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Aktan is someone or something that is perfecting or undergoing action. Yabu no Naka's short story research using the Greimas act scheme aims to analyze the actions of characters in short stories using Greimas act theory. Acting scheme includes seven function actions, namely as sender, receiver, object, subject, opposant and helper. While the Greimas functional model consists of three stages: the initial situation, the transformation stage and the final situation. The seven parts of the story in Yabu no Naka's short story are discussed with an approach using a qualitative descriptive paradigm based on the act scheme theory and functional model. The results of the study show that in the seven parts of the short stories analyzed, there are 8 act schemes and 8 functional model tables. There is 1 act scheme that show zeroization (some function roles are zero or none) and 5 functional tables that show zeroization (there are zero or zero stages). Meanwhile, 7 act schemes and 3 other functional tables have a complete or perfect role.

Breast lesions of uncertain malignant potential (B3) are frequently diagnosed in the era of breast cancer (BC) screening and their management is controversial. They are generally removed surgically, but some international organizations and guidelines for breast research suggest follow-up care alone or, more recently, propose vacuum-assisted excision (VAE). The risk of upgrade to BC is known, but very little data exist on its role as risk factor for future BC development. We analyzed 966 B3 lesions diagnosed at our institution, 731 of which had long-term follow-up available. Surgical removal was performed in 91%, VAE in 3.8%, and follow-up in 5.2% of cases. The B3 lesions included flat epithelial atypia (FEA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), lobular intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN), atypical papillary lesions (PLs), radial scars (RSs), and others. Overall, immediate upgrade to BC (invasive or in situ) was 22.7%. After long-term follow-up, 9.2% of the patients were diagnosed with BC in the same or contralateral breast. The highest risk was associated with ADH diagnosis, with 39.8% of patients upgraded and 13.6% with a future BC diagnosis ( p < 0.0001). These data support the idea that B3 lesions should be removed and provide evidence to suggest annual screening mammography for women after a B3 diagnosis because their BC risk is considerably increased.

Background/aim: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a standard practice for staging the axilla in breast cancer. Initially, intraoperative frozen section (FS) examination was used but was time-consuming and often provided false-negative results. Delayed permanent section (PS) analysis is currently performed; FS-SLNB is maintained for selected high-risk cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of this approach., Patients and Methods: All patients with breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes undergoing SLNB at our institution from 2004 to 2020 were analyzed, comparing operative time, re-operation rate and clinical outcome in terms of regional lymphatic recurrence-free and overall survival by type of SLNB (FS vs. PS)., Results: FS-SLNB comprised 100% of the procedures in 2004 and 18.2% at the end of the study period. The use of PS-SLNB instead of FS-SLNB was associated with a significantly reduced rate of axillary dissection (AD): 4.4% vs. 27.2, respectively (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in re-operation rate for AD: 3.9% vs. 6.9%, respectively (p=0.20). The use of PS-SLNB significantly reduced the operative time (mean=51 minutes) (p<0.001). After a mean follow-up of 70.9 months (range=16-180 months) there were no differences in regional lymphatic recurrence free or overall survival., Conclusion: The reduced use of FS-SLNB resulted in a significantly lower rate of AD, and significant operative time and costs savings, without any increase in the reoperation rate and lymphatic recurrences. Therefore, this approach is feasible, safe and beneficial, both for patients and healthcare services., (Copyright © 2023 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Many clinical conditions require radiological diagnostic exams based on the emission of different kinds of energy and the use of contrast agents, such as computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance (MR), ultrasound (US), and X-ray imaging. Pregnant patients who should be submitted for diagnostic examinations with contrast agents represent a group of patients with whom it is necessary to consider both maternal and fetal effects. Radiological examinations use different types of contrast media, the most used and studied are represented by iodinate contrast agents, gadolinium, fluorodeoxyglucose, gastrographin, bariumsulfate, and nanobubbles used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). The present paper reports the available data about each contrast agent and its effect related to the mother and fetus. This review aims to clarify the clinical practices to follow in cases where a radiodiagnostic examination with a contrast medium is indicated to be performed on a pregnant patient.

Beta-catenin is involved in intercellular adhesion and participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. This study evaluated the expression pattern and prognostic value of β-catenin in a series of endometrial carcinoma patients. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to assess the expression and subcellular localization of β-catenin from tissue sections of 74 patients with endometrial carcinoma. No correlation was found between beta-catenin expression and clinicopathological parameters. Patients expressing nuclear β-catenin ( n = 13; 16%) showed a more favorable prognosis than patients expressing membranous β-catenin; the 5-year disease-related survival rate was 100% for cases expressing nuclear β-catenin, compared with 73.8% (SE 0.08) of cases expressing membranous β-catenin ( p = 0.04). Although statistical significance was not reached ( p = 0.15), cases expressing nuclear β-catenin showed a 5-year disease-free survival rate of 90.9% (SE 0.08) compared with 67.4% (SE 0.08) of cases expressing membranous β-catenin. Univariate Cox analysis revealed that membranous β-catenin expression was found to be associated with a relative risk of death of 33.9 ( p = 0.04). The stage of disease ( p = 0.0006), histology ( p = 0.003), and grading ( p = 0.008) were also significantly correlated with disease-free survival according to univariate Cox analyses. Determining β-catenin expression and localization patterns may predict survival in patients with endometrial cancer and, therefore, should be considered a potential prognostic marker of disease.

Background: The impact of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on pregnancy is not well-understood. During the outbreak, the initial approach suggested by the major societies was to postpone all non-urgent assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. Nevertheless, the Italian Society of Fertility and Sterility and Reproductive Medicine considered ethically correct to proceed with ART treatments, as the infertility rate is increasing over time, with a consistent decline in the live birth rate. The objective of our study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the outcomes of ART pregnancies, in terms of early pregnancy loss, overall success rate, and live birth rate., Methods: We conducted a single-center retro-prospective cohort study. Patients who underwent ART treatments from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021 (pandemic ART cohort, pART; n = 749) and from 1 March 2019 to 29 February 2020 (control cohort, CTR; n = 844) were enrolled. The study had a duration of 24 months. Patients underwent baseline severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) nasopharyngeal swab; quantitative serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) to assess pregnancy; pelvic transvaginal ultrasound; and follow-up until delivery. The study took place at the ART Center of the University Hospital in Florence, Italy., Results: There were not statistically significant differences on implantation rate (pART 0.348 ± 0.034 vs. CTR 0.365 ± 0.033, CI = 95%, p = 0.49), clinical pregnancy rate (pART 0.847 ± 0.044 vs. CTR 0.864 ± 0.038, CI = 95%, p = 0.56), and ectopic pregnancy rate (pART 0.008 ± 0.011 vs. CTR 0.01 ± 0.011, CI = 95%, p = 0.79). Neither first trimester miscarriage rate was different between the groups (pART 0.224 ± 0.056 vs. CTR 0.213 ± 0.05, CI = 95%, p = 0.77) nor second trimester miscarriage rate (pART 0.018 ± 0.018 vs. CTR 0.019 ± 0.017, CI = 95%, p = 0.95). Live birth rate remained unchanged during the pandemic (pART 0.22 ± 0.03 vs. CTR 0.239 ± 0.029, CI = 95%, p = 0.37) and stable even when compared to our center rate between 2015 and 2019 (pART 0.222 ± 0.03 vs. general rate 0.224 ± 0.014, CI = 95%, p = 0.83)., Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic did not cause a statistically significant change in the live birth rate and in the pregnancy loss rate. ART during the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered fair and safe, ethically and medically appropriate. Patients and physicians should be reassured that ART pregnancy outcomes do not seem to be jeopardized by the pandemic state., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Huri, Noferi, Renda, Piazzini, Benemei and Coccia.)

Among new prognostic factors for breast cancer, the most promising one seems to be FGD3 ( Facio-Genital Dysplasia 3 ) gene, whose expression improves outcome by inhibiting cell migration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic role of FGD3 in invasive breast cancer in a series of 401 women, treated at our unit, by evaluating the expression of this gene by immunohistochemistry. Patients with high FGD3 expression showed a significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) ( p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) ( p < 0.001). The prognostic value of FGD3 expression was stronger than that of classical pathologic parameters such as histological grade of differentiation, Ki-67 index and molecular subtype. By multivariate Cox analysis, FGD3 expression was confirmed as significant and independent prognostic factor, ranking second after age at diagnosis (≤40 years) for DFS ( p = 0.003) and the second strongest predictor of OS, after AJCC Stage ( p < 0.001). Our data suggest that inclusion of FGD3 evaluation in the routine workup of breast cancer patients may result in a more accurate stratification of the individual risk. The possibility to assess FGD3 expression by a simple and cheap technique such as immunohistochemistry may enhance the spread of its use in the clinical practice.

Despite the establishment of the traditional prognostic factors for breast cancer, patients belonging to the same histological and molecular subgroup often present quite different outcomes. Recently, the introduction of gene expression profiling, assessed by RT-qPCR and microarray DNA analysis, offered a view of the whole cell gene activity and the ability to identify new transcripts that are associated with outcome. This review aimed to gather all recent trials about new breast cancer prognostic factors, focusing on the most promising one, the FGD3 gene, and to discuss the real feasibility of a molecular approach in everyday clinical practice. In conclusion, all literature concerning this subject indicated that expression of the FGD3 gene is a strong marker of good prognosis in breast cancer patients and that immunohistochemistry represents an efficient, inexpensive, reproducible evaluation method, affordable also by small Institutions., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: We evaluated the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in reducing locally-advanced breast cancer (LABC) size, thus improving breast-conserving surgery (BCS) rates, as well as its long-term outcome., Patients and Methods: We analyzed 59 patients treated between 1999-2017 with NACT and subsequent surgery for LABC., Results: We observed a tumor size reduction in 95% of cases, resulting in downstaging in 62.7%. The average tumor shrinkage was 49%. Women with a reduction in tumor size >50% after NACT had better 10-year OS rates than women with a reduction ≤50% (p=0.025). NACT allowed to perform BCS in 44% cases, whereas the remaining 56% cases underwent mastectomy. Overall, we observed recurrences in 37.2% patients. Recurrence rates after BCS and mastectomy were 30.7% (6 loco-regional and 2 distant cases) and 42.4% (5 loco-regional and 9 distant cases), respectively (p=0.07)., Conclusion: NACT confirmed its effectiveness in reducing mastectomy rates by approximately 50%, without increasing the risk of local or distant recurrences., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

The FGD3 gene works as a cell migration inhibitor and seems to be a promising indicator of outcome in some human cancers including breast. In this study, we analysed for the first time the prognostic role of FGD3 in young breast cancer patients. We studied the relationship between traditional prognostic factors, FGD3 expression and outcome in ≤40 years breast cancer patients. We found that lower FGD3 expression decreased the probability of disease-free survival (p = 0.042) and overall survival (p = 0.007). In a multivariate analysis for overall survival AJCC stage (p = 0.005) and FGD3 expression (p = 0.03) resulted independent prognostic factors. Low FGD3 expression increased the risk of death from disease (HR 5.73, p = 0.03). Moreover, low FGD3 expression was associated with more widespread lymph node involvement (p = 0.04) and a lower FGD3 staining intensity was found in positive-lymph-node patients vs negative (p = 0.003) and in patients with ≥10 involved lymph nodes vs <10 (p = 0.05). Our results suggest FGD3 to be a significant independent prognostic factor in young breast cancer patients in terms of disease-free survival and overall survival. A lower expression increased the risk of recurrence and death from disease and was associated with widespread lymph node metastases.

Background/aim: Recently, "conservative" mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (M-R) has become the gold standard when the breast must be removed. We analyzed the evolution in the choice of mastectomy type in our Unit, focusing on factors associated with renounce to reconstruction and risk factors for its failure., Patients and Methods: Clinical-pathological and surgical features of 132 patients who underwent mastectomy in our Unit from 2004 to 2016 were analyzed. M-R rate and different mastectomy techniques' rates between 2004-2009 and 2010-2016 were compared., Results: M-R was associated with younger age at diagnosis (p<0.001) and early tumor stage (p=0.03). M-R rate increased from 49.1% to 72.2% (p=0.002) in the last years, with prominent use of nipple-sparing-mastectomy (p<0.001). M-R failure rate was associated with previous or subsequent irradiation/chemotherapy in 92.3% of cases., Conclusion: M-R and particularly nipple-sparing-mastectomy represented the standard in more recent years; reconstruction failure was associated with irradiation/chemotherapy, especially in implant-based reconstructions., (Copyright© 2019, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Breast cancer treatment represents a substantial amount of health-care costs and has a negative impact on womens' psychological health. Day-Surgery managment (DS) is a favorable alternative to a classic inpatient setting. In our prospective study we evaluated DS-treatment feasibility in terms of patient satisfaction, same-day-discharge rate, surgical-reintervention rate, psychological impact and costs., Patients and Methods: We operated on 131 early breast cancer patients in DS. Surgical outcomes were evaluated. In 64 DS-treated breast cancer patients, psychological outcomes were analyzed using validated psychometric questionnaires and comparison was made with a corresponding group of women treated as inpatients., Results: The same-day-discharge rate was 95.4%. No patient required readmission. The surgical-reintervention rate was 6.2%. DS-treatment significantly reduced anxiety (p=0.05) and depression (p=0.01) and afforded cost savings of 49%., Conclusion: DS-treatment of early breast cancer was feasible, with low reintervention rate, reduced anxiety and depression, high patients' satisfaction and substantial financial savings., (Copyright© 2019, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)