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La polmonite rappresenta la principale causa di ricovero ospedaliero e di mortalità conseguente all'infezione da SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). La diagnosi eziologica di polmonite da COVID-19 necessita di una conferma della presenza di materiale genetico virale rilevato con il test RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction) ottenuto solitamente utilizzando un tampone naso-faringeo o orofaringeo; tuttavia, numerose evidenze dimostrano che una significativa quota di tamponi, in particolare alla prima determinazione, risulta negativa anche in presenza di una polmonite da OCVID-19. Questi pazienti possono essere erroneamente ricoverati in area non-COVID-19 e pertanto contribuire alla diffusione nosocomiale del virus. Per questo motivo AIPO-ITS (Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri - Italian Thoracic Society) ha promosso la pubblicazione di un documento che propone un approccio pragmatico alla diagnosi di polmonite da da COVID-19 con RT-PCR negativa utilizzando un algoritmo decisionale clinico-radiologico come proxy al gold standard comunemente adottato, rappresentato dalla RT-PCR, finalizzato a isolare il paziente e a promuovere le indagini per un corretto inquadramento clinico-terapeutico. La difficile prova della prima fase della pandemia da OCVID-19 ci ha permesso di conoscere meglio le caratteristiche e la pericolosità di questo nuovo virus e quanto abbiamo appreso deve essere utilmente implementato nella pratica clinica al fine di contenere l'infezione nella cosiddetta seconda e terza fase per prevenire una possibile ondata di ritorno dell'infezione dei mesi autunnali.

Background Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a recessive disease caused by α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency, leading to progressive muscle weakness and/or respiratory failure in children and adults. Respiratory derangement can be the first indication of LOPD, but the diagnosis may be difficult for pneumologists. We hypothesize that assessing the GAA activity in suspected patients by a dried blood spot (DBS) may help the diagnosis of LOPD in the pneumological setting. Population and methods We performed a multicenter DBS survey of patients with suspected LOPD according to a predefined clinical algorithm. From February 2015 to December 2017, 140 patients (57 ± 16 yrs., 80 males) were recruited in 19 Italian pneumological units. The DBS test was performed by a drop of blood collected on absorbent paper. Patients with GAA activity

La quarta edizione del terzo volume del Trattato di Anatomia Umana vede un'estesa revisione sia della parte iconografica che del testo con (i) l'adeguamento della terminologia all'ultima edizione della "Terminologia Anatomica", (ii) l'analisi del particolare anatomico incentrata sulla sua diretta attinenza clinica o fisiologica, (iii) l'introduzione di box per evidenziare importanti correlati morfofunzionali e (iv) l'inserimento di numerosi correlati clinici

Using c-Fos protein immunohistochemistry we previously demonstrated various sites of activation in the rat forebrain according to the animal's drug history. This study originates from a more detailed evaluation ex-post of the same specimens. A discrete number of c-Fos protein immunoreactive nuclei could be observed in some circumventricular organs, including the vascular organ of terminal lamina (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO) and in the nucleus of solitary tract near the area postrema, but only in specimens from sensitized rats. We therefore suggest that repeated drug injections activate the normally low drug metabolizing enzyme activity in the circumventricular organs thus implicating these organs in the complex mechanisms underlying behavioral sensitization.

An activated thrombogenesis has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study we evaluated whether a fibrin degradation product, the D dimer, is increased in patients with IBD. D dimer plasma levels were evaluated by sandwich ELISA in patients with Crohn's disease (24), ulcerative colitis (25), gastrointestinal (GI) disease controls (10), hospital controls (13) and healthy subjects (14). Circulating D dimer was significantly higher in ulcerative colitis (median 651; 95% CI 89-1275 ng/ml) than in healthy subjects (median 412; 95% CI 112-672 ng/ml; p = 0.002), Crohn's disease (median 466; 95% CI 6-931 ng/ml; p = 0.005) and GI disease controls (median 446; 95% CI 196-688 ng/ml; p = 0.023). In ulcerative colitis, plasma D dimer was related to inflammatory parameters such as C-reactive protein (p0.01) and seromucoids (p0.001). Circulating D dimer was age-related in all groups (p0.05). Fibrin degradation, as reflected by plasma D dimer, is detected in patients with ulcerative colitis exhibiting a marked acute phase response.

Previous biochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that [D-Ala2]-deltorphin-I (DADTI) has a high affinity and selectivity for delta-opioid receptors. In this study, designed to provide morphological details, the distribution of DADTI binding sites was examined by autoradiography on coronal, sagittal and horizontal frozen sections of adult rat brain. The sections were incubated with tritiated DADTI solution and exposed for 12 weeks to a 3H-sensitive film. DADTI labelling clearly demonstrated selective and high affinity binding sites of delta-opioid type in several brain regions, including olfactory system, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, and cortical layers I-II and V-VI.

OBJECTIVES: Both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are crucially involved in fibrotic events that characterize interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in primary cultures of normal and fibrotic human lung fibroblasts (HLF), exposed to either IL-6 or TGF-beta1, the effects on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cell growth of IL-6 signalling inhibition, performed by the IL-6 receptor superantagonist Sant7. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MAPK phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting, HLF viability and proliferation were evaluated using the trypan blue staining and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, respectively. RESULTS: Sant7, at a concentration of 1 microg/mL, was capable of significantly inhibiting HLF proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation induced by cell exposure to IL-6 (100 ng/mL) or TGF-beta1 (10 ng/mL), whose actions were more evident in fibrotic cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, in HLFs derived from patients with ILDs, the proliferative mechanisms activated by TGF-beta1 are at least in part mediated by an increased release of IL-6, leading to phosphorylation-dependent MAPK activation. Such preliminary findings may thus open new therapeutic perspectives for fibrogenic ILDs, based on inhibition of signal transduction pathways stimulated by the IL-6 receptor.