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The purpose of this study was to investigate how caring student-teacher relationships facilitate positive student behavior. Additionally, it examined the effect of student behavior when building positive student-teacher relationships. Previous research by the authors determined that when teachers build relationships with children it is one of the most effective strategies to impact student learning. A secondary implication identified by the participants and their administrators in that study was that building relationships can create a positive classroom environment resulting in fewer discipline disruptions. This current study was conducted to measure the relationships between school children, in grades K-8 in the USA, and their teachers using a standardized instrument before and after a two-week implementation of a positive behavioral intervention and supports strategy to determine if there are any significant differences. The participants involved in this study are comprised of classroom teachers in their first year of teaching, and experienced classroom teachers (5+ years).

The light polarization properties provide relevant information about linear–optical media quality and condition. The Stokes–Mueller formalism is commonly used to represent the polarization properties of the incident light over sample tests. Currently, different Stokes Polarimeters are mainly defined by resolution, acquisition rate, and light to carry out accurate and fast measurements. This work presents the implementation of an automatic Stokes dynamic polarimeter to characterize non-biological and biological material samples. The proposed system is configured to work in the He-Ne laser beam’s reflection or transmission mode to calculate the Mueller matrix. The instrumentation stage includes two asynchronous photoelastic modulators, two nano-stepper motors, and an acquisition data card at 2% of accuracy. The Mueller matrix is numerically calculated by software using the 36 measures method without requiring image processing. Experiments show the efficiency of the proposed optical array to calculate the Mueller matrix in reflection and transmission mode for different samples. The mean squared error is calculated for each element of the obtained matrix using referenced values of the air and a mirror. A comparison with similar works in the literature validates the proposed optical array.

Fucus spiralis L. is a broadly distributed monoecious intertidal seaweed. The specific status of F. spiralis however is debatable. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and systematics of F. spiralis by analysing the complete mitochondrial and plastid genomes of a specimen from California, U.S.A. The F. spiralis mitogenome is 36,396 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 67 genes, and the plastid genome is 125,066 bp in length and contains 171 genes. The F. spiralis genomes are 99.7% and 99.8% similar in nucleotide sequence to F. vesiculosus, and support the revised classification of F. spiralis to Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis.

Objetivos. La interleucina-1 (IL-1) es una familia de citocinas que regulan la inflamación mediante el control de una variedad de procesos inmunitarios innatos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la expresión inmunohistoquímica de miembros de la familia de la IL-1 en el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) y determinar su asociación con características clinicopatológicas. Métodos. Se evaluó la expresión inmunohistoquímica de IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1RA e IL-1R1 en el parénquima (frente de invasión) de 47 casos de COCE. Las inmunoexpresiones fueran evaluadas de acuerdo con el grado histológico, invasión perineural, recurrencia, estadio clínico. Resultados. Las islas tumorales del frente de invasión de todos los casos de COCE evaluados fueron positivas con grados de inmunoexpresión variando de moderado a severo para IL1α (1.93±0.87), IL-1β (2.09±0.83), IL-1RA (2.5±0.71) e IL-1R1 (2.02±0.84). Hubo una mayor proporción de casos con alta expresión de IL-1RA (62.5%). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la baja inmunoexpresión de IL-1α y una mayor recurrencia (p=0,018). No se observó asociación significativa entre los otros miembros de la familia de IL-1 y ninguno de los factores pronósticos evaluados. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la disminución de la expresión tisular de factores proinflamatorios de la familia de las IL-1 está relacionada con una mayor recurrencia en los casos de COCE. Sin embargo, su papel parece ser más relevante en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad que en los factores pronósticos.

The gradual accumulation and inadequate renewal of senescent cells over time drive organismal aging. Senescent cells undergo altered gene expression and release inflammatory mediators collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which significantly contributes to a spectrum of age-related disorders, including cancer. In the context of carcinogenesis, the SASP produced by senescent cells has been implicated in the promotion of epithelial cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common form of oral cancer. Senescent cells within the tumor microenvironment release factors that amplify the growth and invasiveness of neighboring cancer cells. Senotherapeutics, including senolytics and senomorphics, emerge as promising modalities to target senescent cells and their associated inflammatory factors, thereby opening novel avenues for augmenting the efficacy of cancer treatments. Here, we review the general aspects of cellular senescence, focusing on the relation between senescence-related inflammation with cancer development. We also analyze the available evidence linking cellular senescence with OSCC, highlighting possible clinical applications.

Purpose: To perform a comprehensive and systematic critical appraisal of the genetic alterations reported to be present in adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) compared to ameloblastoma (AM), to aid in the understanding in their development and different behavior.Methods: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science during March 2021. Eligibility criteria included publications on humans which included genetic analysis of AOT or AM.Results: A total of 43 articles reporting 59 AOTs and 680 AMs were included. Different genomic techniques were used, including whole-exome sequencing, direct sequencing, targeted next-generation sequencing panels and TaqMan allele-specific qPCR. Somatic mutations affecting KRAS were identified in 75.9% of all AOTs, mainly G12V; whereas a 71% of the AMs harbored BRAF mutations, mainly V600E.Conclusions: The available genetic data reports that AOTs and AM harbor somatic mutations in well-known oncogenes, being KRAS G12V/R and BRAFV600E mutations the most common, respectively. The relatively high frequency of ameloblastoma compared to other odontogenic tumors, such as AOT, has facilitated the performance of different sequencing techniques, allowing the discovery of different mutational signatures. On the contrary, the low frequency of AOTs is an important limitation for this. The number of studies that have a assessed the genetic landscape of AOT is still very limited, not providing enough evidence to draw a conclusion regarding the relationship between the genomic alterations and its clinical behavior. Thus, the presence of other mutational signatures with clinical impact, co-occurring with background KRAS mutations or in wild-type KRAS cases, cannot be ruled out. Since BRAF and RAS are in the same MAPK pathway, it is interesting that ameloblastomas, frequently associated with BRAFV600E mutation have aggressive clinical behavior, but in contrast, AOTs, frequently associated with RAS mutations have indolent behavior. Functional studies might be required to solve this question.

Alveolar soft-part sarcomas are clinically and morphologically distinct soft-tissue sarcomas, with an unknown histogenesis. When the tumors affect the region of the head and neck, they are often located in the orbit and tongue. We report a case of an alveolar soft-part sarcoma in the left masseter of a 28-year-old female. The patient had chronic pain and paresthesia of her left lower lip. Panoramic radiography and computed tomography showed a well-delimited radiolucent mass in the left ramus. An incisional biopsy was performed, and the sample submitted for histopathological study. The tumor showed positive periodic acid-Schiff diastase-resistant granules. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for myoglobin, and focally positive for actin and desmin. Keywords: alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS), oral cancer, oral sarcoma

The global need to transition to renewable and decentralized systems entails agricultural systems as producers of residual biomass. Avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) are one of the main woody crops cultivated in Mexico, with over 150,000 hectares grown in the country. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of avocado pruning residues as an energy input, focusing on the revalorization of biomass and the generation of economic benefits for small producers in the region. For that purpose, we developed allometric equations to calculate biomass availability from pruning residues, evaluated their thermochemical properties, and proposed technological alternatives for their energy use. Two allometric equations for pruning residues as a function of tree height and crown diameter were obtained: one for light and minor maintenance pruning (R2 = 0.63) and one for rejuvenation pruning (R2 = 0.86). From these equations, we estimate the mean amount of biomass generated from light and rejuvenation pruning to be 42.7 and 25.1 kg per tree and year, respectively, which amounts to 1324 and 780 kg ha−1 DM (dry matter), with an energy potential of 26.2 and 15.4 GJ ha−1. The thermochemical analysis shows that a higher proportion of leaves generates a higher ash content, which reduces the quality of the residues as a fuel. Avocado pruning residues have high potential for energy use and could be implemented in the industrial and residential sectors, generating a complementary source of income for producers.

From the sixteenth century onwards, a unique pattern is used in the layout of cities in Spanish-America: the chessboard plan. The uniformity and extent of the model's use, from California to the Straits of Magellan, has been attributed to the provisions of the 'Laws of the Indies', specifically the Charter of 1523, from the Emperor Charles V. The paper proposes that the chessboard model derives, not from a particular piece of legislation dictated a quarter of a century after the first Spanish-American city was founded, but from the 'idealised image' of Santo Domingo, a city founded by Nicolas de Ovando in 1502. Its regular plan, so markedly different from the contemporary experience of the mediaeval town and, in the specifically Spanish case, intricate arabic patterns, became the paradigmatic example of 'the new city in the New World'. Santo Domingo was, in the early sixteenth century, the administrative capital of that world. Every captain, or plain soldier, in search of fame and fortune - or more precisely gold - arrived in and departed from Santo Domingo, the new and extraordinary modern city with wide and straight streets, an experience unknown to the average person of the sixteenth century. Thus the extended and idealised image of the chessboard represented, apparently, by this city, became the 'modern way' for the lay out of cities in Spanish America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mean vascular density (MVD) in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Material and methods: Descriptive case study. Nineteen histological samples diagnosed with NOM, 18 diagnosed with OED, and 19 with OSCC, were analyzed with immunohistochemistry against EGFR and CD31. EGFR expression was evaluated by extent and intensity of its expression in normal, dysplastic and neoplastic epithelium. MVD was determined through the detection of blood vessels by antibodies against CD31. Results: Extension of EGFR expression was highest in OSCC followed by OED and lowest in NOM, resulting in significant different between the degrees of extension (p

La producción de manzana en Chihuahua, México, juega un papel fundamental en el sector primario, donde actualmente existen 30 000 ha plantadas y 2500 productores, es el cultivo más intensivo en la zona genera 3.5 millones de jornales anuales y representa el 71% de la producción nacional. La baja fertilidad de los suelos es un hecho que golpea a estas áreas, las cuales se han visto afectados por el uso excesivo de fertilizantes químicos lo que ha ocasionado altos índices de contaminación, aumento de la compactación y la salinidad, disminución de la materia orgánica y el decremento de la microbiología de los suelos, impactando negativamente en el rendimiento, calidad de fruto y la rentabilidad. En busca de la sustentabilidad, se ha tratado de sustituir el uso de agroquímicos por productos orgánicos, pero en la producción de manzana no existe información para un manejo orgánico agroecológico propio de la región manzanera más importante de México. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue medir los efectos de la aplicación combinada de biofertilización y fertilización química, sobre las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. El estudio se realizó en los ciclos 2012-13, 2013-14 y 2014-15 en una plantación de manzanos (Malus domestica Borkh) cv. Golden Supreme, en el municipio de Guerrero, Chihuahua. Se establecieron dos tratamientos: T-1 (biofertilización + fertilización química) donde se aplicó el 50% de biofertilizante y 50% de fertilizante químico; T-2 fertilización química, siendo el testigo y representando el manejo tradicional del productor. En cada ciclo, ambos tratamientos tuvieron aplicaciones de 6 Mg ha-1 de lombricomposta y 30 Mg ha-1 de aserrín de pino como acolchado orgánico. Los resultados mostraron que en T-1, la combinación de biofertilización y fertilización química, lombricomposta y aserrín de pino como acolchado influyó positivamente sobre la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en un 10.36%, la capacidad de intercambio catiónico (83.05%), la materia orgánica (24.41%) y la biomasa microbiana del suelo (113.99%), mientras que en T-2 los porcentajes fueron menores. El conjunto de beneficios aportados por el biofertilizante líquido, lombricomposta y aserrín de pino como acolchado, significó un aumento de la fertilidad del suelo.

In this research, we propose to analyze the economic crime and the different theories and concepts that from criminology have been made about this subject. As we will see, economic crimes are not sociological or criminological basis in the reasons given to the traditional economic crime from the criminological point of view. These crimes, also called of “cuello blanco”, have certain characteristics that differentiate them from the rest of the crime and the perpetrators do not respond to the usual pattern of the offender. So our principal objective is to characterize the economic crime in the current Cuban society, based on sociological studies conducted by various institutions in this regard. Under scientific problem that motivates, defined by the following question: What are the main characteristics that presents economic crime in Cuban society? Using for this purpose the following methods: Method of Analysis and Synthesis, Logical Analysis, Historical Legal, Sociological Method, Materialistic Dialectical Method. As research technique was used the literature review of materials we consider more updated on the subject. Presenting results in a fundamental characterization of the phenomenon of economic crime from the criminological point of view.

Odontogenic fibromas are a rare benign odontogenic neoplasia, characterized by the presence of odontogenic epithelium with an inactive appearance in a cellular fibrous stroma. Histopathologically there are two types of odontogenic fibromas: an epithelium-poor type (simple type) and an epithelium-rich type (WHO or complex type). Depending on its primary location, two variables can be distinguished, one central or intraosseous and one peripheral or extraosseous. Several cases were published in the literature, but always as unique lesions, and when seen in a multiple manner, they were described as hamartomas associated with enamel dysplasia and other dental malformations. The following report describes a case of bilateral WHO-type central odontogenic fibromas in the premolar area of the mandible in a 13-year-old boy, with 5-year radiographic follow-up. The patient showed no clinical evidence of the lesions, just inclusion of the premolars, so the lesions were a radiographic finding. The teeth were extracted together with the lesions and they were sent for biopsy with a presumptive diagnoses of dentigerous cysts. Both samples were examined using routine techniques (hematoxylin and eosin with light microscopy), and a diagnosis of an odontogenic fibroma was made. The samples were stained with picro-sirius red and were examined under polarized light, which confirmed the diagnosis. We present the complete case with 5-year complete radiographic follow-up with the corresponding histopathological and histochemical characteristics.

La enfermedad meningocócica es una entidad clínica que constituye aún un problema de salud mundial. Esta afecta, sobre todo, a la población infantil ocasionando un cuadro clínico grave, de evolución severa, así como un elevado número de muertes y secuelas. Su agente etiológico, Neisseria meningitidis, habita de forma natural en las membranas mucosas de la nasofaringe humana. Con el objetivo de determinar las características de la respuesta neuroinmunológica en niños con meningoencefalitis por N. meningitidis, se estudiaron 20 niños diagnosticados con esta afección clínica, entre los años 1988- 2009. A estos se les realizó una punción lumbar en el momento del ingreso y se cuantificó la IgA, IgM e IgG, la albúmina y el C3c en el suero y en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Se confeccionó un reibergrama de acuerdo con los datos obtenidos en la cuantificación. La disfunción de la barrera hematoencefálica se presentó en seis pacientes y hubo síntesis intratecal de las inmunoglobulinas mayores y C3c en 65% y 95%, respectivamente. Se comprobó la ocurrencia de síntesis intratecal de al menos dos inmunoglobulinas mayores asociadas con el componente C3c del complemento, participando estos en los mecanismos involucrados en la respuesta inmune de esta enfermedad.

Este trabajo, trata de las apreciaciones públicas y urbanas que se dieron en la ciudad de Santiago a instancias de la celebración del primer Centenario de la República, en el año 1910. Es una rememoranza de aquellas visiones que la ciudad sustrajo a los medios periodísticos, personajes y liderazgos de una sociedad autosatisfecha por el progreso notable alcanzado por el país en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX y los primeros años del siglo XX, pero que ignoró los movimientos obreros y expresiones de disconformidad social que ya comenzaban a ebullir en esos años. La ciudad, como una vasta, compleja y heterogénea construcción en el espacio, erigida a través de las edades por innumerables y, la más de las veces, anónimos constructores, representa la mayor suma de obra humana acumulada en el tiempo, en la que cada generación va dejando una muestra de su aporte en vivienda, espacios, instalaciones y monumentos, vale decir, de su particular cultura y modo de vida en su propio tiempo. Ciertamente, cada ciudad es historia y memoria de sí misma, testimonio permanente de la continuidad del hombre y de la sociedad humana con su propio pasado. En ese sentido, como somos herederos de nuestra historia y de los hombres y mujeres que construyeron y legaron las ciudades en las que vivimos, es importante rescatar esos valores culturales, sociales, arquitectónicos y urbanísticos de modo de visualizar el paso del tiempo, que se materializa, se hace objeto y se torna visible en la ciudad, en la medida que nos "cuenta" algo.

The chemical composition and biological activities of 19 essential oils and seven of their major components were tested against free and intracellular forms of Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites as well as Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines. The essential oils were obtained from different species of Lippia, a widely distributed genus of Colombian plants. They were extracted by microwave radiation-assisted hydro-distillation and characterised by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major components were geranial, neral, limonene, nerol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, carvone and thymol. The essential oil of Lippia alba exhibited the highest activity against T. cruzi epimastigotes and intracellular amastigotes with an IC50 of 5.5 μg/mL and 12.2 μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil of Lippia origanoides had an IC50 of 4.4 μg/mL in L. chagasi promastigotes and exhibited no toxicity in mammalian cells. Thymol (IC50 3.2 ± 0.4 μg/mL) and S-carvone (IC50 6.1 ± 2.2 μg/mL), two of the major components of the active essential oils, were active on intracellular amastigotes of T. cruziinfected Vero cells, with a selective index greater than 10. None of the essential oils or major components tested in this study was active on amastigotes of L. chagasi infected THP-1 cells.