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Energy needs are currently still dominated by fossil fuels, so efforts are needed to increase the use of new and renewable energy. Coal fired power plants (CFPP) are one of the industries that use it, where the main fuel of the plant is coal and mixed fuel with biomass as co-firing. Empty oil palm fruit bunches (EOPFBs) are biomass that has geat potential to be used as a mixed fuel because of its very abundant availability, especially in Riau Province. However, empty oil palm fruit bunches (EOPFBs) has high content of potassium and chlorine, and a low combustion calorific value. It is necessary to treat the EOPFBs to have a good quality. This research aims to produce biocoal from biomass by reducing potassium and chlorine content by using peat water, as well as increasing the calorific value of oil palm empty fruit bunches by the torrefaction process. The washing process is carried out with variations in time and flow discharge, namely 5-60 minutes and 2-5 LPM. While the torrefaction process is carried out with variations in the time and temperature of torrefaction, namely 30-60 minutes and 200°C-300°C. The result of this research conducted produced potassium and chlorine levels of 3.7% and 1.53%. While the largest calorific value is 7470.59 kcal/kg at a processing time of 60 minutes and a torrefaction temperature of 300°C and an energy yield of 78% at a time and temperature of 30 minutes and 200°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy needs are currently still dominated by fossil fuels, so efforts are needed to increase the use of new and renewable energy. Coal fired power plants (CFPP) are one of the industries that use it, where the main fuel of the plant is coal and mixed fuel with biomass as co-firing. Empty oil palm fruit bunches (EOPFBs) are biomass that has geat potential to be used as a mixed fuel because of its very abundant availability, especially in Riau Province. However, empty oil palm fruit bunches (EOPFBs) has high content of potassium and chlorine, and a low combustion calorific value. It is necessary to treat the EOPFBs to have a good quality. This research aims to produce biocoal from biomass by reducing potassium and chlorine content by using peat water, as well as increasing the calorific value of oil palm empty fruit bunches by the torrefaction process. The washing process is carried out with variations in time and flow discharge, namely 5-60 minutes and 2-5 LPM. While the torrefaction process is carried out with variations in the time and temperature of torrefaction, namely 30-60 minutes and 200°C-300°C. The result of this research conducted produced potassium and chlorine levels of 3.7% and 1.53%. While the largest calorific value is 7470.59 kcal/kg at a processing time of 60 minutes and a torrefaction temperature of 300°C and an energy yield of 78% at a time and temperature of 30 minutes and 200°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is one option that can be used to reduce the use of fossil energy sources whose supplies are dwindling, resulting in global warming caused by their use. A solar power plant is a power generating equipment that converts sunlight into electrical energy. Sunlight has been widely used to supply electrical power in communication satellites through solar cells. Some of the uses of solar power plants include PV rooftops and solar water pumps. There are drawbacks to the solar water pump, including requiring a large area to produce energy from solar panels. Meanwhile, rooftop PV does not need a large area to generate energy from solar panels. Rooftop PV only utilises existing rooftops, so rooftop PV has the advantage of using land for solar power plants. However, there are several drawbacks to rooftop PV, including difficulties when performing maintenance and affecting the circulation of the solar panels, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the solar panels. When the temperature in the PV reaches 70°C, it can result in a decrease in the power generated. The steps needed in this research are the design of a monitoring system with data warehouse features to see the performance of the rooftop PV and a cooling system to help heat circulation on the rooftop PV, to make it easier to access and maintain rooftop PV, when performing solar panel maintenance and maintain a stable temperature on the solar panel. This study is beneficial for understanding the optimization of rooftop PV in urban areas and can be a guide for local governments to develop renewable energy in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop an AI Chatbot with microlearning and to determine the effect of physics chatbot renewable energy (PCRE) on construction concepts and motivation. The tool Chatbot has significant educational potential and a positive impact on student knowledge and satisfaction through personalized support of learning motivation. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. The Microlearning learning model was used in this research because of a better understanding of the material, preparation for the next lesson, rapid acquisition of information, shorter lesson material, and opportunity to practice. The results of the trial used by students obtained an average percentage of 80.99%. The average N-gain result of Construction Conception for the experimental class was 0.79, and the control class was 0.57. The average result of N-gain Motivation for the practical lesson is 0.37, and the control class is 0.31. The effect size test result of Construction Conception is 0.891 in the high category, and the effect size test result of motivation is 0.222 in the small category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science learning achievement Natural Knowledge in the independent curriculum includes science process skills and critical thinking. This overlaps with 21st century skills and curriculum targets in several developed countries. The preliminary study shows the low achievement of science process skills and critical thinking in physics learning. This study aims to develop a science process skills test instrument for learning physics. The development of the test is limited to physics subjects on renewable energy. Each aspect of science process skills and critical thinking is further elaborated into 5 indicators, then developed into 10 items each. Instruments that have been validated with expert justification. then tested on 35 school students High School to then be tested for reliability, level of difficulty and question discrimination. Validation results from 3 experts stated that the scientific process skills test instruments and critical thinking skills that had been compiled fulfilled content validity and could be used. However, there were editorials that needed to be improved. Item reliability testing was carried out by alpha conbrach calculations using the SPSS program indicating the level of category instrument reliability. tall. Easy and medium level of difficulty category. The distinguishing power of most of the categories is very good. The conclusion based on the results of the research conducted is that the test instruments for science process skills and critical thinking in physics learning of renewable energy chapters that are developed are feasible to use with test instruments in the form of descriptions with each indicator of science process skills and critical thinking skills. as many as 5 indicators out of six indicators, further researchers can develop this test instrument more fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources promising to replace most energy needs from fossil energy. Potential sources of biomass raw materials come from pine wood sawdust and coconut shell waste. Briquetting technology can increase the added value of the biomass raw material source by producing charcoal briquettes. One factor affecting the produced charcoal briquettes is the carbonization temperature. The study aims to analyze the variation of the carbonization temperature on the characteristics of charcoal briquettes, including calorific value, ash content, and water content. The research method for making charcoal briquettes was done by varying the carbonization temperature, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. The research carried out includes several main stages: the carbonization process, the briquetting process, and sample analysis. Results showed that the briquette products had an average calorific value of 5873.33 cal/g, a moisture content of 5.16%, and an ash content of 1.83% at a carbonization temperature of 400°C. At a carbonization temperature of 500°C, it produces charcoal briquettes with an average heating value of 6567.33 cal/g, moisture content of 4.63%, and ash content of 1.77%. While at the carbonization temperature of 600°C, it produces charcoal briquettes with an average heating value of 7142.67, cal/g, moisture content of 5.05%, and ash content of 2.04%. The optimal carbonization temperature in the study was estimated to be 600°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons for pollution and the limitations of fossil fuels have driven the use of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are synonymous with electric batteries that require periodic charging. There has been an increase in research on battery charging for electric vehicles. There is also the use of renewable energy resources such as photovoltaics for battery charging stations. This paper focuses on prototyping battery charging stations from solar photovoltaic energy using ANN-based MPPT controllers within the framework of optimizing solar energy harvesting and comparing them with conventional MPPT methods. Test results showed that the prototype of the proposed charging system took 33.3 minutes to charge a 7Ah battery. Compared to conventional MPPT methods, the charging time of MPTT methods with Neural Network is 6.01% faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to design a Savonius wind turbine with a horizontal axis optimized for low wind speeds and to measure the power output and efficiency generated by the turbine. The research methodology employed in this study is experimental. The turbine design incorporates 0.3 mm thick transparent PVC as the material for the turbine blades, with a configuration featuring three helical-shaped blades measuring 93 cm in length, 16 cm in width, and having an 8 cm radius. The turbine frame is constructed using 20 mm×20 mm aluminum profiles, with dimensions of 100 cm in length, 30 cm in width, and 35 cm in height. Data collection involves conducting 10 repetitions for each wind speed variation ranging from 1 m/s to 10 m/s. The highest power output increase occurred at a wind speed of 6 m/s, with a power of 0.46 Watt increasing by 0.13 Watt. It resulted in an average shaft rotation of 132.28 rpm, average power output of 0.27 Watt, and average efficiency of 7.10% for wind speed variations ranging from 2 m/s to 6 m/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems are getting worse every day. The industry 4.0 revolution, energy from renewable energy sources, improvements in control systems, and other revolutions all belong to the 21st century. One option for meeting the need for power is to incorporate captive power plants that can meet the demands of the local load. Therefore, if mini microgrids are created at the distribution end, people will be able to meet their load demands and charge their electric vehicles (EVs). These days, a small grid that relies on energy storage and renewable energy sources plays a significant role for community development. To order to encourage customers to employ captive power plants to meet their load requirements, DC/AC microgrid development has improved operation. This article gives an overview of the DC/AC Microgrid with EV charging facilities and a simulation case study for the wind energy conversion system (WECS) fed power to the DC load. The article sheds light on the idea of the Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) for Electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. The proposed simulation studies for WECS is tests and compared for various controller techniques like the Fixed Gain Proportional Integral (PI), the Gain Scheduling Proportional Integral (GSPI) controller, and the Good Gain technique (GG). These techniques are compared for closed loop simulations for WECS which is a part of microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of a hybrid renewable energy system is better than that of a single source. Fuzzy based Adaptive sliding mode control (F-ASMC) from a freestanding single-phase microgrid system with enhanced power quality. Because of their complementary nature benefit, wind and solar combination are the most promising method of energy generation. The microgrid system includes a governor-less 1-Φ, 2-winding, self-excited IG (induction generator) with a wind-driven brushless magnet DC generator, photovoltaic array, battery energy storage system, and integrating with voltage source converter. To evaluate the reference source current, which controls the VSC single stage and regulates the microgrid voltage and frequency, as well as harmonic current reduction, the F-ASMC-based control algorithm is used. The proposed F-ASMC calculates the system's actual and reactive benchmarks, which may be adjusted to account for changing costs. The SMC system is used to evaluate the system's real energy reference to ensure energy balance between micro-hydro, photovoltaic power, wind and BESS, which controls independent microgrid frequency. The MATLAB Simulink simulation results show that the grid voltage (V) and frequency (f) remains same when the system fluctuates abruptly and power is intermittently penetrated by wind and solar power sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuel production from pork fat aims to utilize a renewable energy source from slaughterhouse waste. This research uses a two-step pyrolysis principle. The first step is to extract lard from fat at 175 °C, and the second step is pyrolysis of lard at 500 °C. The primary variables studied in this research were 2 sets of condensing temperatures as follows: 6 high-temperature condensing units at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and 3 low condensing temperatures consisting of 0, −10 and −20 °C. The results of the research showed that the temperature of first condensing temperature, 60 °C, yielded 40 wt% of heavy fuel. However, when raising the temperature of the first condenser to 80 °C and reducing the temperature of the second condenser to −20 °C, the yield of light fuel was increased to a maximum of 8.3 wt%. The light fuel from the second condenser has a significantly lower density and viscosity than the heavy fuel from the first condenser. Also, light fuel is easier to ignite than heavy fuel. Additionally, the chemical composition analysis of light fuel from the negative temperature condenser confirmed that compounds such as benzene (C6H6), 1-heptene (C7H14), and 1-decene (C10H20) were increased, thus helping to increase the high-heating value. It can also significantly reduce acids such as oleic acid and octadecanoic acid in the fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two samples of (Ag NPs-zeolite) nanocomposite thin film have been prepared by the easy hydrothermal method for 6 times and 8 times respectively, inside the hydrothermal autoclave at a temperature of 100°C. The two samples were used in a photoelectrochemical cell as a photocatalyst inside a cell consisting of three electrodes: the working electrode photoanode (AgNPs-zeolite), platinum as a cathode electrode, and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode, to study the performance of AgNPs-zeolite under dark and (532,473 nm) laser light for water splitting. The results show the high performance of an eight-hour sample with high crystallinity compared with a six-hour sample as a reliable photocatalyst to generate hydrogen for renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for energy is surpassing its availability owing to the increase in population and advancements in technology. It is essential to move closer to a dependable, economical, and sustainable renewable energy source to meet future energy demands. All alternative energy sources, including photovoltaic (PV) energy, have the potential to be renewable resources that can be used to address these ongoing issues with the energy crisis. PV systems are subject to the dynamic and fluctuating nature of the surrounding environment, which can lead to the manifestation of a diverse array of defects. It is essential to promptly identify and rectify any defects in order to ensure that the photovoltaic panel's efficiency, endurance, and durability remain uncompromised. The significance of automated defect detection is increasing in the PV industry due to the limitations of manual or visual inspection and the expanding production of PV modules. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a deep learning (DL) system that can accurately classify and detect defects in Electrouminescent (EL) images of PV cells, more specifically through implementing Convolutional Neural Networks CNN. Surprisingly, the suggested PV fault detection model outperformed commercially available PV fault detection systems by resolving existing challenges. The proposed model was further evaluated in terms of accuracy, loss, recall, f1 measure, and precision. The precision measure was 97.4% and the accuracy was 91.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side management (DSM) is an effectual approach by coordinating utility management and routinely tracking energy usage, the intelligent grid assists in controlling energy demand and promotes its efficiency. However, the paper aims to utilize Linear programming optimization algorithms as an effective tool for managing energy demand and maximizing the use of renewable energy sources. These algorithms are able to estimate which is the best utilization of what resources are accessible and reduce consumption by describing the energy system as a collection of linear equations. The optimization system makes assumptions about the various energy costs when it will be high or low and modifies energy use accordingly. We applied different scenarios to assess the resiliency of the system. The simulation took into account a number of variables, including the weather, energy usage, and pricing fluctuations. MATLAB R2023a and Simulink provide an integrated platform with data analytics to build the proposed system and optimization model to minimize cost in MATLAB. Compared to other methods using various optimization algorithms as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption results as in previous study was, BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings), the suggested approach is used for lowering electrical energy costs in a micro-grid system while maintaining their regular load and operating hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few years, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have played a significant role. Solar power is the most feasible source in comparison with other RES. Solar power is clean, noiseless and eco-friendly, while extracting electric power, DC-DC Converters are mostly preferred because of its use in various applications. The disadvantages of photovoltaic systems (PV) include insufficient energy conversion efficiency, poor stability, and intermittent characteristics. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to ensure maximum power utilization from solar PV. In this work, the performance parameters of DC-DC converters are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare the power generation from Sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) operated with double units as against single unit. Samples were taken from SMFC operated with double units (N=24) with single unit (N=24) for 24 hrs (G power 80%). Multimeter was used to measure the voltage and current, power, and power density (PD) was calculated from it for both the groups. Power generation in SMFC operated with double units (119 mW/m2) was found to be high as compared to SMFC operated with single units (78 mW/m2). The independent sample T test showed that the power generation from SMFC operated with a double unit (p<0.001) was significantly higher compared to SMFC operated with a single unit. The study shows that higher power generation is achievable with Double unit SMFC than single unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate and contrast the power output of sediment microbial fuel cells operated at high pH and moderate pH. (SMFC). Samples of soil were taken from microbial fuel cells in sediment that had either a moderate pH (N=24) or a high pH (N=24) and had been operating for 24 hours (G power 80 percent). The voltage that was produced was measured with a multimeter, and the current, power, and power density (PD) were computed for both of the groups. When comparing moderate pH (1607 mW/m3) to high pH (1123 mW/m3), it was discovered that volumetric power generation was higher in moderate pH. A significant difference between moderate pH and high pH, with a p value of 0.001(p<0.05), was observed, as shown using the Independent sample T test. This study shows that higher power generation is achievable using moderate pH operated SMFC as compared to high pH operated SMFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to compare Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis-operated Double chamber MFC power generation using food sector effluent. The wastewater samples were obtained from MFCs with Bacillus cereus (N=15) and subtilis (N=15) for 11 days (G power 80 percent). A multimeter measured voltage and estimated current, power, and power density for both groups. The power generation in Bacillus subtilis MFC (16003 µW/m2) was higher than Bacillus cereus (11896 µW/m2) due to its efficient biofilm formation on the anode surface. The Independent sample T test revealed that Bacillus subtilis generated considerably more MFC power (p<0.004) than Bacillus cereus. This study reveals that Bacillus subtilis MFC generates more power than Bacillus cereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, as the population grows and digitalization accelerates, there is a greater demand for energy. due to energy demands increasing the pollution of the global so to reduce the pollution of the environment, renewable energy is the only option there for human beings. so, there are many sources available for renewable energy like air, water, and solar because these all things remain till the end of the world. so hydro-based water energy has its own advantage like higher density than air. In this article, we mainly focus on hydropower to generate electricity. In this to produce electricity from a moving flow of water different kinds of turbine is available but the Savonius turbine is suitable for low velocity and has good self-starting characteristics and it is working on similar principles as a wind turbine. Savonius turbines of wind-based are widely used but for water purposes, this turbine has less research is to be done so to increase awareness of water-based savonius turbines because water has high density than air to extract the same power, therefore, the water-based turbine extracts more power than a wind turbine. In this research, there is rarely an overview of studies available that discusses and summarize the article researcher the blade deflectors, blade design, and the appropriate to improve the total number of savonius turbine of the blade and its effectiveness of the performance while using the operating medium is water. As a result, the information proposed in this research will be used to improve understanding of the current situation. However, there are still difficulties and deficiencies, so it would be covered within such a research article to develop a new mechanism to improve the Savonius turbine's efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maldives' optimal options for renewable energy systems are determined using a model analysis that is provided in this paper. The systems' technical and financial performance was examined using the HOMER simulation tool. Malé, the nation's capital as well as the four inhabited outlying islands that represent the majority of the Maldivian islands— Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru were used for the investigation. Studies and comparisons have been conducted on a number of systems that utilize photovoltaic (PV), wind, and biomass electricity generators. Regarding outer islands of the Maldives: Uligamu, Fehendhoo, Hanimaadhoo and Nolhivaranfaru, a hybrid system of photovoltaic, wind, and biomass is the most intriguing option for these islands because using biomass is worthy way to complement the fluctuations in the production of energy from photovoltaic and wind under variable weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing worldwide concern about global warming and the usage of fossil fuels has increased the demand for clean and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources (RESs) for energy production via the microgrid (MG) paradigm. Among the AC MG then DC MG, the DC has several advantages. DC MGs can be linked to the primary electrical grid or operate independently. As a result, it is an effective mechanism for remote and rural places, and it may be used to power everything from small structures to massive facilities. It has several advantages, such as higher system efficiency, lower cost, and smaller system size. However, protection is a predominant concern, which needs to be occupied upkeep for flat process. In this research the author discussed the various issues and challenges of the DC-MG. Various methods adopted for safeguarding the DC Microgrid system is discussed which mainly includes different current, voltage and impedance operated schemes, different fuses and circuit breakers etc. At the end a comparison is also carried out for evaluating various methods. The paper obliges as a reference for the researcher and industrial working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for fossil fuels is expanding daily as a result of the globalization of industry, which has driven a rise in global energy consumption. To address the growing need for sustainable energy to lower harmful emissions and address the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, research into viable alternative fuels with reduced environmental effects is urgently needed. Alternative energy sources that are sustainable, cost-effective, easy, and safe are thus being investigated by a number of countries. Hydrogen is a clean-burning alternative fuel that offers excellent efficiency and use characteristics. Due to its carbon-free nature, broad flammability limitations, and rapid flame rates, hydrogen may be regarded as a possible alternative to most fossil fuels. Carbon monoxide (CO) and other toxic gases are also produced by hydrocarbon fuels, such that replacement by hydrogen in the near future would help to fulfil current rigorous emissions criteria. It is also anticipated that the use of hydrogen as a primary or additional fuel in engines would have a favorable influence on the environment. Hydrogen, despite being the most plentiful element in the universe, is not easily accessible in its molecular form, however, and it must be created via the use of other sources of energy. As a result, hydrogen acts mainly as a transporter of energy rather than an energy source. The difficult tasks of hydrogen production and delivery, as well as creating safe hydrogen storage for use in internal combustion engines, must be addressed before fully hydrogen-driven cars become economically feasible. Its uses as an additive for gasoline and diesel engines to increase engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions are thus discussed. Engine power and torque rise significantly in gasoline engines when hydrogen is added to the fuel system, whereas they decrease in diesel engines when hydrogen is introduced. In terms of chemical compounds, gasoline engines emit fewer dangerous exhaust gases, while some diesel engines emit more nitrogen oxides under the influence of hydrogen. Overall, this study contains a summary of the numerous advancements that have occurred in this sector in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the sparrow search optimisation algorithm (SSA) is utilised to obtain the optimal values for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters to reduce frequency deviation and change in tie-line power in interconnected power systems within a deregulated environment. A load frequency control (LFC) was designed and analysed for the proposed power system model, which consists of a two-area reheat steam turbine generator integrated with a solar thermal renewable energy source in area 1 and a geothermal energy plant in area 2. All possible contracts in the deregulated power market, including Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract violations, were thus investigated, and the performance of the proposed controller analysed. The simulation of the proposed model was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the robustness of the proposed control technique using a PID controller using SSA compared with the results of using a Particle swarm optimisation technique (PSO) and Gray wolf optimisation (GWO). The SSA algorithm optimised PID controller performance was found to be considerably better in terms of the settling time of power system frequency deviation, with improvements of 71.25%, 67.44%, and 56.39% in terms of Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract scenarios seen, respectively. Moreover, the rise time and steady-state error of the frequency deviation and the change in power in the tie line were also significantly enhanced. The suggested controller was thus shown to be more reliable and to produce superior outcomes in all possible scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy generators are widely used in distribution networks to help meet consumption needs. Photovoltaic systems are common renewable generators, widely used in distribution networks and microgrids; however, due to the uncertainties of renewable generation, this leads to a possibility that the network may have problems in terms of generating the power required by the network at a given moment. To better control distribution networks, algorithms may thus be used to predict and model work conditions throughout the day and night. Model action control methods offer one of the more effective ways of controlling networks under uncertainties, which is important where, in addition to photovoltaic generation uncertainty, the network load is also subject to uncertainty. In this article, the optimal control of photovoltaic resources was done using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) method, a multivariable control method that offers dynamic control as opposed to direct control. The implementation of the predictive control controller of the model was done using MATLAB simulation of the microgrid, and the results highlight the advantages of the proposed method in terms of improving the total harmonic distortion indices and reducing rise time and settling time. Overall, the steady-state control method is confirmed to reduce steady-state errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable sources commonly have deficits in their momentum of inertia; thus, their increased penetration of isolated micro-grids may have a detrimental effect on frequency stability on these systems. This article thus aimed to design a decentralised control system for a microgrid equipped with static sources of renewable energy in order to adjust service levels for certain sources such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells to regulate the frequency. A microgrid was simulated to determine the initial level of inertial deficit, and the required amount of static renewable energy then sourced based on a newly proposed mathematical formula. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, the electric sources of the microgrid included a conventional synchronous generator, photovoltaic solar cells, and fuel cells as major sources of energy, with the batteries and supercapacitors in the system considered as support sources. The mathematical model was developed using MATLAB Simulink software in order to measure the simulated digital inertia in the system and to develop economic and environmental analyses in two primary cases: low and high penetration levels of renewable energies. The effectiveness of the proposed control system was then tested under various additional cases, with mathematical formulae used to measure the inertial deficits and the possibility of compensation. The results showed that the decentralisation approach was not limited to enabling all generation sources to provide active energy input while ensuring frequency stability, but also reduced the level of activation energy required to reach a state of stability, thus allowing all generating units work comfortably without any high electrical pressure. This work also contributed to determining the value of the inertia deficiency of the hybrid network and the amount of energy taken from energy storage devices as determined by the decentralised control circuit, a process applied to the batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. This energy compensates for the inertial deficiency, thus increasing the value of the inertia constant and improving the frequency response. In case 1, with primary frequency control and inertia control, the inertia constant increased by 51% from that in the case with no controller, whereas in case 2 the increase in inertia constant was 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has become a hot issue as the solution to avoid the energy crisis, while fossil fuel production has decreased. In this paper, the renewable energy from the potential of vibration power plants on motorcycle suspensions is designed to generate electricity. For that purpose, a module of the powerplant, which contains a series of piezoelectrics, is arranged and installed in the suspension of the motorcycle to convert the suspension vibration to electricity. The experiments are then conducted to get the powerplant's performance for several types of roads. The data acquisition and PC laptop are used in the experimental set-up to get real-time data on the voltage produced by the powerplant. The results show that the concrete road makes 11,9 V, the route with speed bump 30,79 V, and 5,56 V for smooth asphalt. It is shown that the potential of the designed powerplant is to charge the battery while running on the road. The module can be applied to online motorcycle taxis for charging the phone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the European Union's energy policy has seen a trend towards a systematic increase in decarbonization, the main directions of which are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the EU's energy mix, and increasing energy efficiency. Following the adoption of the first EU climate and energy legislation in 2009, which set out a number of targets and the necessary binding mechanisms to achieve these targets. The EU has come a long way in developing this area of energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy learning is the first step to create energy security in the future. However, in fact, there are still many students who find it difficult to learn about renewable energy in high school. Learning materials have good role in support students in learning physic. Therefore, this study aims to develop learning materials on the renewable energy topic based on STEM framework. The research method used is development study consisting of 3 stages namely the preliminary stage, the prototyping stage and the assessment stage. However, the discussion on this paper just describes the preliminary prototype of STEM-based learning material on renewable energy topic. The subjects of this study are the 10th grade students in Palembang. Data related to prototyping of learning materials are collected by documents and walkthrough. They are analyzed and described descriptively. The results showed the first prototype of the renewable energy learning materials based on STEM framework containing 8 learning objectives on the renewable energy, the limitation of electrical energy problem, the sources related to renewable energy topic, the series of STEM-based activities, and the evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document explores the use of a PDMS layer on a PSF membrane to enhance the separation of CO2 and CH4 gases in biogas. The addition of the PDMS coating improves the selectivity of CO2/CH4 separation by 47.16% and increases the concentration of CH4 by 7.96%. The study conducted by Suleman et al. found that the PDMS/PSF membrane had higher CH4 purity production compared to the neat membrane. The authors suggest that coating the PSF membrane with PDMS is a simple and effective method to improve gas separation performance, but further research is needed to optimize the coating parameters. The study was financially supported by the Palm Oil Plantation Fund Management Agency of Republic Indonesia. [Extracted from the article]

Biogas technology aims to re-use organic waste and poultry manure in an economical and health-safe way to produce new renewable energy with the production of good organic fertilizer and to protect the environment from pollution. The study was conducted to the effect of hydraulic retention first, second, third, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks on the production of biogas from anaerobic fermentation raw poultry manure at the rate (350kg raw:600L water type bioreactor Fixed-dome model designed and installed in poultry field at Agricultural Advisory Office, College of Agriculture, the University of Basra in Kurmat Ali, Iraq. Collected data were analyzed at least significant difference (R.L.S.D.) at P>0.05. Results showed that the best accumulative amounts of biogas were at the 6th and 7th weeks were 3240 and 3288 liters week-1 with a significant increase of 55.67% and 56.70% (v/v)respectively compared to the first week was110 liter week-1, results referred to main biogas ingredients from methane which were 55.67% and 56.70% (v/v), dioxide carbon 34.02%, 32.65% (v/v) with an insignificant amount of H2S at 6th and 7th weeks respectively. Another product from the anaerobic digestion process included disposal of organic manure with high quality of characteristics as pH, E.C., Organic carbon, total solid, and Carbon Oxygen Demand (COD) were 7.03, 17.43 dSm−1, 1318.27gm kg-1, 1 6.80%, 2150 mg L−1 for these characteristics respectively, so biogas technology Considered as recycling poultry manure to produce beneficial and safe bioenergy then prevent environment pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from using fossil energy to New and Renewable Energy (EBT) is something that is absolutely necessary. One of them is the use of solar panels as an alternative energy source, energy sources from solar panels can be utilized in the chicken farming sector to assist in the process of hatching eggs using an egg incubator. The energy source for egg incubators usually uses electrical energy from the National Electric Company, but if a short circuit occurs or a power outage occurs, the device will not function, while the egg incubator must maintain temperature and humidity stability in hatching eggs. Monitoring the energy produced by solar panels and monitoring the room temperature of the egg incubator so that it can work optimally, the Internet of Things (IoT) uses the Blynk android application. Testing the voltage, current and power readings using PZEM-017, the largest error difference on the voltage reading is 0.15%, and the smallest difference is 0.00%. The biggest error difference in the current reading is 1.62% and the smallest difference is worth the average error of 0.64%. Testing the temperature and humidity readings of the egg incubator using DHT-11, the largest error difference in temperature readings is 2.31%, and the smallest difference is 1.58%. The largest error difference in humidity readings is worth 20.37% and the smallest difference is worth the average error value of 11.11%. Solar Power Plants (PLTS) can help turn on egg incubators, but PLTS cannot overload egg incubators for 24 hours so they still need energy from PLN. The highest voltage generated by the solar panel during the 5 days of research is 13.79V, the highest current is 5.51A, and the highest power is 73.6W and the highest battery voltage is 13.6V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the potential renewable energy sources in Indonesia is solar energy. Indonesia, which is passed by the equator, has abundant sources of solar energy with an average solar radiation intensity of around 4.5 kWh/m2 per day throughout the region. In addition to the high cost of components and installation, the efficiency of solar cells is still low. Increasing the temperature of the solar panels due to continuous heating can reduce the efficiency of the panels. The decrease in solar cell efficiency is about 0.5% for an increase in the surface temperature of solar cells by 1o C. Therefore, the addition of a proper cooling system in solar power plants can also improve efficiency and increase the output power of solar panels. This research focuses on increasing the efficiency of solar power generation systems with fuzzy logic. The input system has an LDR sensor to move the solar panel to follow the direction of the sun, a temperature sensor as an input to control the temperature of the solar panel. Sequence of research methods, literature study, preparing tools and materials, design, testing, and data processing. This research found that solar panels with a solar tracker and cooling based on fuzzy logic obtained an efficiency percentage of 15.51% compared to static solar panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research still shows that physics is a field of study that students do not like. Some learning innovations are needed by teachers, one of which is through the development of fun media. This study aims to reveal the development of physics learning media based on Augmented Reality (AR) technology in the context of using ocean energy as a renewable energy source. This research was a Research and Development (R&D) using the DDD-E (Decide, Design, Develop and Evaluate) model. The results showed that many physics concepts were discussed through this media, and many student competencies could be built. The results of expert validation indicate that this media is suitable for use as a source of learning physics. This study recommends further testing to test the effectiveness of the application of this media in learning physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conduction of this study is motivated by the increase in the use of plastic-based products with negative impacts on the environment and health. This study aims to analyze plastic waste conversion into new renewable energy as a form of national sovereignty. This research is classified into the type of research that is qualitative. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of plastic waste management on reducing plastic waste which can then be used optimally through plastic waste management using a pyrolysis method. This research is normative legal research and using experimental method. The normative research approach is based on applicable laws and regulations. The experimental method research conducted with scientific approach. The data of this study were obtained from the results of analyzing the provisions of laws and regulations, journals, and relevant articles. Then, the data obtained will be analyzed descriptively analytically by analyzing and reviewing based on systematic rules to obtain an overview of the problems raised. The results of the study confirmed that first, plastic is a product that may produce fuel oil through pyrolysis, thermal cracking, and catalytic cracking methods. Second, data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia 2020 shows that the situation of Indonesia's oil and gas reserves in the last 10 years has indicated a downward trend. One of the ways to overcome this problem is to increase the quantity of reduce, reuse, and recycle into alternative energy sources into the new renewable energy using pyrolysis method as the implementation of 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to renewable energy resources is a challenge for Romania, as well as for the whole world. The goal of the European Commission is to accelerate the use of renewable resources to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Romania had in 2022, 40,171 prosumers with the forecast that they will reach 100,000 in 2023. The previous research carried out showed a positive attitude of the household population in Romania towards these energy resources, but also important barriers that considerably slow down the process, Romania being behind the target set by the European Commission. Through this research, we seek to identify how gender differences are reflected in the approach to renewable energy resources to facilitate this transition. The present research covers a gap in the specialized literature by investigating, differentiated by gender, the perception of Romanian residents regarding renewable energy resources. The case study was carried out in 2023 on residents of two cities out of the 266 in Romania, Oradea and Timișoara. The reasons for choosing the two cities are related to their similar economic development, positioning in the same part of the country, and, in particular, their performance in increasing the number of green energy prosumers. A questionnaire survey was carried out with a result of 1098 valid questionnaires with a gender structure that allows a differentiated analysis (42.53 men, 53.18 women, 4.28 unspecified). The internal consistency of the answers was carried out with aCronbach. The data processing methods used are Importance-Performance Analysis, RStudio202207.1+554, and qualitative processing with Atlas.ti22. A hypothesis we tested is whether women are more sensitive to environmental issues and the type of energy produced and consumed or the cost factor is the one that dictates. The results suggest gender-differentiated solutions for raising public awareness and encouraging action. Limits of the paper are found only in the two Romanian cities, the geographical extension of the sample being a possible future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is a very promising option for an alternative source of renewable energy. Indonesia as an equatorial country has great potential for the use of solar energy. Photovoltaic is a device that is useful for converting solar radiation into electrical power. One of the common application of photovoltaic in building are solar rooftop installment. In this study, a performance analysis of the solar rooftop system in the city of Medan is carried out during May 2021. The solar rooftop system with a total capacity of 10 kWp consists of 25 photovoltaic panels, each of which has rated power and voltage are 400 Wp and 38.7 V, respectively. The solar irradiation, power, voltage and current are measured and recorded. The total generated electrical energy output are 1011.8 kWh monthly, and the average daily electrical energy output are 32.639 kWh. The maximum performance ratio are 99.97% and has an average of 89.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasification is a hot topic as renewable energy technology for its wide range of application and capability to be integrated as waste to energy technology as well. Laboratory of biomass gasification of Indonesia has designed a micro scale rice husk gasifier to serves 10 kW of electricity of agricultural sector. The study was carried out by doing a simulation of small-scale rice husk gasifier by varying its working operations. simulation provides overview of syngas composition and showed the maximum LHV value of 6.47 MJ/Nm3 at ER 0.25 followed by increase in the maximum CGE value of 83% at a temperature of 900℃. Furthermore, the integration of renewable technology must consider the economical aspect. The gasifier has an LCOE value ranging from 0.014 USD/kW - 0.089 USD/kW depending on the use of the Gasifier. The feasibility of using rice husk gasifier also inspected using NPV, Benefits to Cost Ratio and Payback Period (PBP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]