Search

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) are widely used for studying the mechanisms of embryo development. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms especially in woody plants. Previous studies have revealed a SE system has been well-established for Cunninghamia lanceolata, but in a genotype-dependent manner which limits its application in practice. Here, we found that phytosulfokine (PSK), a plant peptide hormone, can not only increase SE efficiency, but also establish SE in those recalcitrant genotypes of C. lanceolata. PEM browning and determination of hydrogen peroxide (H

A direct, aerobic and visible light photocatalytic approach to synthesize 4-thiocyanated 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles via cross-coupling of pyrazolin-5-ones with ammonium thiocyanate is described.

Cunninghamia lanceolata (C. lanceolata) is an important timber tree species in southern China that requires gene function studies to understand its traits. In this study, we investigated the callus induction rates of immature zygotic embryos from reciprocal hybrids between genotypes B46 and B49. With zygotic embryo development, the callus induction rates showed an increasing trend, followed by a decreasing trend. Moreover, the rate of callus induction in genotype B46 × B49 immature zygotic embryos was greater than in genotype B49 × B46. Callus from C. lanceolata with genotype B46 × B49 was selected as the donor material for protoplast isolation. By using an enzymatic digestion solution containing cellulase, macerozyme, and pectinase, combined with an osmotic stabilizer, we obtained 9.76 × 106 protoplasts/mL with 92.7% viability. We subsequently transformed plasmids into C. lanceolata callus protoplasts and observed the location of the H2B-eYFP fusion protein in the nucleus. To achieve transient transfection of C. lanceolata callus protoplasts, we compared transfection efficiencies at different concentrations of PEG4000, PEG6000, or PEG8000 in a modified MMg solution. We found that 20% (w/v) PEG6000 mediated the transient transfection of C. lanceolata callus protoplasts with a 6.70% efficiency. This study provides a technical foundation for future research on transient transfection and functional analysis of C. lanceolata genes.

Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. (Chinese fir) is an important timber species that is widely cultivated in southern China. However, the shallow root system and weak drought resistance of Chinese fir are not enough to cope with high temperature and drought. In recent years, molecular biology has been used to modify plants to make them more resilient. Therefore, improving heat and drought resistance of Chinese fir by molecular biology technology is one of the best choices, whereas fewer genetic information resources for C. lanceolata limit more comprehensive molecular studies. In this study, single-molecule full-length transcriptome (SMRT) sequencing technology was used to obtain full-length transcriptome data on Chinese fir. A total of 21,331 transcripts were obtained via co-assembly, and 11,094 gene sets were obtained via further de-redundancy. In addition, gene function annotation and gene structure analysis were performed. We also used these data to identify nine heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) in Chinese fir, and heat stress transcriptome and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed expression changes in response to heat stress, indicating that these may play roles in heat resistance. These studies have enriched the genetic information resources of Chinese fir, which may be utilized for further species promotion, improvement, and application.

A novel and efficient visible-light-induced method is developed for the one-pot synthesis of functionalized 2-aminothiazoles from easily accessible active methylene ketone derivatives and different thioureas at room temperature. The mild reaction conditions, green chemistry, straightforward work-up, and high yields of the products make this procedure useful for the construction of 2-aminothiazole derivatives.

Background The side reactions of dehalogenation or C–N coupling tend to occur when halogenated aromatic amines are prepared by catalytic hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. In this paper, we prepared the sub-microspherical Fe3O4@PDA-Pd NPs catalyst apply it efficiently in the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds to prepare the halogenated aromatic amines under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst shows a high selectivity of greater than 96% and can effectively inhibit the occurrence of the side reactions of dehalogenation and C–N coupling. Results The optimum condition of the hydroreduction reaction is when tetrahydrofuran is used as solvent and the reaction happens at 50 °C for 5 h. The selectivity of the chlorinated aromatic amine and the fluorinated aromatic amine products exceed 99% and the yield exceeds 90%. Only a small amount of dehalogenated products and C–N coupling by-products were produced in the brominated aromatic compound and the iodinated aromatic compound. Conclusion We developed a promising method for preparing the superparamagnetic and strongly magnetic Fe3O4@PDA core–shell sub-microsphere-supported nano-palladium catalyst for catalyzing the hydrogenation reduction of halogenated aromatic nitro compounds. The halogenated aromatic amines were efficiently and highly selectively prepared under atmospheric pressure, with the side reactions of dehalogenation and C–N coupling effectively inhabited simultaneously.

Molecular communication is a novel inter-disciplinary communication methodology at the nanoscale, which uses chemical or biological molecules as the information carriers. For many prospective molecular communication applications, the clock synchronization is a major issue. However, the existing solutions use the molecule releasing time for the clock synchronization schemes but ignore the molecule synthesizing time, which is not practical. To overcome this issue, in this paper, we propose a reference broadcast synchronization scheme. One nanomachine sends a broadcast beacon and the other two nanomachines records their receiving times. The receiving times are exchanged by that two nanomachines, then, the clocks between these two nanomachines can be synchronized. Owing to the fact that the information molecules propagate slowly with a large propagation delay, which also depends on the transmitter-receiver distance, so a delay estimation method is adopted in the synchronization scheme. The simulation results evaluate proposed synchronization scheme and show that the proposed scheme outperforms other clock synchronization schemes for molecular communication.

A diverse series of 3-thioether-functionalized 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans were prepared by an intramolecular radical cyclization/thiolation cascade reaction of alkenyl-tethered arenediazonium salts with thiophenols under transition-metal-free conditions. The mild and practical reaction conditions tolerated various functional groups and afforded the corresponding 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans in moderate to good yields.

Additional file 4 Figure S1. Alignment of selected MADS-box genes conserved domains. M (A), I (B), K (B & C), C (D) domain of MADS-box proteins in V. vinifera, C. japonica, P. abies, P. taeda and C. lanceolata (not fully length).

An efficient and practical synthesis of α-phenylthio ketone through gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of phenylacetylene and substituted aryl(benzyl) allylic sulfides was developed. The reaction scope is fairly good with substituted aryl(benzyl) allylic sulfides, tolerating various functional groups, and the reaction affords the yields of 63%—85%.

A novel ruthenium-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of carbonothioate is disclosed. This method provides straightforward access to the corresponding allyl(aryl)sulfide derivatives in generally good to excellent yields under mild conditions and features a broad substrate scope, wide group tolerance and in particular, no need to use halocarbon precursors.

Microspore of Bauhinia blakeana begins to accumulate lipids, and starches appear following bicellular pollen development. The development of tapetal cells of B. blakeana is unusual in different stage. The distribution of starches and lipids in the developing anthers of Bauhinia blakeana was investigated using cytochemical methods. In young anthers, sporogenous cells accumulate some small lipids which remain in microspore mother cells but disappear during tetrad microspore development. Later in development, the microspore again begins to accumulate lipids, and some starches also appear following bicellular pollen development. At anthesis the nearly mature pollen grains accumulate abundant lipids and starches as fuel for subsequent pollen tube growth. Tapetal cells of B. blakeana are highly vacuolated at sporogenous stage and highly polar at tetrad stage. During the microspore stage, the large vacuoles of the tapetal cells decompose, the cell size decreases, and cell polarity disappears, leading to the formation of a layer of small cells containing density cytoplasm in which many lipids are synthesized, suggesting that in these cells, sugars are transformed into lipids to provide nutrition for the pollen. The structure and morphology of B. blakeana tapetal cells vary at different developmental stages, presenting a spatial–temporal pattern that appears to be coordinated with the process of pollen development.

Obtaining accurate measurements of tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in forests to evaluate the growth rate of cultivars is still a significant challenge, even when using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and three-dimensional (3-D) modeling. As an alternative, we provide a novel high-throughput strategy for predicting the biomass of forests in the field by vegetation indices. This study proposes an integrated pipeline methodology to measure the biomass of different tree cultivars in plantation forests with high crown density, which combines unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), hyperspectral image sensors, and data processing algorithms using machine learning. Using a planation of Cunninghamia lanceolate, which is commonly known as Chinese fir, in Fujian, China, images were collected while using a hyperspectral camera. Vegetation indices and modeling were processed in Python using decision trees, random forests, support vector machine, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) third-party libraries. The tree height and DBH of 2880 samples were manually measured and clustered into three groups—“Fast”, “median”, and “normal” growth groups—and 19 vegetation indices from 12,000 pixels were abstracted as the input of features for the modeling. After modeling and cross-validation, the classifier that was generated by random forests had the best prediction accuracy when compared to other algorithms (75%). This framework can be applied to other tree species to make management and business decisions.

Obtaining accurate measurements of tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in forests to evaluate the growth rate of cultivars is still a significant challenge, even when using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and three-dimensional (3-D) modeling. As an alternative, we provide a novel high-throughput strategy for predicting the biomass of forests in the field by vegetation indices. This study proposes an integrated pipeline methodology to measure the biomass of different tree cultivars in plantation forests with high crown density, which combines unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), hyperspectral image sensors, and data processing algorithms using machine learning. Using a planation of Cunninghamia lanceolate, which is commonly known as Chinese fir, in Fujian, China, images were collected while using a hyperspectral camera. Vegetation indices and modeling were processed in Python using decision trees, random forests, support vector machine, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) third-party libraries. The tree height and DBH of 2880 samples were manually measured and clustered into three groups&mdash, &ldquo, Fast&rdquo, median&rdquo, and &ldquo, normal&rdquo, growth groups&mdash, and 19 vegetation indices from 12,000 pixels were abstracted as the input of features for the modeling. After modeling and cross-validation, the classifier that was generated by random forests had the best prediction accuracy when compared to other algorithms (75%). This framework can be applied to other tree species to make management and business decisions.

Large-size, superparamagnetic, and highly magnetic Fe3O4@PDA core−shell submicrosphere-supported nano-palladium catalysts were prepared in this study. Dopamine was encapsulated on the surface of Fe3O4 particles via self-polymerization and then protonated to positively charge the microspheres. PdCl42− was dispersed on the surface of the microspheres by positive and negative charge attraction and then reduced to nano-palladium. With air as oxidant, the catalyst can successfully catalyze the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohols to produce the corresponding aldehydes at 120 °C.

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook) is the most important conifer species for commercial wood production in southern China Zheng et al. [1].

We used spatial, global trend and post-blocking analysis to examine the effectiveness of a progeny trial in a tree breeding program for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) on a hilly site with an environmental gradient from hill top to bottom. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height data had significant spatial auto-correlations among rows and columns. Adding a first-order separable autoregressive term more effectively modelled the spatial variation than did the incomplete block (IB) model used for the experimental design. The spatial model also accounted for effects of experimental design factors and greatly reduced residual variances. The spatial analysis relative to the IB analysis improved estimation of genetic parameters with the residual variance reduced 13 and 19% for DBH and tree height, respectively; heritability increased 35 and 51% for DBH and tree height, respectively; and genetic gain improved 3–5%. Fitting global trend and post-blocking did not improve the analyses under IB model. The use of a spatial model or combined with a design model is recommended for forest genetic trials, particularly with global trend and local spatial variation of hilly sites.

Genomic resources for conventional breeding programs are extremely limited for coniferous trees, and existing simple sequence repeat markers are usually identified through the laborious process of hybridization screening. Therefore, this study aimed to identify gene-based microsatellites in the Chinese fir, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook by screening transcript data. We identified 5200 microsatellites. Trinucleotide motifs were most common (47.94%) and were followed by tetranucleotide motifs (24.92%). The AG/CT motif (43.93%) was the most abundant dinucleotide repeat, whereas AAG/CTT (25.07%) was the most common trinucleotide repeat. A total of 411 microsatellite primer pairs were designed and 97 polymorphic loci were identified by 8 genotypes. The number of alleles per locus (Na) in these polymorphic loci ranged from 2 to 5 (mean, 2.640), the Ho values were 0.000-1.000 (mean, 0.479), and the HE values were 0.125-0.775 (mean, 0.462). The polymorphic information content (PIC) values were 0.110-0.715 (mean, 0.383). Seventy-two of the 97 polymorphic markers (74.23%) were present within genes with predicted functions. In addition, in genetic diversity and segregation analyses of 16 genotypes, only 5.88% of the polymorphic loci displayed segregation distortion at the p

Identification of genes controlling shoot branching is crucial for improving plant architecture and increasing crop yield or biomass. A branching mutant of Chinese fir named “Dugansha” (Cunninghamia lanceolata var. dugan.) has been isolated in our laboratory. We chose the cDNA-AFLP technique and an effective strategy to screen genes that potentially regulate shoot branching in Chinese fir using this mutant. An RNase III-like1 cDNA fragment named ClRTL1 was identified as a potential positive regulator. To investigate the function of ClRTL1 in regulating shoot branching, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence from C. lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook, deduced its secondary structure and function, and overexpressed the coding sequence in Arabidopsis. The ClRTL1 cDNA is 1045 bp and comprises an open reading frame of 705 bp. It encodes a protein of 235 amino acids. The deduced secondary structure of the ClRTL1 indicates that it is a mini-RNase III-like protein. The expression analysis and phenotypes of 35S: ClRTL1 in A. thaliana implies that ClRTL1 plays a role in promoting shoot branching in Chinese fir.

To optimize treatment parameters to synchronize the cell cycle of Chinese fir root tip meristem cells. Optimal mitotic indices were achieved by treating seedlings with 1.25 mM hydroxyurea for 10 h, incubating for 7 h without chemical treatment to release the hydroxyurea block, and then treating emerging roots with 0.05 % colchicine for 16 h. The mitotic index of synchronized Chinese fir root tips was over 30 %. Suspensions of intact chromosomes were prepared using a simple slicing procedure. The chromosome preparations were suitable for flow cytometric characterization and sorting. The chromosome peaks of the observed flow karyotype resembled the predicted flow karyotype calculated from the Chinese fir chromosome size.

An efficient synthesis of ketones (III) and thiazoles (VI) is achieved by trapping in-situ generated α-oxo gold carbenes with MesOH or thioamides (V), respectively.

Phytosulfokine-&alpha, (PSK-&alpha, ) is a newly discovered short peptide that acts as a phytohormone in various plants. Previous studies have shown that PSK-&alpha, is critical for many biological processes in plants, such as cell division and differentiation, somatic embryogenesis, pollen germination and plant resistance. In this study, we cloned two PSK homolog genes from Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir), ClPSK1 and ClPSK2, and characterized their function in root development. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that both ClPSK1 and ClPSK2 were expressed in vegetative organs, mainly in roots. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ClPSK1 or ClPSK2 showed a higher frequency of adventitious root formation and increased root length. The expression of genes in Arabidopsis that are involved in stem cell activity (PLT1, PLT2 and WOX5), radial organization of the root (SHR and SCR) and cell cycle (CYCB1, 1, CYCD4, 1, CDKB1, 1 and RBR) were significantly up-regulated, which may contribute to the elongation of the primary root and the formation of adventitious root in transgenic lines. Our results suggest that ClPSKs play an important role during root growth and development.

In recent years, the government has vigorous carried out for the policy of industrial design industry, so that it has enabled the industry to develop rapidly. However, for the industrial design industry, the poor connection between the upstream and downstream industrial chains of industrial design has become an important factor which is restricting the development of this industry. This paper analysed why the industrial design industry chain cannot be linked closely through investigation and analysis as well as the pilot project in Sichuan. According to the pilot project of Sichuan Industrial Design Cloud Service Platform (SCID Platform), it realized the self-circulation mode of industrial design industry chain, and play a substantial role in promoting economic operation.

Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas is a relic gymnosperm with broad application value. It is a fit candidate when choosing species for the construction of artificial forests. We determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of F. hodginsii, which is 129,534 bp in length and encodes 83 protein genes, 33 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, as well as four ribosomal RNA genes. The GC content of the complete sequence and protein coding regions is 34.8% and 36.2%, respectively. We identified 11 tandem repeats, 11 forward repeats, and three palindromic repeats and classified them by size. Following our microsatellite analysis, a total number of 73 simple sequence repeats were detected, preferentially within the intergenic space. Being a member of Cupressophyta, F. hodginsii owns several common characters, the trnR-CCG gene has been deleted, while the trnI-CAU and trnQ-UUG genes have been duplicated. Moreover, the accD gene, which encodes acetyl-CoA carboxylase, contains 771 codons in F. hodginsii, similar to Cryptomeria japonica (L. F.) D. Don, further supporting the diversity of accD and its size expansion in Cupressophyta. Concerning the loss of inverted repeat (IR) regions, the 86-bp sequence with the duplicated trnI-CAU gene is inferred to be the footprint of IR contraction. Phylogenetically, F. hodginsii is placed as a sister taxon to Chamaecyparis hodginsii (Dunn) Rushforth. This work offers meaningful guidance as well as reference value to the breeding research and improvement of F. hodginsii. Moreover, it gives us a better understanding of the genomic structure and evolutionary history of gymnosperms, especially coniferales.

This study aimed to investigate the cognition-enhancing effect of Panax ginseng. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to address the cognition-enhancing effects of Panax ginseng. A total of 90 Korean volunteers with mild cognitive impairment participated in this study. All subjects were allocated randomly into 'Ginseng' group or 'Placebo' group. All subjects were administered 3g of Panax ginseng powder or starch (placebo) for 6 months. The Korean version of the Mini-Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Korean version of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL), and Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) were used to assess the changes in cognitive function at the end of the 6 month study period. The subjects of the 'Ginseng' group improved significantly on the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) immediate recall (P = 0.0405 and P = 0.0342 in per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, respectively) and on the RCFT 20-min delayed recall (P = 0.0396 and P = 0.0355 in PP and ITT analysis, respectively) compared with 'placebo' group throughout the 6 months of Panax ginseng administration. There were no serious adverse events. These results suggest that Panax ginseng has a cognition-enhancing effect.

Our previously developed strategy of generating ketene intermediates via Ru-catalyzed intramolecular oxidation of terminal alkynes is applied to propargyl sulfoxides. The reaction undergoes interesting further rearrangement upon the ketene generation to afford α,β-unsaturated thioesters in good to excellent yields in the reported cases.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the relative performance of individual or population compartmental analysis (ICA or PCA) vs. noncompartmental analysis (NCA) in estimating the systemic exposures of drugs to assess bioequivalence (BE) between original and generic formulations in the case of limited datasets. METHODS BE study data of adefovir, finasteride, and tiropramide were chosen. The analyses were performed for the 1) original dataset, 2) limited dataset with small size for which the number of subjects was decreased to half, and 3) limited dataset with minimal-sampling timepoint of 9 samples. As for NCA and ICA, the Cmax and AUCinf were estimated using WinNonlin®. The PCA was implemented in NONMEM® and then Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to generate 10,000 sets of Cmax and AUCinf. RESULTS The 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the original datasets of the 3 drugs were all within BE acceptance criteria regardless of the analysis method. For small-sample-size datasets of adefovir and finasteride, BE results were maintained. In tiropramide, the lower boundary of CI computed from ICA or PCA results was less than 0.800 for the 3 small sample sizes (n = 22, 16, 10), but that of NCA results was less than 0.800 for only the smallest sample size (n = 10). As for the minimal-sampling timepoint, results were within the BE acceptance criteria for all of the 3 analyses. CONCLUSIONS Compartmental approaches can provide a complementary method for BE assessment, as well as being used for restricted-design studies.

Combination therapy with diuretics and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist is frequently recommended for the control of blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This study was targeted to compare pharmacokinetic profiles of a new generic fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet of olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide 20/12.5 mg and a reference formulation of Olmetec Plus 20/12.5 mg tablets in healthy volunteers. The study design was a randomized sequence and two-way crossover study in healthy subjects. They were to be randomly assigned to either one of the two sequence groups; each subject sequentially received a single oral dose of reference and test tablet with 7-day washout period. Blood sample was collected at pre-dose and at 0.33, 0.67, 1, 1.33, 1.67, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-dose. The blood concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Both of the 90% CI for the treatment ratios (test/reference) of C(max) and AUC(last) were to be in the range of 0.800-1.250 with regards to olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide; the geometric mean ratios (test/reference) for olmesartan C(max) and AUC(last) were 0.979 (90% CI, 0.934-1.027) and 0.992 (0.946-1.041), respectively, and those for hydrochlorothiazide C(max) and AUC(last) were 0.966 (0.975-1.110) and 0.999 (0.963-1.038), respectively. No serious adverse events were reported during the study. The generic formulation of olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide 20/12.5 mg tablet was bioequivalent with the reference formulation of Olmetec Plus 20/12.5 mg tablet in regards to the pharmacokinetic parameters of olmesartan medoxomil and hydrochlorothiazide. Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) Registration Number: KCT0001025. (https://cris.nih.go.kr/ Mar 18, 2014)

Glyptostrobus pensilis, belonging to the monotypic genus Glyptostrobus (Family: Cupressaceae), is an ancient conifer that is naturally distributed in low-lying wet areas. Here, we report the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence (132,239 bp) of G. pensilis. The G. pensilis cp genome is similar in gene content, organization and genome structure to the sequenced cp genomes from other cupressophytes, especially with respect to the loss of the inverted repeat region A (IRA). Through phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that the genus Glyptostrobus is closely related to the genus Cryptomeria, supporting previous findings based on physiological characteristics. Since IRs play an important role in stabilize cp genome and conifer cp genomes lost different IR regions after splitting in two clades (cupressophytes and Pinaceae), we performed cp genome rearrangement analysis and found more extensive cp genome rearrangements among the species of cupressophytes relative to Pinaceae. Additional repeat analysis indicated that cupressophytes cp genomes contained less potential functional repeats, especially in Cupressaceae, compared with Pinaceae. These results suggested that dynamics of cp genome rearrangement in conifers differed since the two clades, Pinaceae and cupressophytes, lost IR copies independently and developed different repeats to complement the residual IRs. In addition, we identified 170 perfect simple sequence repeats that will be useful in future research focusing on the evolution of genetic diversity and conservation of genetic variation for this endangered species in the wild.

Although glutamate toxicity is important in stroke injury, the immune and inflammatory systems are also related to stroke pathogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40) plays a crucial role in mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses. To investigate whether CD40 polymorphisms are associated with the development of ischemic stroke, two promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CD40 gene (rs1800686, −508A/G; rs752118, −173C/T) were analyzed in 121 patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and 291 control subjects. All stroke patients were classified into clinical subgroups according to their blood pressure levels (hypertension, present and absent), fasting plasma glucose (diabetes mellitus, present and absent), and lipids (dyslipidemia, present and absent). SNPStats and SNPAnalyzer Pro software were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and Pvalues. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant1, codominant2, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and log-additive) were used to analyze the genetic data. The two tested CD40 promoter SNPs (rs1800686 and rs752118) were not associated with the development of IS, but the GT haplotype of these two SNPs was associated with the development of IS (P= 0.0148). The rs1800686 SNP frequency differed between IS patients without hypertension and those with hypertension (P=0.017, OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.04–0.72 in the codominant2 model; P=0.023, OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.15–0.90 in the dominant model; P=0.0085, OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.21–0.81 in the log-additive model; P=0.011, OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.27–0.85 in allele frequencies). The A allele frequency of rs1800686 was lower in IS patients with hypertension (27.2%) than in IS patients with hypertension (44.3%), while the G allele frequency of rs1800686 was higher in IS patients with hypertension (72.8%) than in IS patients with hypertension (55.7%). These results suggest that the GT haplotype of rs1800686 and rs752118 in the CD40 gene may be associated with the development of IS, and rs1800686 may contribute to IS in Korean patients with hypertension.

A convenient and facile method for Michael addition of methylene active compounds to chalcones has been developed by using 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene- derived task-specific ionic liquids as reaction medium in the absence of any catalyst. This protocol could afford the Michael adducts in good to excellent yields in a short time, the workup is very simple, and the ionic liquid could be reused six times without significant loss of activity.

1,10-Phenanthroline is a classic ligand that plays an important role in coordination chemistry and continues to be of considerable interest as a versatile starting material in organic, inorganic an...