encryption algorithm, our proposed honeyword generation method can eliminate storage overhead and typo safety problems. Based on the result of the security and performance comparison analysis, the proposed protocol does not only prevents the vulnerable attacks from being performed but also achieves more complex security operations and efficient user authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, robust and QC (quality control) friendly high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four active pharmaceutical ingredient [namely fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin, and praziquantel] and their key degradation products in a broad-spectrum topical finished product. Typical sample of the finished product contains a total of 30-plus peaks of interest. Analytes were separated on a HALO C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 µm particle size) with a gradient elution at 50 °C column temperature and 0.6 mL/min flow rate. Detection wavelength of 245 nm is used for praziquantel, eprinomectin and their degradation products, 265 nm for (S)-methoprene and its degradation products and 280 nm for fipronil and its degradation products and for the antioxidant, BHT. Mobile phase of the method is composed of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer and 1,4- Dioxane (98/2, v/v, pH 5.0) as mobile phase-A, and EtOH/MeOH/MeCN/IPA (86/4/6/4, v/v/v/v) as mobile phase-B. All analytes of interest were adequately separated by this single HPLC method. The stability-indicating capability of the method has been demonstrated by successfully separating the degradation products in the stressed degraded samples of the finished product. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of the method is 0.3% and 0.1% of target analytical concentration for each individual API in the finished product. This method has been demonstrated to be sensitive, robust, specific, accurate and stability-indicating for analysis of the topical drug product containing praziquantel, fipronil, eprinomectin and (S)-methoprene. • First HPLC method for simultaneous determination of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin, praziquantel and impurities. • This method can adequately separate 70-plus peaks in forced degraded samples, indicating very high selectivity. • Each chromatographic parameter was methodically optimized to separate large number of peaks in a shortest run time. • A single HPLC method can determine four APIs and degradants in a single run, enhancing laboratory throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyoma's (Fibroids) are most common benign tumours of uterus, also seen arising from genitourinary tract and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscles. The leiomyomas are classified based on their location and direction of growth. Paraurethral Leiomyoma is one of the extremely rare conditions. This is a case of a 37-year-old parous woman presented with complaints of swelling in perineal region associated with dragging pain and dyspareunia. Examination revealed 4 X 5 cm paraurethral swelling (mass) in the anterolateral wall of the vagina, protruding through anterior vaginal wall, suspecting Gartner's cyst. MRI showed 4.8 X 4.7 X 3.7 cm well defined mass, within left anterolateral aspect of lower vagina with increased vascularity. Cystoscopy was done which showed normal urethra with mass pushing at bladder trigone and no communication with bladder mucosa, urethra or vagina noted. The mass was excised after evaluation with no complications on follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the change in the bone mineral density (BMD) score, bone-specific biomarkers (serum vitamin D3, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b [TRAP-5b], and osteocalcin), quality of life, Ayurvedic symptoms (Asthikshaya Lakshanas), and fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) scores following treatment with Panchatikta Ghrita (PG), a classical herbal formulation as add-on therapy to calcium and vitamin D3 supplements. Study design: Randomized, open-labeled, comparative, controlled clinical study. Location: TN Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai, India. Study participants: Eighty adult patients, aged between 40 and 75 years, diagnosed to have osteopenia (BMD T-score between −1 and −2.5 in at least two of the three joints tested—lumbar spine L1–L4, left femur-neck, left forearm-radius total). Study intervention: Treatment group received two tablespoons of PG (10 mL in lukewarm milk) along with calcium and vitamin D3 supplements twice a day, whereas control group received only calcium and vitamin D3 supplements twice a day for a period of 12 months. Outcome measures: BMD, bone-specific biomarkers (vitamin D3, TRAP-5b, and osteocalcin), quality of life, Ayurvedic symptoms, and FRAX scores were evaluated before and at 6 and 12 months. Results: Eighty patients were enrolled; of which, 65 patients completed the study while 15 patients dropped out. Improvement in the BMD scores was observed at 6 and 12 months with the maximum benefit in the lumbar spine region. Significant improvement in the bone-specific biomarkers, namely serum vitamin D3 (p < 0.001), osteocalcin (p < 0.001), and TRAP-5b (p < 0.05), was observed in the PG-treated group compared with the standard treatment group. Improvement in the quality of life, Ayurvedic symptoms scores, and risk reduction in FRAX scores of major osteoporotic fracture risk and hip fracture risk was greater with PG, although not statistically significant. Conclusions: The study findings demonstrate that PG slows down the bone degeneration processes by its stabilizing effect on the bone-specific biomarkers, indicating its potential usefulness as preventive therapy in osteopenia. The positive improvement noted in this study needs to be confirmed in studies with a larger sample size and longer duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Fructose feeding caused significant body weight gain and fatty liver in rats. • Plumbagin caused a significant reduction in body weight gain in fructose-fed rats. • Plumbagin improved insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased fecal cholesterol. • Plumbagin reduced the liver weight, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. • Plumbagin improved the histopathology of the adipose tissue and liver. Abstract Background Chronic consumption of fructose causes obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Currently available therapies have limitations; hence there is a need to screen new molecules. Plumbagin is a naphthoquinone present in the roots of Plumbago species which has hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities. Methods Rats were divided into five groups: normal control, disease control, orlistat, plumbagin (0.5 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg body weight). The normal control group received standard diet and drinking water while the remaining groups received fructose in drinking water alongwith the standard diet for 16 weeks. Orlistat and plumbagin were administered orally from the 9th week-16th week. The body weight, calorie intake and weights of visceral adipose tissue and liver were determined. Blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile and liver function tests were determined. Antioxidant and inflammatory parameters, lipids and collagen were determined in the liver. Gene expression of SREBP-1c and PPAR-α were determined in the liver. The histopathology of the adipose tissue and liver were also studied. Results Fructose feeding resulted in a significant increase in the body weight gain, calorie intake, visceral fat, liver weight, blood glucose and insulin and caused dyslipidemia which was mitigated by plumbagin. Plumbagin exerted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in the liver and reduced the hepatic lipids. Plumbagin reduced the gene expression of SREBP-1c and increased that of PPAR-α. Plumbagin reduced the hypertrophy of adipocytes and ameliorated the degenerative changes in the liver. Conclusion Plumbagin thus seems to be a promising molecule for the management of obesity and NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation is aimed to develop and validate a high-performance thin layer chromatography method for quantitative determination of serum zonisamide levels. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a silica gel 60F254 plate using a mixture of ethyl acetate:methanol:toluene (4:1:5) as the mobile phase. Densitometric detection was carried out at 254 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision, selectivity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and accuracy. Linear calibration curves in the range of 5 to 80 µg/band gave a correlation coefficient of 0.991. The intra-day (n=6) and inter-day (n=18) precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation were in the range of 2.83 to 3.27 % and from 2.09 to 4.39 %. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 1.07 and 3.15 µg/band, respectively. Accuracy was calculated as percent recovery and was found to be 97.52 and 115.23 %. Theophylline was used as an internal standard, which gave a well separated peak at Rf 0.36 without interfering with zonisamide. The method was found to be specific with no matrix interference. Thus, the method developed for the estimation of serum zonisamide level is simple, cost-effective and reliable for therapeutic drug monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiment was conducted during Rabi season, 2013-14 to the study the effect of crop establishment techniques and crop geometries on yield and economics of rice-vegetable cowpea cropping system. Experiment was laid out in strip plot design and treatments were replicated thrice. The sixteen treatment combination consisted of four establishment techniques viz., puddled transplanting (E1), puddled direct seeding (E2), unpuddled transplanting (E3), unpuddled direct seeding (E4) and four crop geometries such as 30 x 20 cm (S1), 20 x 10 cm (S1), 25 x 25 cm (S3) and 30 x 30 cm (S4). Among the different treatment combinations, square planting of 25 x 25 cm adopted in puddled condition gave higher grain yield of 6963 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 9299 kg ha-1. In case of succeeding vegetable cowpea, higher yield of 8780 kg ha-1 and halum yield (13926 kg ha-1) was obtained in the combination of 30 x 30 cm under unpuddled direct seeded method. Similarly, higher gross return, net return, B:C ratio and lower production cost recorded under same combination. Puddling practice was conducive for rice, unpuddled soil was found to be optimum for succeeding deep rooted crops like vegetable cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obstetric emergencies faced in India are much different from those faced by the western world. Out of them, Abruption leading to hemorrhagic shock is a major obstetric emergency, which requires adequate management to avoid catastrophic events including maternal death. Aim: To assess the various modalities of treatment for abruption and its outcome, to assess maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with abruption, to determine the association and influence of various maternal factors on the outcome of pregnancy. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at GMH, Nayapool which serves as a tertiary referral Center having approximately 18000-24000 deliveries per annum. The study was conducted during June, 2006 to July-2007. During this period there were 18950 deliveries. Out of this 296 cases were selected. Results: Out of 18,000 deliveries, 1.64% (n-296) of the patients were complicated by abruption. The mean maternal age was 22-25 years with maximum incidence in both extremes of age. (20-25 years-64.80%, 31-35 years-28.37%). Multiparous women (83.10%) were more affected compared to primigravida (16.89%). A staggering 89.86% or women had no antenatal care and 91.21% of patients belonged to low socio-economic status. 41.21% of women were in 28-32wks of gestation and 35.81% were in 32-36 weeks. Bleeding per vaginum was the presenting complaint in 89% of patients. 66.22% of patients came with IUD. Maternal complications were frequent. There were 6 maternal deaths, 4 due to hypovolemic shock, 1 due to DIC, 1 due to status Eclampticus. Duration of time between onset of bleeding and seeking medical advice was significant. 2 patients developed PPH. The average induction-delivery interval was 5.2hrs, 82.43% of patients had vaginal delivery and Cesarean section was done in 17.56% of patients. 62.5% of patients received blood transfusion and 55.74% of patients were given FFP's Maternal mortality rate was 2.36% Perinatal Mortality was 61%. Out of these 66.21% of the patients came with IUD, 7.43% had early neonatal deaths, 7.42% had stillbirths. Conclusion: The possibility of abruptio placentae should be considered by the clinician when managing pregnant women with any of those characteristics. Abruptio placentae should be managed in centers where there is advanced maternal and neonatal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2013-14 to the study the effect of crop establishment techniques and crop geometries on growth attributes, water productivity and yield of rice-vegetable cowpea cropping system. Experiment was laid out in strip plot design and treatments were replicated thrice. The sixteen treatment combinations consisted of four establishment techniques viz., puddled transplanting (E1), puddled direct seeding (E2), unpuddled transplanting (E3), unpuddled direct seeding (E4) and four crop geometries such as 30 cm × 20 cm (S1), 20 cm × 10 cm (S1), 25 cm × 25 cm (S3) and 30 cm × 30 cm (S4). Among the different treatment combinations, square planting of 25 cm × 25 cm was adopted in puddled condition resulted in higher grain yield of 6963 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 9299 kg ha-1. Higher number of tillers m-2 (416.4), productive tillers m-2 (389.4), days to 50% panicle initiation (76), effective tiller percentage (96.6) and filled grains panicle-1 (275.1) were registered in same treatment combination. However, higher water productivity of 4.56 kg ha mm-1, establishment index (0.98) and root shoot ratio (0.45) were obtained in unpuddled direct seeding with 30 cm × 30 cm spacing. In case of succeeding vegetable cowpea, higher yield of 8780 kg ha-1, harvest index (0.57), water productivity (14.16 kg ha mm-1), emergence index (0.97) and days to 50% flowering (45.7) were recorded in 30 cm × 30 cm spacing under unpuddled direct seeded condition. Puddling practice was conducive for rice, unpuddled soil found to be optimum for succeeding deep rooted crops like vegetable cowpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moringa tree Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree cultivated across the lowland dry tropics worldwide for its nutritious leaves. Despite its nutritious reputation, there has been no systematic survey of the variation in leaf nutritional quality across M. oleifera grown worldwide, or of the other species of the genus. To guide informed use of moringa, we surveyed protein, macro-, and micro- nutrients across 67 common garden samples of 12 Moringa taxa, including 23 samples of M. oleifera. Moringa oleifera, M. concanensis, M. stenopetala, an M. concanensis X oleifera hybrid, and M. longituba were highest in protein, with M. ruspoliana having the highest calcium levels. A protein-dry leaf mass tradeoff may preclude certain breeding possibilities, e.g. maximally high protein with large leaflets. These findings identify clear priorities and limitations for improved moringa varieties with traits such as high protein, calcium, or ease of preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclined magnetic field effect on the boundary layer flow of a Casson model non-Newtonian fluid over a stretching sheet in the existence of thermal radiation and velocity slip boundary condition is investigated for both prescribed surface temperature and power law of surface heat flux cases. It is assumed that the magnetic field is applied with an aligned angle which varied from 0° to 90°. Both analytical and numerical solutions are obtained for the transformed non-dimensional ODE's using confluent hypergeometric function and fourth order Runge–Kutta method with shooting technique respectively. The combined effects of inclined magnetic field with other pertinent parameters such as Casson parameter, velocity slip parameter, radiation parameter and Prandtl number on velocity profile, temperature profile, local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and non-dimensional wall temperature are discussed through graphs. It is found that the aligned angle plays a vital role in controlling the magnetic field strength on the Casson fluid flow region and the increasing values of aligned angle of the magnetic field lead to decrease the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number and increase the non-dimensional wall temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled release drug products are often formulated to permit the establishment and maintenance of drug concentration at target site for longer interval of time. One such technique of drug targeting is 'niosome'. In order to minimize the problems associated with niosome physical stability such as aggregation, fusion and leaking and to provide additional convenience in transportation, distribution, storage and dosing etc. a dry product can be prepared from niosome called proniosome. In all comparisons, proniosomes are as good as or better than conventional niosome. Because proniosome are a dry powder, further processing is possible. To provide convenient unit dosing, the proniosome powder may be processed to make beads, tablets or capsules. The hydration of proniosome powder is much easier than the long shaking process required hydrating surfactant in the conventional dry film, method Proniosome derived niosome suspension to be as good or better than conventional niosome preparation; and may be an appropriate preparation to use as a hydrophilic drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop an experimental model of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance (IR), markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) using high fat and high sugar (HFHS) diet and to evaluate the efficacy of the model using atorvastatin, a known antihyperlipidemic drug, pioglitazone, a known insulin sensitizer, and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc), an antidiabetic plant. Materials and Methods: Following Institutional Animal Ethics Committee permission, the study was conducted in male Wistar rats (200-270 g). The model was developed using a high fat (vanaspati ghee: coconut oil, 3:1) oral diet along with 25% fructose (high sugar) added in drinking water over a period of 6 weeks. Atorvastatin (2.1 mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (2.7 mg/kg/day) and Tc (200 mg/kg/day) were administered 3 weeks after initiation of HFHS diet and continued for another 3 weeks. Parameters assessed were weight, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and gastric emptying. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were assessed as markers of oxidative stress. Results: Administration of HFHS diet demonstrated a significant increase in blood glucose, insulin, total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Treatment with test drugs decreased blood sugar, insulin, lipid parameters, increased gastric emptying rate, decreased MDA levels, and catalase activity when compared to HFHS diet group, confirming the efficacy of the model. Atherogenic index of all the test drugs (0.48, 0.57, and 0.53) was significantly lower as compared to HFHS diet group (1.107). Conclusion: This study confirms the development of a diet based cost-effective and time efficient experimental model, which can be used to study two important markers of cardiovascular disease that is, hyperlipidemia and IR and to explore the efficacy of new molecules in CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Measurement of glucose uptake into peripheral tissue is an important mechanim to assess Insulin sensitivity. The present in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the Insulin sensitizing activity of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe), Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Curcuma longa (Cl) by assessing glucose uptake activity in a 3T3L1 adipocyte model. Materials and Methods: The 3T3 L1 fibroblast cells were differentiated to adipocytes, using a cocktail of insulin, isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and dexamethazone. These adipocytes were initially treated with different concentrations of the selected plants following which 2-deoxy glucose uptake was estimated using a radioactive assay. The effects of plants on glucose uptake both in the presence and absence of insulin was evaluated and compared with pioglitazone, a known insulin sensitizer. Results: Pe and Tc per se significantly stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner with maximal effect at higher concentrations (200mg/ ml). The effect of both Pe and Tc at 200mg/ml was comparable to insulin and greater than pioglitazone. Cl per se stimulated glucose uptake with maximal effect at 50mg/ ml. However, this effect was lesser as compared to insulin with higher concentrations inhibiting glucose uptake. When combined with insulin, an antagonist effect was observed between Pe, Tc and insulin indicating a possible plant-drug interaction while Cl in combination with insulin showed an increase in the glucose uptake as compared to Cl alone. Conclusion: The results suggest that one of the mechanisms for the anti-diabetic effect of Pe, Cl and Tc may be through an insulin sensitizing effect (stimulation of glucose uptake into adipocytes). Further studies using other target sites viz. skeletal muscle and hepatocytes models and in an insulin resistant state would help substantiate this conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Compare the clinical and cost‐effectiveness of an established face to face (F2F) structured education program to a new remote (VIRTUAL) program teaching dynamic glucose management (DynamicGM) to children and young people with type 1 diabetes (CYPD) using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). To ascertain the most effective DynamicGM strategies predicting time in range (TIR) (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) and incorporating these into a user‐friendly teaching aid. Design and methods: Effectiveness of the F2F and VIRTUAL programs were ascertained by comparing the mean change (Δ) from baseline to 6 months in HbA1c, TIR and severe hypoglycemia. Delivery cost for the two programs were evaluated. Factors predicting TIR in the combined cohort were determined and incorporated into a user‐friendly infographic. Results: First 50 graduates per group were evaluated. The mean difference in Δ HbA1c, Δ TIR and Δ episodes of severe hypoglycemia between VIRTUAL and F2F groups were 1.16 (p = 0.47), 0.76 (p = 0.78) and −0.06 (p = 0.61) respectively. Delivery cost per 50 CYPD for VIRTUAL and F2F were $5752 and $7020, respectively. The strongest predictors of TIR (n = 100) were short bursts of exercise (10–40 min) to lower hyperglycemia (p < 0.001), using trend arrow adjustment tools (p < 0.001) and adjusting pre‐meal bolus timing based on trend arrows (p < 0.01). These strategies were translated into a GAME (Stop highs), SET (Stay in target), MATCH (Prevent lows) mnemonic. Conclusion: Teaching DynamicGM VIRTUALLY is just as effective as F2F delivery and cost saving. Short bursts of exercise and using CGM trend arrows to adjust insulin dose and timing improves TIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The micronutrients iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) are essential for plants and the humans and animals that consume plants. Increasing the micronutrient density of staple crops, or biofortification, will greatly improve human nutrition on a global scale. This review discusses the processes and genes needed to translocate micronutrients through the plant to the developing seeds, and potential strategies for developing biofortified crops. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Laccases are blue copper oxidases (E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) that catalyze the one-electron oxidation of phenolics, aromatic amines, and other electron-rich substrates with the concomitant reduction of O2 to H2O. They are currently seen as highly interesting industrial enzymes because of their broad substrate specificity. A positive strain was isolated and characterized as nonspore forming Basidiomycetes Pleurotus sp. Laccase activity was determined using ABTS as substrate. Laccase was purified by ionexchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified laccase was a monomer showed a molecular mass of 40 ± 1 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE and a 72-fold purification with a 22% yield. The optimal pH and temperature were 4.5 and 65°C, respectively. The Km and Vmax values are 250 (mM) and 0.33 (μmol/min), respectively, for ABTS as substrate. Metal ions like CuSO4, BaCl2, MgCl2, FeCl2, ZnCl2 have no effect on purified laccase whereas HgCl2 and MnCl2 moderately decrease enzyme activity. SDS and sodium azide inhibited enzyme activity, whereas Urea, PCMB, DTT, and mercaptoethanol have no effect on enzyme activity. The isolated laccase can be used in development of biosensor for detecting the phenolic compounds from the effluents of paper industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the amount of bioavailable micronutrients such as iron and zinc in plant foods for human consumption is an international goal, intended especially for developing countries where micronutrient deficiencies are an ongoing health risk. Legume seeds have the potential to provide the essential nutrients required by humans, but concentrations of several minerals are low when compared to other foods. In order to increase seed mineral concentrations, it is important to understand the genes and processes involved in mineral distribution within the plant. The main objectives of this study were to use a Medicago truncatula recombinant inbred population (Jemalong-6 × DZA 315.16) to determine loci governing seed mineral concentrations, seed mineral content, and average seed weight, and to use these loci to propose candidate genes whose expression might contribute to these traits. Ninety-three lines in 2004 and 169 lines in 2006 were grown for seed harvest and subsequent analysis of seed Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn concentrations and content. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) cartographer was used to identify QTL using composite interval mapping (CIM). CIM identified 46 QTL for seed mineral concentration, 26 for seed mineral content, and 3 for average seed weight. At least one QTL was detected for each mineral trait, and colocation of QTL for several minerals was found in both years. Results comparing seed weight with seed mineral concentration and content QTL demonstrate that seed size can be an important determinant of seed mineral concentration. The identification, in this model legume, of transgressive segregation for nearly all the minerals suggests that allelic recombination of relevant mineral-related genes in agronomic legumes could be a successful strategy to increase seed mineral concentrations above current levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are little data regarding the frequency of different foods that cause hypersensitivity in the UK. Furthermore, there are no data regarding food hypersensitivity related to ethnic variations. This prospective study involved 76 children with IgE-mediated food allergy presenting consecutively over 18 months to a Paediatric Allergy Clinic serving a well-defined population that is 21% non-Caucasian. A total of 52.6% of the paediatric allergy clinic population was non-Caucasian compared with 35.9% in General Paediatric Clinics giving a mean difference in percentage of 16.7 (5.6, 27.8), p < 0.01. The average number of food allergens per child in the non-Caucasian group was 2.05 vs. 1.22 in the Caucasian group, mean difference 0.83, which is significant ( t = 4.15, d.f. = 74, p < 0.01). Analysis of other allergic conditions revealed no significant increase in the non-Caucasian group. The mean age of first reaction to any food was 2.6 yr (range 0.3–12 yr) in Caucasian, and 1.7 yr (range 0.3–8 yr) in non-Caucasian, children (p < 0.05). There were 125 reactions in the study population, with egg, peanut, tree nut, cow milk and cod being the commonest food allergens. Some novel foods, such as kiwi, lentil and sesame, were also represented in the top 10 food allergies, particularly in the non-Caucasian population. Ethnic minorities are over-represented in terms of the number of children with food allergy and number of food allergies per child, present at an earlier age with food allergy, and possibly have a greater variety of food allergies compared with Caucasians. This is important in terms of health education. Our findings need confirmation by a more detailed population based study, ideally using food challenges in addition to history and skin prick testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of excess Cd in the seeds of cereal and other crops compromises their commercial value and presents a potential risk to human health. Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] is a moderate accumulator of heavy metals such as Cd and Zn, and the seeds are consumed throughout the world, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. The study here examined the transport of Cd into Indian mustard plants and to seeds as a function of external Cd and the stage of the life cycle (vegetative growth, flowering and seed set) to identify critical developmental windows where transport from roots to seeds was the greatest. Plants were also treated simultaneously with Zn to determine if Zn fertilization mitigated the transport of Cd to seeds. Plants treated with Cd during the seed set accumulated the highest concentrations of Cd, exceeding 8 mg kg−1 dry weight in some instances. Cadmium accumulated during vegetative growth was not highly redistributed to seeds. No effects of Zn were observed with regard to Cd redistribution to seeds. This may be because of the relatively small Zn : Cd ratios tested. However, the results suggest that if Zn fertilization is to be used to reduce the Cd accumulation in seeds of this species, that plants should be treated during the seed set stage. As the seeds of Indian mustard consistently accumulated Cd to concentrations that exceed acceptable limits for food crops, additional study of Cd redistribution in this species is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A physical understanding of both intrinsic and extrinsic noise mechanisms in a MOSFET is developed. Intrinsic noise mechanisms fundamental to device operation include channel thermal noise, induced gate noise, and induced substrate noise. While the effect of channel thermal noise is observable at zero drain-to-source voltage, the induced gate and substrate noise do not manifest themselves under these conditions. However, the attendant fluctuations in the channel charge are observable by the passage of electric current through the device. Extrinsic noise mechanisms manifested due to structural evolution of the MOSFET include the distributed gate resistance noise, distributed substrate resistance noise, bulk charge effects, substrate current supershot noise, gate current noise, excess channel noise, and 1/ƒ noise. Where available, compact noise models covering these noise mechanisms are explained. Also, where possible, methods of suppression of these mechanisms are highlighted. A survey of current public domain MOS models is presented, and a lack of comprehensive coverage of noise models is noted. Open areas of MOSFET noise research in the sub-hundred-nanometer regime are also highlighted. With suitable adaptation, noise concepts elucidated in the context of MOS transistors have a much wider applicability to the operation of HEMTs, JFETs, MESFETs, and other field-effect devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved model to predict sensitivity of p-i-n lightwave receivers using CMOS technology is proposed. This model incorporates the latest understanding of excess channel noise observed in nanoscale MOSFETs. For the case of an ideal channel filter, the results are presented in an analytical closed form. For nonideal channels, the concept of higher order Personick integrals is introduced. Up to 10 Gb/s, the results predicted by the above model closely mimic the existing CMOS data published over the last 20 years. Above 10 Gb/s, due to lack of CMOS data, projections are evaluated against the nonsilicon technologies. The predictions compare very favorably with the measured system performance using high electron mobility transistors and heterojunction bipolar transistors. The findings thus indicate that CMOS should claim its status as the low-cost high-performance highly integrated technology of choice for lightwave applications beyond 10 Gb/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can cause severe health issues if ingested. Certain varieties of rice can accumulate high levels of the metal in edible tissues thereby transferring the toxin into the food chain. As chemical analogs, interactions between the essential mineral zinc and the toxic heavy metal cadmium play an important role in regulating the transport of both minerals to rice grains. Understanding these interactions is crucial for limiting cadmium and increasing zinc transfer to the food chain. Previous studies have reported conflicting results suggesting synergistic and antagonistic relationships between the minerals. The goal of this work was to identify the effect of external cadmium and zinc on the uptake and translocation of both minerals from roots to grains of rice that differ in grain cadmium concentrations. The results showed that a higher input of external zinc increased cadmium translocation and accumulation to the grain in two of three varieties, while external cadmium does not influence zinc accumulation. Cadmium synergy and antagonism with other essential minerals were also examined and the effects differed between rice lines. Our results showed that the differential expression of the transport proteins OsNramp5, OsHMA2, and OsHMA3 as well as genes involved in the synthesis of glutathione and phytochelatin could have contributed to differences in grain Cd accumulation. These results add to the knowledge of cadmium and zinc partitioning in one of the most consumed plant foods in the world and can assist fortification efforts to establish rice lines that are both safe and nutritious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in GLA gene resulting in lack of or faulty α-galactosidase A (α-GalA) enzyme. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human α-GalA enzyme (agalsidase) is the standard treatment option for FD. Infusion-related reactions (IRRs), with symptoms ranging from rigors, to fever, pain, vomiting, angioedema and diarrhea, are often seen due to immune response against the exogenous enzyme. To elucidate the mechanisms causing the IRRs in FD, eight patients who developed IRRs were investigated. All, except one, tested negative for agalsidase-specific IgE and had normal tryptase levels. Circulating dendritic cells were drastically reduced during IRRs, suggesting possible sequestration to the sites of inflammation. An increase in NK cells and a decrease in T cells were also observed. Cytokines IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-α showed a significant increase, indicating nonspecific degranulation of mast cells. All IRRs were managed successfully using a combination of standard premedications and mast cell stabilizers without any interruption of therapy. Taken together, the results indicate crosstalk between immune cells resulting in IgE-independent mast-cell-specific allergic inflammation. Mast cell stabilizers could be used to control IRRs and for safe reintroduction of agalsidase in patients previously treated with ERT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the GBA gene, leading to deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Among all the symptoms across various organ systems, bone disease is a major concern as it causes high morbidity and reduces quality of life. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the most accepted treatment; however, there are still unmet needs. As an alternative, substrate reduction therapy (SRT) was developed using glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors. In the current study, the effects of ERT vs. SRT were compared, particularly the immunological and bone remodeling aspects. GD subjects were divided into three cohorts based on their treatment at initial visit: ERT, SRT, and untreated (UT). Immunophenotyping showed no significant immune cell alterations between the cohorts. Expression of RANK/RANKL/Osteoprotegerin pathway components on immune cells and the secreted markers of bone turnover were analyzed. In the ERT cohort, no significant changes were observed in RANK, RANKL or serum biomarkers. RANKL on T lymphocytes, Osteopontin and MIP-1β decreased with SRT treatment indicating probable reduction in osteoclast activity. Other secreted factors, Osteocalcin and RANKL/Osteoprotegerin did not change with the treatment status. Insights from the study highlight personalized differences between subjects and possible use of RANK pathway components as markers for bone disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability globally. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score is calculated to assess the risk outcome among myocardial infarction patients. Researchers found that diabetic patients with myocardial infarction have relatively unfavourable outcomes when compared to myocardial infarction patients without diabetes. Aim: To evaluate Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, the TIMI score in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) patients and compare them between ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and non STEMI (NSTEMI) patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Department of Cardiology at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India, from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 100 myocardial infarction patients were included and divided into two groups based on Electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and Creatine Phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) values, with 50 STEMI and 50 NSTEMI. Patients blood samples were evaluated for HbA1c, total cholesterol, Triglycerides (TGL), High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C), and CK-MB parameters. The TIMI score was calculated to evaluate the risk of developing complications among myocardial infarction patients. Pearson's correlation was used to correlate biochemical parameters with the TIMI score. Results: A total of 100 myocardial infarction patients were analysed in the present study, with 50 being STEMI (mean HbA1c%: 8.0±0.2.8) and 50 being NSTEMI (mean HbA1c%: 7.2±2.0) with a p-value of <0.01*, a high TIMI score in STEMI patients (means 5.38±2.76) and 50 NSTEMI (mean 3.24±1.20) with a p-value of <0.0001*. Also, HbA1c was strongly positively correlated with the TIMI score in both the STEMI and NSTEMI groups, with r-value of 0.6 (p=0.0001*) and 0.7 (p=0.0001*), respectively. CK-MB was correlated with the TIMI score in both STEMI and NSTEMI, with r-value of 0.308 (0.03) and 0.375 (0.007). There was no correlation between the TIMI score and the lipid profile. Conclusion: The study concluded that HbA1c, along with the TIMI score, is a significant predictor of risk outcome in AMI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the incidence of four Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) in a cohort of mostly urban-dwelling African Americans, compared to previous work primarily in Caucasians (and Ashkenazi Jews). LSDs are inherited genetic disorders that result in the functional absence or deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes resulting in a range of clinical symptoms manifesting in various organ systems. To highlight diagnostic challenges originating from ambiguous clinical manifestations, we initiated a large scale screening for 'treatable forms' of LSDs in 5000 patients seeking healthcare for various health concerns. Of these, 85% reported as African American, 10% Hispanic, and 5% Caucasian or other. Dried blood spots were prepared from peripheral blood samples and fluorometric enzyme assays performed for β-glucosidase (Gaucher disease), α-galactosidase (Fabry disease), α-glucosidase (Pompe disease), and β-galactosidase (MPS IV B) enzymes. On samples which showed significantly lower enzyme activities, molecular analysis was performed using targeted sequencing. After two rounds of screening, we confirmed undetectable activity for β-glucosidase in 1 subject α-galactosidase in 3 subjects β-galactosidase in 1 subject and α-glucosidase in 5 subjects. In addition, approximately 0.05-0.1% showed significantly reduced enzyme activity, likely indicating carrier status. These samples are being screened using Next-Gen Sequencing and preliminary results highlight higher incidence rates for abnormal enzyme levels and pathogenic mutations in the target population compared to previously published LSD screenings. The findings could be because the patient cohort was already under clinical care thus increasing the likelihood of a disease phenotype or due to ancestry-based genotype and phenotype variations. It is highly likely that variations in genomics and resultant biochemical cascades contribute to health and disease. The study highlights the importance of such large scale screenings in minority groups traditionally not associated with a high incidence of LSDs. The study is partially funded by Shire (IIR-USA-000892), Pfizer (WI194030) & NCATS/NIH (#UL1-TR001409). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Cells and cell proportions may indicate the equilibrium status of the immune system. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of cytokines and the immunocompetent cells as biomarkers of remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients intended to withdraw or reduce disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment. Methods: This prospective observational study involved newly diagnosed and treated RA patients who fulfilled 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. The patients were classified based on disease activity score (DAS)28-C-reactive protein (CRP)(3) score into remission (=2.6) and treatment-naïve/active (>2.6) groups. Remission patients were followed up for six months and were reclassified into those in sustained remission (=2.6) and relapse (>2.6) based on the DAS28-CRP(3) score. Various cytokines and cell surface markers were quantitated using whole blood samples, and the CD3+/CD19+ and FOXP3+/CD4+ ratios were calculated. The clinical, demographic, cytokine and cellular phenotype characteristics were compared between remission and treatment-naïve groups. The factors associated with sustained remission were verified. Results: Of the 72 patients, 52 were in remission and 20 were DMARD naïve and had active disease. Duration of illness, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 were significantly different between remission and treatment naïve/active disease patients. Increased likelihood for achieving sustained remission was noted in RA patients with baseline NLR =2. Other demographic/clinical variables and cell phenotypes, namely age, gender, duration of illness, CD3+, CD4+, FOXP3+, CD19+, CD3+/CD19+, FOXP3+/CD4+ and cytokines - IL-6 and IL-10 were not associated with sustained remission. Interpretation & conclusions: The present preliminary study highlighted the potential of NLR in predicting sustained remission in RA patients with a cut-off <2. Further study with a large sample size should be done to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports that all manuscripts submitted for publication in the "IEE Transactions on Electron Devices" must be accompanied with a page charge statement. This statement reflects the author's intentions of honoring the page charge if the submission is accepted for publication. The purpose of this note is to bring to your attention a trend that has emerged. The gap between authors/institutions that promise to honor the page charge and the subset that actually ends up honoring them is on the rise. While the page charge, as mentioned earlier, is not mandatory, from the budgetary perspective, it is imperative that your response accurately reflects your intentions.

Celebrates the anniversary of the invention of the bipolar transistor in the November 2001 issue of the 'IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices' journal. Background on the inventors at Bell Labs; Effect of the invention; Reasons for the title of the editorial.

Presents an article which deals with the development of `IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices' publication. Problems with the publication when the author became its editor-in-chief; Author's solutions to the publication's problems; Significant achievements of the publication.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent worldwide and its association with stress has become an emerging problem. A collection of linked physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic risk factors is known as the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). High stress level is found associated with vitamin D deficiency and features of metabolic syndrome symptoms. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, perceived stress, metabolic syndrome and hepatic steatosis among health science Undergraduate (UG) students and also to evaluate the association of vitamin D with percieved stress score, calcium, phosphorus, components of metabolic syndrome and indicators of liver steatosis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in SRM Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, India, from February 2022 to August 2022. A total of 80 health science UG students in the age group of 19-25 years were included. The parameters included Fasting plasma glucose, Triglycerides (TGL), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLC), Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT), phosphorus, calcium, and a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score scale. Data were statistically analysed using Pearson's correlation test and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the relationship of vitamin D with stress, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis. Results: In the present study, majority 56 (70%) had vitamin D deficiency, 23 (28.75%) had insufficiency and 1 (1.25%) had sufficiency. An estimated 6 (7.5%) of students experienced low stress, 63 (78.75%) experienced moderate stress and 11 (13.75%) experienced high perceived stress. Indicators of metabolic syndrome occurred in 13 (16.25%) of the population. Nearly 6 (7.5%) of the participants displayed manifestation of fatty liver. A negative association was found between vitamin D with stress score, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, Blood Pressure (BP), phosphorus, fasting plasma glucose, TGL, HDLC, GGT, Fatty Liver Index (FLI) score. Conclusion: In the present study, vitamin D deficiency was most prevalent (70%), followed by metabolic syndrome, high stress and hepatic steatosis. Vitamin D showed a negative correlation with stress score, BMI, waist circumference, BP, phosphorous, fasting plasma glucose, TGL, HDLC, GGT and FLI score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented related to treatment of ear keloid using pressure clip.

This article presents a preface from the publisher regarding the proper referencing of previous scholarship in the articles submitted to the journal.

The article presents a preface to the January 1, 2009 issue of "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices," discussing the journal's editorial policy of including statements of page-charges.

The author discusses the topic of page charges, which are assessed for articles which are overly long, and help to pay for the cost of publishing. It is noted that such charges are not mandatory for papers published in the "IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices" journal, and those who chose to pay them were on the wane as of 2008.

The author reflects on the concept of page charge system as part of the publication policy of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Electron Devices. He stresses that the scheme is a legitimate experiment investment and is part of any research and development proposal. Furthermore, he discusses the purpose of imposing the cost allocation which is to partly offset the cost of publishing.