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The energy transition is a priority issue that concerns everyone, from big cities and their electricityintensive sectors to small, remote, rural communities whose electricity supply is produced through decentralized generation systems that, in many cases, are partially or entirely supplied with fossil fuels. In Colombia, more than 90% of these rural communities generate their electricity using diesel plants, which makes it relevant to study the energy transition in these communities. Thus, the aim of this research is to show the impacts of the energy transition on these communities and how, in the long term, the transition can ensure access to reliable, affordable, sustainable, and modern electricity for all. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to use a mixed methodology that includes fieldwork and computer simulations. Through the fieldwork, multiple impacts of the transition to renewables were identified, for example, social impacts in terms of better conditions for education, environmental impacts such as the reduction of CO2 emissions and economic impacts such as the possibility of developing new productive activities. The results of the simulations show that, in the long term, the transition to 100% renewable decentralized generation systems is feasible and would guarantee the inhabitants of these small communities a sustainable, reliable and affordable electricity supply; however, to achieve this, several challenges must be overcome, one of the most relevant being the design and planning of microgrids whose expansion with renewables can be perpetuated over time. Finally, the findings of this research could be applied, with adaptations on a case-by-case basis, to small off-grid communities around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about climate change and energy security are driving a global shift towards renewable energy sources and green technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage and wind turbines. This commentary analyses the policy challenges raised by the growing demand for critical metals needed for this green transition to net zero. It is crucial that the UK's strategy looks beyond merely increasing primary supply or new mining, towards strategies to ensure better stewardship of secondary mineral resources already contained in a range of products. Furthermore, creating an enabling regulatory environment for procuring key technology metals will be key to addressing future supply threats for the UK, especially post-Brexit, and that failure to do so will put the UK at significant risk of falling behind in the global race to secure supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to present a roadmap on which optimal solutions can be adopted for a sustainable water and energy management by focusing on the relationships among "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)", "Water‐Energy", "Innovation‐Technology" and "Capacity‐Generation" blocks. The findings reveal that technological innovations are the core of sustainable solutions. An optimal bundle for policy tools should take SDG3, SDG10, SDG11, SDG12, SDG16, CH4‐N2O emissions, access to clean fuels, wastewater treatment and COVID‐19 major drivers into account primarily to explain the water‐energy nexus. Among the five worst‐performing technologies are hydrogen, CCUS, fuel cells, energy efficiency and electromobility‐electric energy management. Considering the constructed four scenarios together; levelized cost of electricity, global horizontal irradiation and photovoltaic (PV) power output seasonality are the only significant PV potential indicators despite their low impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation in industry is seen as a key technology enabling decarbonization. It is obvious that measures to increase the energy efficiency and integration of renewable energy technologies must be fostered, and in most cases, these measures need a smart combination of several solution pathways. This results in a significant increase in both the design and operation complexity of these systems. However, there is no clear guidance regarding optimized systems. This work presents a standardized methodology enabling the optimized management of the demand and supply side of an industrial process towards decarbonization. The methodology is presented and showcased based on examples from the food industry and demonstrates how to realize energy efficiency measures and the integration of renewable energy by combining the supply side (SS) and demand side (DS) of industrial processes. The results show that data availability and individualized modeling are major challenges in implementing the methodology. To show the impact of optimization, well-selected key performance indicators (KPIs) are a proper means of evaluation and validation, but it is important to select them on purpose. Therefore, future research should focus on efficient data acquisition, expanding expertise, standardized modeling tools, and KPI definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and power plant engineers have all taken an interest in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) of its capacity to generate large amounts of energy while overcoming the sporadic nature of solar energy. Using CSP as a renewable energy source increases the electrical grid's reliability and has a good impact on the environment and human health. CSP storing energy is a versatile renewable resource that can respond swiftly to demand and system operator demands. Thermal Energy Storage (TES), in combination with CSP, enables power stations to store solar energy and then redistribute electricity as required to adjust for fluctuations in renewable energy output. In this article, the development and potential prospects of different CSP technologies are reviewed and compared with various TES systems. Energy systems benefit significantly from the addition of TES, which not only removes inconsistencies in supply and order but also improves the efficiency and dependability of such systems. Future CSP researchers will benefit from this paper's thorough overview of the technology, its potential prospect, and its research status. The fundamentals of various technologies on energy storage and the computation of their storage capabilities are enlightening. Water tanks, underground, and packed-bed techniques of heat storage are briefly discussed. Given the finite availability and depletion of fossil fuels, as well as the foreign currency spent on imported oil, CSP technology can provide a solution for a future energy source that is both sustainable and affordable. It has been determined if CSP technology can be utilized in developing countries and, if so, which CSP plant would be most suitable. Future policies and instruments to aid in the promotion, development, and long-term usage of CSP technologies may be developed based on the findings of this study.

The ongoing climate changes have determined governing bodies from all around the globe to set ambitious targets for CO2 reduction. In recent years, renewable energy technologies have proven themselves to be a method of CO2 reduction that is competitive in terms of both costs and efficiency, which led to the technologies becoming affordable and practical for residential use. Since the adoption of the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package in 2019, consumers were encouraged to have an active role in the power sector. This has led to the emergence of a new participant in the energy system, the power aggregator. From the scientific literature that has been covered so far, many articles focus on the economic benefits that different aggregator business models bring to the aggregators, their clients, and the system. Other scientific papers focus on optimizing how aggregators participate in energy markets by taking into consideration the technologies included in their portfolios and pricing mechanisms. Regardless of the subjects tackled, the articles mostly present theoretical aspects since, in practice, residential power aggregators are still not present in many countries. For all the reports that have been turned in so far, secondary research was carried out to gain a better understanding of the current power sector context. Renewable energy technologies were reviewed to uncover synergies that would prove valuable for power aggregator portfolios, existing business models of aggregators were examined to have a grasp on regulatory and economic limitations, and academic papers related to mathematical optimization models were studied. The doctoral research, for which this paper presents the progress, aims to use secondary research to understand aggregators at a European level and then to perform primary research into implementing the aggregating activity in Romania in the context of an accelerated shift to a decentralized power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to simulate the sector-coupled energy system of Germany in 2030 with the restriction on CO 2 emission levels and to observe how the system evolves with decreasing emissions. Moreover, the study presented an analysis of the interconnection between electricity, heat and hydrogen and how technologies providing flexibility will react when restricting CO 2 emissions levels. This investigation has not yet been carried out with the technologies under consideration in this study. It shows how the energy system behaves under different set boundaries of CO 2 emissions and how the costs and technologies change with different emission levels. The study results show that the installed capacities of renewable technologies constantly increase with higher limitations on emissions. However, their usage rates decreases with low CO 2 emission levels in response to higher curtailed energy. The sector-coupled technologies behave differently in this regard. Heat pumps show similar behaviour, while the electrolysers usage rate increases with more renewable energy penetration. The system flexibility is not primarily driven by the hydrogen sector, but in low CO 2 emission level scenarios, the flexibility shifts towards the heating sector and electrical batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a new national-scale bottom-up energy system optimization model called Kenya-TIMES. The model evaluates the implication of greenhouse gas emission's reduction on the techno-economic and environmental evolution of Kenya's power system under three government-projected electricity demand levels, which covers the 2020–2045 period. To assess the implications of greenhouse gas emission reduction measures, a business as usual and a carbon emission cap scenarios were developed. The model shows that energy security can be achieved under the two scenarios, and for all the three demand levels. The generation mix suggested by the model is dominated by renewable sources under the carbon emission cap scenario compared to the business as usual scenario. The higher share of renewable technologies under the carbon emission cap scenario results in lower emission but increased electricity cost. Consequently, to meet its emission reduction targets, the Kenyan government need to enact and implement policies that will enhance deployment of renewable energy technologies. The findings indicate that the Kenyan government should prioritize developing geothermal and hydropower resources in the short- to medium-term, which can provide affordable and secure energy while limiting GHG emissions. • Kenya can meet its NDC emission reduction by applying a carbon emission cap. • Energy security is still achievable under abatement efforts. • Carbon emission cap increases the adoption of renewable energy resources. • Geothermal and hydro resources provides comparatively affordable energy while limiting GHG emissions. • Policies that will foster the uptake of renewable energy should be enacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy justice is the framework to conceptualize the impact of the decisionmaking process in the field of electricity, used to take into account the social implications of existing ethical values. Renewable technologies are being promoted for their social and environmental benefits, but little effort has been done to determine the extent to which, in contexts and what ways, these technologies can contribute to energy justice. The paper assesses the potential of technologies related to renewable energy sources (RES) integrated in the grid of the operator or outside it, to address energy justice in different global contexts, through a review of existing studies on its principles, dimensions, economic, socio-political and its geographical location. How can education in new technologies for the use of renewable sources contribute to reducing the social impact, promoting and obtaining medium and long-term benefits for all the stakeholders involved? Under specific conditions and circumstances, can renewable electricity technologies interact with or wok to promote energy justice? Considering the importance of energy efficiency and raising students' awareness of renewable energy; specific educational activities should be planned, such as socio-scientific discussions or planned trips to energy-generating institutions. In the light of these objectives, it is necessary to use informal and non-formal educational options as a supplement to formal education activities in renewable energy education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canary Islands have great potential for the implementation of sustainable energy systems due to its availability of natural resources. The archipelago is not connected to the mainland electricity grid and the current generation system is mainly based on traditional fossil fuel. Therefore, the islands strongly dependent on fuel importations, with high costs due to logistics. Furthermore, due to the inadequate coverage of residential heating and cooling needs, the per capita energy consumption is far below the Spanish national average. This occurrence has inspired an intense debate on the current development model of the Canary Archipelago, which has led to the implementation of actions and measures aimed at achieving greater energy sustainability in the archipelago. Furthermore, at a local scale, an important investment plan has been carried out by the Spanish grid operator to ensure energy supply, to improve the system security and reliability, and to optimize the integration of renewable energies. Future measures and investments will be crucial to ensure a sustainable growth, both from the economic and the environment point of views. In this framework, this paper aims to discuss and compare the energy solutions, based on renewable energy technologies, identified to boost the sustainable transition of the islands. To this aim, multiple configurations of a wind power plant coupled with reversible hydro power/storage system for the distributed and on-site energy production in the island of Gran Canaria were modeled, simulated, and optimized by a TRNSYS/Matlab algorithm suitably developed. Specifically, along with the proposed system layouts, different scenarios related to diverse annual costs growth rate of fuel were investigated. The proposed analysis covers a time horizon of 20 years, up to 2040, and aims at assessing the impact of the investigated solution on energy demand, energy supply, and population incomes. Depending on the considered fuel cost growth rate, the best system configurations allow a primary energy saving in the range of 58.1–68.1%. Based on the system choice, the enterprise will generate significant revenues to the island population. The net present values are estimated in the range 1.50 × 103 ÷ 1.84 × 103 and 0.85 × 103 ÷ 1.27 × 103 M€, respectively for the two considered scenarios (annual costs growth rate of fuel 2 and −2%). The analysis demonstrates the importance of investments targeted at the implementation of renewables. The proposed scenarios indicate that the current energy model has the potential to radical change and to tackle climate change and energy issues while producing substantial economic savings and better life conditions for the population in the next years.

Taking into consideration the impacts of global warming and strict European Union policy 2030 climate & energy framework, it is imminent for conventional thermal power plants to modernize their infrastructure for achieving economically viable operation on demanding electricity market. In the scope of the paper is presented author’s individual research work - economic evaluation of conventional thermal power plant operation with solar central receiver system and flue gas desulphurization installation. The goal of research work is to determine whether the designed model is profitable on current European electricity market or not. Based on analytical calculations and gathered numerical data for the designed model, a program code was generated in mathematical environment Matlab, that enables simulation of operation for the designed model in the annual time period. Positive and pessimistic scenarios were analyzed. Results are presented numerically and also graphically and show a positive contribution to the economically viable operation of conventional thermal power plants.

The majority of energy being used is obtained from fossil fuels, which are not renewable resources and require a longer time to recharge or return to its original capacity. Energy from fossil fuels is cheaper but it faces some challenges compared to renewable energy resources. Thus, one of the most potential candidates to fulfil the energy requirements are renewable resources and the most environmentally friendly fuel is Hydrogen. Hydrogen is a clean and efficient energy carrier and a hydrogen-based economy is now widely regarded as a potential solution for the future of energy security and sustainability. Hydrogen energy became the most significant energy as the current demand gradually starts to increase. It is an important key solution to tackle the global temperature rise. The key important factor of hydrogen production is the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen production technologies are commercially available, while some of these technologies are still under development. Therefore, the global interest in minimising the effects of greenhouse gases as well as other pollutant gases also increases. In order to investigate hydrogen implementation as a fuel or energy carrier, easily obtained broad-spectrum knowledge on a variety of processes is involved as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and potential adjustments in making a process that is fit for future development. Aside from directly using the hydrogen produced from these processes in fuel cells, streams rich with hydrogen can also be utilised in producing ethanol, methanol, gasoline as well as various chemicals of high value. This paper provided a brief summary on the current and developing technologies of hydrogen that are noteworthy. Image 1 • Alternative energy resources and sustainable energy systems. • Hydrogen demand market and its transmission and distribution briefly discussed. • Hydrogen production methods are reviewed and recent advances were mentioned. • The future directions on hydrogen production were stressed in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a scenario characterized by the constant rise of global temperatures and extreme climatic events, the need for sustainable energy alternatives is urgent. Biofuels, derived from biomass, emerge as a promising option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat global warming. Biofuels are categorized into different generations, each with specific characteristics in terms of raw materials and production technology. While the first generation uses food sources such as corn and sugarcane, the second and third generations focus on non-food raw materials, like agricultural residues and algae, offering a more favorable carbon balance and lesser environmental impact. Advances in the fourth generation, involving techniques like artificial photosynthesis, represent a significant leap in energy efficiency and sustainability. The sustainability of production, responsible agricultural practices, and distribution infrastructure are crucial aspects for the effective integration of biofuels into the energy matrix. This study recommends integrated policies, investment in research and development, promotion of second and third generation biofuels, public awareness, and sustainable production practices. Investing in infrastructure and monitoring and evaluation systems is also essential. The transition to biofuels requires a holistic approach, balancing energy needs with environmental protection, and considering social and economic implications. Successful implementation of biofuels can signify a significant step towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. [Display omitted] • Biofuels: A key to combat global warming and reduce GHG emissions. • Exploring 1st to 4th gen biofuels: From corn to artificial photosynthesis. • Biofuel challenges: Balancing energy needs and environmental protection. • Technological innovations crucial in advancing sustainable biofuel production. • Global case studies underscore biofuel's role in a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the large amount of energy required in the building sector, an interesting opportunity to reach future sustainable energy systems is the path towards low energy buildings. This work proposes an approach for optimally integrating building-scale energy technologies (both traditional and renewable) to enhance the transformation of the existing buildings (often energetically inefficient) in low-carbon systems. The approach promotes a transition sustainable from both the economic and environmental perspectives. Both operation and design optimization are considered with the aim of suggesting the best set of capacity of the technologies to be installed taking into account the expected operations. The building-scale technologies are integrated with proper storage units: Li-ion batteries and thermal storage (latent heat, that requires low installation space). As a dispatchable renewable technology, a biogas small-scale combined heat and power unit is included in the system. Once the key role played by this component in meeting the loads is proved, an analysis of the impact of the cost of the primary energy carrier of this technology on the system design is carried out. Two optimization approaches have been adopted (both based on non-linear programming). Results show that operation costs can be reduced by up to 29%. The adoption of a combined approach that takes into account both operation and design optimization lead to a reduction in installation and operating costs by up to 27%. In the analyzed cases, the use of the combined optimization confirms that latent heat storage is more suitable to be installed than electric storage (about −4.5% cost).

Modeling the thermal behavior of a photovoltaic system is one step toward a better simulation of its electrical performances. In this study, a numerical model of the energy balance of a 310 W photovoltaic panel is developed and used to estimate the panel's temperature by integrating the meteorological parameters over time. The input factors are the global irradiance, wind speed, ambient temperature, ground and sky temperatures if available. The energy balance is interpreted in a probabilistic way using the Monte Carlo method which provides access to an estimation of the system temperature at any probe location. This estimation is validated using experimental data for typical days with clear, cloudy and rainy conditions. Then the model is used to determine the electrical production. Firstly, it is used for the month of June 2022 where the energy estimate is compared to the experimental measurements in Nancy (France). Secondly, the model is applied over the year 2019 for two different locations — in Nancy (France) and in Las Vegas (Nevada, USA). The results are analyzed and compared with the European photovoltaic simulation tool PVGIS. Finally, the electrical production in Nancy from 2013 to 2020 is estimated using the present model. • The energy balance of a photovoltaic panel is solved using Monte Carlo method. • The method gives access to the temperature at any probe location in the panel. • Temperatures were validated against experimental data for different weather conditions. • Electrical production for several years using hourly weather data was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are relying upon oil for primary energy and this will continue for a few more decades. Other conventional sources may be more enduring, but are not without serious disadvantages. The renewable energy resources are particularly suited for the provision of rural power supplies and a major advantage is that equipment such as flat plate solar driers, wind machines, etc., can be constructed using local resources. Without the advantage results from the feasibility of local maintenance and the general encouragement such local manufacture gives to the build-up of small-scale rural based industry. This communication comprises a comprehensive review of energy sources, the environment and sustainable development. It includes the renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings in greenhouses environment and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate change. This study gives some examples of small-scale energy converters, nevertheless it should be noted that small conventional, i.e., engines are currently the major source of power in rural areas and will continue to be so for a long time to come. There is a need for some further development to suit local conditions, to minimise spares holdings, to maximise the interchangeability of the engine parts, and of the engine applications. Emphasis should be placed on full local manufacture. It is concluded that renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented and demonstrated by a full-scale plant (device) especially for use in remote rural areas.

The tangible benefits of renewable energy technologies are a crucial parameter when determining the political feasibility of adopting a low-carbon development path, particularly for emerging economies. We present that these potential benefits consist of 'green jobs' and of a wider set of socio-economic and environmental 'co-benefits' that are generated simultaneously from renewable technologies in India. Based on case studies from the Indian state of Karnataka, we obtain estimates for jobs and describe co-benefits enabled by wind, off-grid solar and biomass technologies. Furthermore, we use these estimates to project the potential for future benefits that could be generated by further enhancing the use of renewable technologies towards sustainable energy policy and security. We show that enhancing green economy offers benefits that include the creation of jobs, but also delivers a much wider set of socio-economic and environmental welfare gains for emerging economies such as India. Our paper also provides valuable evidence-based analyses for policy-makers when assessing the benefits of low-carbon sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 40% of electricity in Chile is supplied by renewables and the rest by fossil fuels. Despite the growing electricity demand in the country, its environmental impacts are as yet unknown. To address this gap, the current study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the life cycle environmental sustainability of electricity generation in Chile. Both the individual sources and the electricity mix over the past 10 years are considered. The following sources present in the electricity mix are evaluated: coal, oil, natural gas, biogas, biomass, wind, solar photovoltaics (PV) and hydropower. In total, 10 electricity technologies and 174 power plants installed across the country have been considered. Eleven environmental impacts have been estimated, including global warming, human toxicity, ecotoxicities, as well as resource and ozone layer depletion. The results reveal that hydropower is environmentally the most sustainable option across the impacts, followed by onshore wind and biogas. Electricity from natural gas has 10%–84% lower impacts than biomass for seven categories. It is also 13%–98% better than solar PV for six impacts and 17%–66% than wind for four categories. Solar PV has the highest abiotic depletion potential due to the use of scarce elements in the manufacture of panels. While electricity generation has grown by 44% in the past 10 years, all the impacts except ozone layer depletion have increased by 1.6–2.7 times. In the short term, environmental regulations should be tightened to improve the emissions control from coal and biomass plants. In the medium term, the contribution of renewables should be ramped up, primarily increasing the hydro, wind and biogas capacity. Coal and oil should be phased out, using natural gas as a transitional fuel to help the stability of the grid with the increasing contribution of intermittent renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devastating effects of fossil fuels on the environment, limited natural sources and increasing demand for energy across the world make renewable energy sources more important than in the past. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference resulted in a global agreement on net zero CO emissions shortly after the middle of the twenty-first century, which will lead to a collapse of fossil fuel demand. The focus of the study is to define a cost optimal 100% renewable energy system in Iran by 2030 using an hourly resolution model. The optimal sets of renewable energy technologies, least-cost energy supply, mix of capacities and operation modes were calculated and the role of storage technologies was examined. Two scenarios have been evaluated in this study: a country-wide scenario and an integrated scenario. In the country-wide scenario, renewable energy generation and energy storage technologies cover the country's power sector electricity demand. In the integrated scenario, the renewable energy generated was able to fulfil both the electricity demand of the power sector and the substantial electricity demand for water desalination and synthesis of industrial gas. By adding sector integration, the total levelized cost of electricity decreased from 45.3 to 40.3 €/MWh. The levelized cost of electricity of 40.3 €/MWh in the integrated scenario is quite cost-effective and beneficial in comparison with other low-carbon but high-cost alternatives such as carbon capture and storage and nuclear energy. A 100% renewable energy system for Iran is found to be a real policy option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various modeling studies analyzing global 2 °C climate stabilization scenarios have projected penetration of CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies in India alongside a sizable penetration of renewable energy technologies. The assessments of geological storage potential over India have shown wide variation across regions. This paper examines the locations of large point sources of CO 2 emissions in India and matches it with carbon storage locations to minimize the cost of CCS evolving grid. The concept of weighted Euclidean distance and Integrated Environmental Control Model are used to propose suitable pipeline networks for emissions-intensive clusters to optimize the cost of CO 2 avoidance. The computational method estimates proximate storage location for each CO 2 emitting source taking into account the total storage potential at each location. CCS requirement in India would vary depending on the global climate stabilization target. We examine two targets for India that correspond to 2 °C and well below 2 °C global mitigation regimes. According to our estimates, India could mitigate around 780 Mt CO 2 per year below 60 $/t-CO 2 (2005 prices) over 30 years, and another 250 Mt CO 2 per year for up to 75 $/t-CO 2 prices through CCS under these scenarios respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, population growth and rapidly increasing urbanisation severely threaten water quantity and quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Treating wastewater is necessary to preserve the water bodies; reusing treated wastewater appears a viable option that could help to address future water challenges. In areas already suffering energy poverty, the main barrier to wastewater treatment is the high electricity demand of most facilities. This work aims to assess the benefits of integrating renewable energy technologies to satisfy the energy needs of a wastewater treatment facility based on a conventional activated sludge system, and also considers the case of including a membrane bioreactor so treated wastewater can be reused for irrigation. Using HOMER, a software tool specifically developed for optimal analysis of hybrid micro-generation systems, we identify the optimal combination of renewable energy technologies for these facilities when located in a specific water-stressed area of Sub-Saharan Africa and assess whether the solutions are cost-effective. The analysis shows investment in renewable technologies is cost-effective when the true cost of electricity or average days of power outages per year are considered. Integration of photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine and internal combustion engine fuelled by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion can cover between 33% and 55% of the electricity demand of the basic wastewater facility, at a levelised cost of energy lower than the true cost of electricity. In the case of water reuse, the techno-economically viable solutions identified by HOMER can cover 13% of energy needs. Finally, we discuss how the proposed solutions could provide a large contribution to socio-political security, in both domestic and cross-border contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the conversion of waste-to-energy (WtE) in Thailand. The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Thailand in 2013 was 26.77 million tons which requires an enormous budget allocation for municipal solid waste management (MSWM). However, the budget is insufficient to provide adequate MSWM services. In order to increase the efficiency, sustainable and environmentally in MSWM, WtE technologies are provided as a solution toward a successful policy. Thailand considers WtE, incineration, refuse derived fuel (RDF), anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification, and landfill gas recovery to be renewable technologies. These technologies not only reduced the quantity but also improved the quality of waste to meet the required pollution control standards, besides generating a substantial quantity of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]