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Legal Ordinance and the Protection of Paleontological Heritage: Pressing needs for National Paleontology. This study seeks to analyze the specific legislation referring to fossiliferous deposits in relation to their controversy of jurisdiction, in addition to reasoning about measures to preserve the paleontological heritage after the extraction of fossils from the ground. It is noticed that the rules limit the responsibility for protection and supervision of the competent body. The ANM has its responsibility until the moment of extraction and IPHAN only if the paleontological heritage is listed. The absence of an understanding of what is considered paleontological heritage, and of a specific law designating a competent body as responsible for the paleontological heritage, hinders protection and inspection. Finally, it is concluded that there is a need for greater discussion on the subject, both with the community, as well as in the academic and legal world, in addition to the lack of regulation on the profession of paleontologist and clearer legislation in relation to paleontological heritage. Keywords: Fossil, Paleontological Heritage, Constitution, Brazilian legislation.

A taxonomic review of Miocene gastropods from the Solimoes Formation, Acre Basin, Brazil, from specimens collected at Cachoeira do Bandeira, Oriente, and an outcrop named Spot 04, is here presented. Three ampullariid species (Pomacea maculata, P. planorbula, Pomacea sp.), one thiarid species (Aylacostoma sp.), and one cochliopid species (Sioliella sp.) are identified for these deposits. These gastropod are known to occur in freshwaters environments, thus consolidating the hypothesis of a non-influence of brackish water on the upper Miocene deposits of the Acre Basin. The previous identification of P. maculata and Aylacostoma sp. is changed here considering biometrical analyses and shell morphological descriptions. The first report of Sioliella in this basin increases the gastropod fauna known for these strata and expands the range of this genus. Keywords: Pomacea, Aylacostoma, Sioliella, Ampullariidae, Thiaridae, Cochliopidae. RESUMO – Aqui e apresentada uma revisao taxonomica de gastropodes do Mioceno da Formacao Solimoes, Bacia do Acre, Brasil, de especimes coletados em Cachoeira do Bandeira, Oriente e de um afloramento chamado Ponto 04. Tres especies de ampularideos (Pomaceamaculata, P. planorbula e Pomacea sp.), uma especie de Thiaridae (Aylacostoma sp.) e uma especie de Cochliopidae (Sioliella sp.) sao identificadas nesses depositos e novas classificacoes sao propostas. Esses grupos de gastropodes sao conhecidos por habitarem ambientes de agua doce, reforcando a ausencia de agua salobra em depositos do Mioceno superior da Bacia do Acre. Identificacoes anteriores de P. maculata e Aylacostoma sp. sao alteradas a partir de analises biometricas e descricoes da morfologia da concha. A primeira ocorrencia de Sioliella nesta bacia aduz implicacoes paleoecologicas de modo que amplia a fauna de gastropodes conhecida nesses depositos e aumenta o alcance deste genero. Palavras-chave: Pomacea, Aylacostoma, Sioliella, Ampullariidae, Thiaridae, Cochliopidae.

Introdução: O estudo atualístico de associações mortas tem grande significado paleoecológico. Ele permite correlacionar o perfil de dano tafonômico com o ambiente de sedimentação do material esquelético com base em parâmetros quantitativos. Esse ambiente é descrito em termos da zona tafonomicamente ativa e as feições geradas por ela são chamadas de assinaturas tafonômicas. Quantificando essas assinaturas, é encontrado um perfil de dano, isto é, um conjunto de intensidades relativas para cada assinatura tafonômica, que é utilizado por paleontólogos para inferir informações paleoecológicas. Como as características intrínsecas dos organismos influem na maneira como registram o dano tafonômico, é necessário verificar este processo para diferentes táxons. Objetivo: Dito isso, comparou-se, neste trabalho, as assinaturas de gastrópodes (G) e braquiópodes (B) da enseada de Ubatuba, São Paulo. Materiais e métodos: As amostras foram coletadas em 4 estações de isóbatas entre 10 a 15 m, com os gastrópodes distribuídos entre 16 espécies e os braquiópodes representados pelo táxon Bouchardia rosea. O protocolo de análise escolhido selecionou 4 assinaturas tafonômicas divididas por sua origem, a saber: física (para a abrasão), química (para dissolução) e biológica (para incrustação e bioerosão). Resultados: Observou-se que as amostras de B apresentam 69% de abrasão e 42% de dissolução em relação ao total de amostras para o táxon. Valores mais elevados que G, com 1% de abrasão e 20% de dissolução em relação ao total de amostras para cada táxon. Em relação aos danos de origem biológica, não foram observadas diferenças tafonômicas consideráveis entre os braquiópodes e os gastrópodes, no entanto, verificou-se que os pontos de coleta próximos do limite de 10 m apresentam maiores índices de bioerosão e incrustação que os pontos próximos de 15 m, evidenciando que a produtividade biológica é mais intensa nas regiões de menor profundidade. Conclusão: Assim, sugere-se que B é mais suscetível aos processos tafonômicos de origem física e química que G e que o intervalo batimétrico influi na intensidade das assinaturas biológicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-01 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Micropaleontology is crucial branch of Earth Sciences, with a pivotal role in the success of the oil and gas industry over the decades. This sector of paleontology is based on the taxonomical description of microfossils, which encompass fossils with size variation from 0.001 mm to 1 m. Normally these microorganisms have a high rate on preservation, thus they are widely accepted as reliable evidence to infer about paleodepositional settings and paleoclimate change. Furthermore, microfossils are critical to understanding the evolution through time, being many of them recognized as index fossil and providing useful biozones to correlation. Since 1950, microfossils have been taxonomically described mainly by stereomicroscopes. However, as the technology progress, traditional ways to study these organisms are challenged and improved by nondestructive three-dimensional imaging techniques, as X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM), three-dimensional X-ray microscopy (3DXRM), the X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) and X-ray computed nanotomography (nanoCT). Recently, one of the most compelling research areas in micropaleontology is the desire to automatize and enhance the details of systematic classification. Thereby, an increasing number of researches have applied the high-resolution X-ray analysis aiming to improve the morphological, taxonomic and taphonomic examination. Most of them have detailed the enhancement provided by the technique when compared with the standard microscopes, and raised questions about the traditional characters used on the microfossil systematic taxonomy. Nevertheless, even with the surpassing detail on microfossil characterization, the application of microCT has been hampered by the costs and sometimes by the needs of specific computer skill. Thus, this research has evaluated the use of microCT as the technique to classify a random bulk of microfossil (comprising foraminifers, ostracods, radiolarians, gastropods and echinoderms) with no further software treatment. No standard microscope analysis was performed. Despite chemical composition of microfossils, most of the specimens morphology, especially internal structures, have been easily acquired and analyzed. 96% of the microfossils of the dataset were identified at least on genus level. Irrespective of the deepness of detail, when considering the overall taxonomic identification, the microCT seems to be effective as the standard microscope. Nonetheless, when problematic specimens are evaluated, the microCT seems to be a more reliable and practical tool than other methods as Scanning Electron Microscopy. Thus, the technique can be used solo or as a complementary method to the stereomicroscope. Additionally, the high-resolution has the potential to lead to the expected automatized & nbsp;micropaleontology, since they can provide numerous images in several planes. This may create a strong database necessary to machine learning and computer identification. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Mech Engn, Lab Meios Porosos & Propriedades Termofis LMPT, BR-88040535 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Geol, Lab Micropaleontol Aplicada LMA, BR-50740540 Recife, PE, Brazil Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Inst Tecnol Micropaleontol, Itt Fossil, Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Vale Rio dos Sinos, Geol Grad Program, BR-93022750 Sao Leopoldo, RS, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Bauru, Dept Ciencias Biol, Ave Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Geol, Lab Geoquim LABGEOQ, Rua Engn Agron Andrei Cristian Ferreira S-N, BR-88040535 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Bauru, Dept Ciencias Biol, Ave Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil

The Megadesmidae (Bivalvia, Anomalodesmata) fossil record was examined in order to assess the role of taphonomy in cladistic analysis. Megadesmids are thick-shelled, infaunal, suspension-feeding bivalves. Our data indicate that their fossil record seems biased in favor of thick-shelled, shallow-burrowing genera and/or deep­burrowing forms. Consequently, there is a relation between the mode of life (shallow versus deep) and the resolution and quality of the fossil record. Deep-burrowers (Vacunella) are often preserved in life position offering a more accurate (temporal and spatial) fossil record, adequate for paleoecological inferences, while shallow-burrower shells (Plesiocyprinella), that are more prone to post-mortem transport and temporal mixing, offer a record with poor spatial and temporal resolution. The identification of homoplasy among infauna! bivalves constitutes a major challenge for their cladistic analysis. Within Megadesmidae intrinsic (bauplan limitations) and extrinsic (better preservational potential) factors favor the occurrence and preservation of homoplasy among the deep-burrowers. The implications are: a) clustering of deep-burrowing bivalves (Vacunella, Roxoa) due to parallel homoplasies, forming "adaptive", not necessarily "evolutive" taxa, and b) lower consistency indices in their cladistic analysis.

Fossil data collecting is an essential stage of every paleontological undertaking. Although there is a consensus regarding the fundamental importance of sedimentary and stratigraphic context, there is still some debate surrounding the need to record the exact position of a fossil in relation to other elements within the same deposit (provenance). Here we provide a practical guide for the in-field use of the Total Station (TST, electronic equipment for xyz coordinates measurements), a tool that has seen wide application in archaeology but has been largely neglected in paleontology. With the TST, recording the provenance of in situ fossils can be done quickly and with great precision. We also present a configuration tutorial showing how to use the equipment, based on our experience in the Solimoes Formation (upper Miocene, Acre basin, Brazil), highlighting both its advantages and disadvantages for recording fossil provenances.

The study of actuopaleontology is fundamental to observe patterns in the current record and to correlate them to the fossil record. Different taphonomic signatures in mollusks bioclasts were observed (articulation, fragmentation, bioerosion, encrustation, abrasion, and dissolution) and related to four different points in the south coast of Brazil that have different geological aspects. The main objective is to compile the taphonomic data already collected for the Brazilian coast and correlated and search patterns of taphonomic signatures of these points: 1—Cananeia-SP has an open coastline with influence of river discharge, 2—Ubatuba-SP presents jagged relief with characteristics of little energetic movement, 3—Macae-RJ presents open coast, but with influence of coastal upwelling and 4—Paranagua-PR is a bay with strong fluvial influence. In general, disarticulation and fragmentation were the predominant characteristics in the four different localities and their genesis is related to the different factors. In Paranagua (CEP) and Ubatuba is possible that the fragmentation is biofacilitated, especially in the location where the highest incidence of bioerosion was found. Environmental factors that contributed to the development of surface textures in the bioclasts studied, through a combination of bioerosion, encrustation, abrasion, and dissolution process include: (I) geographic distance—proximity to an island and/or upwelling area, whereas both provide a greater availability of nutrients; (II) hydrodynamics—factors that promote less disturbance of the environment/shells/sediment, such as geographical protection from an island or an indented coast, as well as a greater depth; (III) fluvial influence with reduction of salinity, such as in the area of an estuary. The preservation of macroinvertebrates shells from the siliciclastic bottoms of the southeastern continental subtropical climate shelf of Brazil are related in a complex way and associated with taphonomic signatures.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T03:42:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-08-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The Malvinokaffric Realm is an endemic paleogeographic region that inhabited Gondwanan high latitude seas during Early-Middle Devonian times. The causes for the collapse of this fauna are still debated but seem to be related to a transgressive event during Middle Devonian in the Chaco and Paraná basins in Bolivia and Brazil, which probably generated warmer water currents into the seas bearing Malvinokaffric fauna. This study applies ichnology as a relative proxy to better understand the impact of the main paleobiological events in the collapse of the Malvinokaffric Realm. Eight Devonian ichnoguilds are recognized in this study (Asterosoma, Glossifungites, Macaronichnus, Phycosiphon, Planolites, Skolithos, Teichichnus, and Zoophycos), and their stratigraphic distribution was compared with macrofossil distribution in Paraná Basin. The Pragian to Middle Emsian strata represent the climax of the diversity of body and trace fossils, recording distinct invertebrate life habits; the Asterosoma and Skolithos ichnoguilds predominate in the southern and northwestern borders, respectively, the last representing proximal settings. The “first decline” in Malvinokaffric diversity is diagnosed during the Eifelian, after an extensive regressive event during the late Emsian characterized by the reduction in different life habits, mostly suspension- and detritus-feeding. Trace fossils represent the Planolites ichnoguild principally, and the Eifelian strata are virtually absent on the northwest edge close to the paleo-basin flanks. The Givetian interval is characterized by the most expressive flooding event (Káčak event) that connected several Gondwanic basins, allowing the presence of extra-Malvinokaffric taxa in the Paraná Basin. Trace fossils are represented chiefly by the Phycosiphon ichnoguild in the Eifelian–Givetian boundary in the southern edge, and Planolites, Asterosoma, and Skolithos ichnoguilds in the upper strata. Finally, the Frasnian strata were diagnosed only to the northwestern edge of the basin, presenting a very low macrofossil diversity (e.g., lingulids and Australocoelia), and a low-ichnodiversity progradational trend from Phycosiphon to Skolithos ichnoguild. The identified paleoenvironmental changes evidences that the Early Devonian shallow seas (Jaguariaíva Member) were impacted by a gradual increase in freshwater input towards the Middle Devonian. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Instituto de Geografia Laboratório de Paleontologia Estratigráfica, Rua XV de Novembro, 501, Monte Carmelo Unisinos University Geology Graduate Program, Av. Unisinos, 950 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Museu Nacional Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia Laboratório de Paleoinvertebrados (LAPIN) Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa Laboratório de Geologia Sedimentar – LAGESED Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Universidade Estadual de Goiás Campus Norte Unidade Universitária de Niquelândia Centro Habitacional Codemim-CHC, Rua 08, nº04 Serviço Geológico do Brasil Museu de Ciências da Terra, Av. Pasteur, 404, Urca Instituto Federal do Paraná Campus Jaguariaíva, Rod. PR 151 Km 23, Cianê Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa CNPq: 159548/2018-7 FAPERJ: 26/200.110/2019 CNPq: 310377/2019-6

A long-lived marine seaway between the Parnaiba and Parana basins occurred during a global marine transgression between Brazilian intracratonic basins (except for the Solimoes Basin) in the latest Eifelian/earliest Givetian (Middle Devonian). As a result of this transgression a catastrophic event (KACAK) in combination with the immigration of warm water Appalachian and Old World faunas contributed to the collapse of the Malvinokaffric Realm in the Parana Basin. In the Alto Garҫas and Apucarana sub-basins, the transgression is notable in the early Givetian with an impoverished shelly fauna following the KACAK post-extinction event in the earliest Givetian.

Calmoniid trilobites of the genus Metacryphaeus Reed include M. tuberculatus (Kozlowski), M. kegeli Carvalho, Edgecombe and Lieberman, M. meloi Carvalho, Edgecombe and Lieberman, M. rotundatus (Kozlowski), M. giganteus (Ulrich), M. convexus (Ulrich), M. curvigena Lieberman, M. branisai Lieberman, M. caffer (Salter), M. australis (Clarke), and M. allardyceae (Clarke). The geographic distribution of this genus comprises areas of Gondwana, including Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. This study reports a new occurrence of M. tuberculatus in the Parana Basin (Goias and Parana states, Brazil), in both the Alto Garcas and the Apucarana sub-basins. Metacryphaeus tuberculatus was compared with all Metacryphaeus species and, especially, with M. australis, which also represents a new record for the Parana Basin. These new records of M. tuberculatus imply a different dispersion interpretation from that which is known through the literature. Metacryphaeus tuberculatus seems to have originated during the Early Devonian and lived in areas such as Bolivia, Peru, and the Apucarana Sub-basin (Parana Basin, Brazil). The dispersion between these areas is probably related to the Emsian transgression. During the Givetian, the species presumably migrated towards the Alto Garcas Sub-basin (Parana Basin, Brazil) and the Parnaiba Basin. These facts provide an alternative paleogeographic interpretation to that presented by Tropidoleptus Hall and Exaesiodiscus Moore and Jeffords in Gondwana and suggest a different pattern of migration during the Devonian of Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-02-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The fossiliferous beds of the Solimões Formation, western Brazilian Amazon have yielded several vertebrate fossils that are key to understand the evolution of Neotropical biotas. Although this sedimentary unit has been studied for more than two centuries, no absolute dates are available so far, preventing more precise bio/chronostratigraphic interpretations and broader comprehension of the biotic/geological events that affected this northern portion of South America during the Neogene. Here, we present the first Neogene radioisotopic dates for the Brazilian Amazon, via U-Pb dating of detrital zircon from two classical sites. Both samples have small proportions of relatively young zircon grains, the dates from which are the maximum ages of deposition. LA-ICPMS analysis of two grains from the Niterói locality yielded a weighted mean of 8.5 ± 0.5 Ma and CA-TIMS analysis of two grains from the Talismã locality yielded a weighted mean of 10.89 ± 0.13 Ma. These maximum deposition ages are in the Tortonian stage, late Miocene, confirming the age previously inferred based on biochronological data. Universidade de São Paulo–USP Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM CAPPA – Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia Boise State University Department of Geosciences Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Faculdade de Ciências Universidade Federal do Acre–UFAC Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Campus Universitário Universidade Federal do Acre–UFAC Campus Floresta Universidade Estadual Paulista–UNESP Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Faculdade de Ciências FAPESP: 2011/14080-0 FAPESP: 2014/02206-9 FAPESP: 2016/00476-3 CNPq: 309434/2015-7

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:59:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-15 State Key Laboratory of Materials- Oriented Chemical Engineering Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Taphofacies of Malvinokaffric macroinvertebrate-bearing rocks from the uppermost Pragian to lower Givetian in southwestern Gondwana are evaluated. During the Lower/Middle Devonian, the Paraná Basin (southern Brazil) was positioned at high latitudes in southwestern Gondwana (60° to 80°S). Integrated litho- and taphofacies interpretations in siliciclastic environments presented here provide paleoecological and paleoenvironmental insights. The six taphofacies recognized here showed changing depositional conditions in paleoenvironments ranging from shoreface to offshore shelf settings. They vary in recurrence and abundance, but all facies exhibit evidence of storm events. Winter storms are to be expected at latitudes 60° to 80° S under cool climate zone. Storm-related taphofacies recurrence during the latest Pragian to early Givetian points to two agents of sedimentation, direct wave erosion by winter storms and sedimentary processes related to combined flow during deposition (e.g. turbidity currents and oscillatory flow). Winter storms are considered more capable of affecting sediment transport than hurricanes, due to longer duration and larger coverage area in higher latitudes. Therefore, winter storms of high latitudes should generate more persistent currents in space and time. Finally, the taphofacies, lithofacies and high-latitude paleogeographic context of the Paraná Basin suggest the action of storm-influence in the genesis of all Lower/Middle Devonian Malvinokaffric assemblages here recognized. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, Av. Unisinos, 950, Cristo Rei, Caixa-postal: 275 Department of Geology University of Cincinnati Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa Departamento de Geociências, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti 9.500, Uvaranas Museu Nacional - UFRJ Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Parque Quinta da Boa Vista, sem número, São Cristóvão Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru Departamento de Ciências Biológicas UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, s/n Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Instituto de Geociências, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bloco I, Prédio 43113, Campus do Vale Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru Departamento de Ciências Biológicas UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, s/n State Key Laboratory of Materials- Oriented Chemical Engineering: 04/2007 CNPq: 141256/2010-9 CNPq: 401796/2010-8 CNPq: 401831/2010 CNPq: 553033/2011-5 CAPES: 88887.129752/2016-00 CAPES: 88887.154071/2017-00 CNPq: PQ 309211/2013-1

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Metacryphaeus is a calmoniid trilobite genus from the Devonian Malvinokaffric Realm, exclusive to the Gondwanan regions. It includes eleven species, which are for the first time included here in a single phylogenetic analysis. The resulting hypotheses establish relations among the Metacryphaeus species with few ambiguities, also suggesting the inclusion of both Plesiomalvinella pujravii and P. boulei within the genus, as originally considered. The results of palaeobiogeographic analyses employing the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) model reinforce the hypothesis that Bolivia and Peru form the ancestral home of Metacryphaeus. The radiation of the genus to other Gondwanan areas took place during transgressive eustatic episodes during the Lochkovian–Pragian. The Lochkovian dispersal occurred from Bolivia and Peru to Brazil (Paraná and Parnaíba basins) and the Falklands, and Pragian dispersal occurred towards South Africa. Dispersal events from Bolivia and Peru to the Parnaíba Basin (Brazil) were identified during the Lochkovian–Pragian, suggesting the presence of marine connections between those areas earlier than previously thought. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01 Laboratório de Paleontologia Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo – USP Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, Butantã Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Faculdade de Ciências de Bauru Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho – UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01 FAPESP: 2016/18275-4

Os tentaculitoideos são encontrados em afloramentos do Devoniano das bacias do Paraná (Formações Ponta Grossa e São Domingos), Amazonas (Formações Maecuru e Ererê) e Parnaíba (Formação Cabeças). Foram analisadas 39 amostras de coleções científicas provenientes do Devoniano Médio das bacias do Amazonas e do Parnaíba, com principal objetivo de realizar uma revisão sistemática e refinar o conhecimento acerca da distribuição estratigráfica e paleogeográfica do grupo. As espécies encontradas foram: Tentaculites trombetensis, Tentaculites stubeli, Tentaculites eldredgianus, Tentaculites oseryi e Styliolina clavulus. As espécies T. eldredgianus, T. trombetensis e S. clavulus foram encontradas em afloramentos do Eifeliano até o Givetiano, enquanto T. oseryi apenas no Givetiano e T. stubeli no Eifeliano. As primeiras ocorrências de tentaculitoideos para a América do Sul são registradas no Siluriano, o que corrobora a hipótese de que durante o Siluriano Inferior ocorreu um grande aumento da diversidade e quantidade de tentaculitoideos no mundo.

Introdução

Conulários são cnidários extintos, na maioria das vezes com teca fosfática, ocorrendo do Pré-Cambriano ao Triássico. Eles são característicos nas faunas do Domínio Malvinocáfrico, sendo abundantes em concentrações fossilíferas devonianas. Outras ocorrências são verificadas na Argentina, Peru, Paraguai, Uruguai e África do Sul. No Brasil, ocorrem nas bacias do Amazonas, do Parnaíba e do Paraná. A fauna de conulários do Devoniano do Brasil é pouco diversificada, quando comparada com a fauna coeva da Bolívia. Conularia quichua é a espécie dominante no Brasil e na Bolívia. A ampla distribuição paleobiogeográfica das espécies no Domínio Malvinocáfrico sugere que essas foram euritérmicas, uma vez que ocorrem em terrenos das províncias Andina, Brasileira e Malvinocáfrica Sul-Africana. Essas duas últimas englobam áreas que estiveram situadas nas altas latitudes, próximas do pólo sul devoniano, enquanto a Andina esteve localizada em torno dos 40º a 45º de latitude sul. A presença de C. quichua na Bacia do Amazonas reforça o caráter cosmopolita da espécie e demonstra a viabilidade de comunicações paleobiogeográficas entre os diferentes domínios do Devoniano Médio a Superior das bacias intracratônicas da América do Sul. Aqui são apresentadas informações sobre a discussão das implicações paleobiogeográficas das diferentes ocorrências de conulários no Devoniano do Brasil.

Shell bed levels in the Low Head Member of the early Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation at King George Island, West Antarctica, are re-interpreted based on sedimentological and taphonomic data. The highly fossiliferous Polonez Cove Formation is characterized by basal coastal marine sandstones, overlain by conglomerates and breccias deposited in fan-delta systems. The shell beds are mainly composed of pectinid bivalve shells of Leoclunipecten gazdzickii and occur in the basal portion of the Low Head Member. Three main episodes of bioclastic deposition are recorded. Although these shell beds were previously interpreted as shelly tempestites, we present an alternative explanation: the low fragmentation rates and low size sorting of the bioclasts resulted from winnowing due to tidal currents (background or diurnal condition) in the original bivalve habitat. The final deposition (episodic condition) was associated with subaqueous gravity driven flows. This new interpretation fits with the scenario of a prograding fan-delta front, which transported shell accumulations for short distances near the depositional site, possibly between fair-weather and storm wave bases. This work raises the notion that not every shell bed with similar sedimentological and taphonomic features (such as geometry, basal contact, degree of packing and shell orientation in the matrix) is made in the same way.

This study tests the presence of differential preservation in the Devonian Malvinokaffric fauna from the Chapada Group (Parana Basin, Brazil). Results of EDXRF, EDS, Raman Spectroscopy, and petrographic analyses show differential preservation of shells that were originally calcite as hematite and goethite fossils, while organisms with original calcium phosphate shells tend to be preserved inside phosphatic concretions. Both preservation types are commonly associated with pseudoframboids, while calcium sulfate minerals are commonly associated with hematized fossils. From this evidence, a diagenetic model for these fossils is proposed. The model includes an early diagenetic phase (characterized by anaerobic sulfate reduction and precipitation of pyrite and carbonate-fluorapatite) and a second, near-surface chemical weathering phase (characterized by the oxidation of pyrite and precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides and calcium sulfates). Acidic conditions in both phases may account for the dissolution of less stable minerals compared to calcium phosphate. It is considered that this model may assist in understanding other similarly preserved biotas, as well as enhancing understanding of the taphonomic overprint that may occur within this important and endemic Devonian biota.

O presente trabalho trata do levantamento historico da classe para as camadas devonianas, caracteristicas gerais e padroes de preservacao tafonomicos associados ao grupo. Foram analisados exemplares localizados em colecoes cientificas de museus e universidades brasileiras. O grupo taxonomico e representado por quatro generos nas bacias do Parana, do Parnaiba e do Amazonas: Tentaculites, Homoctenus, Styliolina e Volynites. Os tentaculitideos ocorrem desde o Ordoviciano ate o Devoniano e atingiram seu apice no Devoniano Medio. A Classe possui tres ordens conhecidas: Tentaculitida, animais de habito bentonico, Homoctenida e Dacryconarida, animais de habito planctonico. Notou-se a presenca de dois padroes de preservacao tafonomico: especimes isolados e agrupados.

Estabelece-se aqui o historico de pesquisas desenvolvidas em trilobitas na Bacia do Parana, Brasil. Desde o classico trabalho monografico de J. M. Clarke ate o presente, varias fases de desenvolvimento cientifico ocorreram, a saber: uma primeira fase de prospeccao de material, uma segunda fase de estudos sistematicos, e uma terceira fase com a consolidacao dos conceitos adquiridos. Adicionalmente discute-se as especies de trilobitas descritas para o devoniano da Bacia do Parana elencando as especies validas. Por fim, apresenta-se comentarios sobre o desenvolvimento das pesquisas paleontologicas brasileiras principalmente no que se refere ao estudo de trilobitas.

MEZZALIRAI: A NEW GASTROPOD FROM ADAMANTINA FORMATION (BAURU BASIN), LATE CRETACEOUS, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. Physa mezzalirai n. sp. (Family Physidae, Order Basommatophora), a fresh-water gastropod is described from sand-silty beds of Adamantina Formation (Bauru Basin), Late Cretaceous of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. This is the fi rst occurrence of gastropods in the analyzed region and to this geological unit where the paleontological content is mostly known by the big turtle bones and shells, and by other vertebrate remains. These fi nding attests the paleontological potential of Adamantina Formation to the study of invertebrate fossils, nearly neglected in the moment, and could help in the refi nement of fl uvio- lacustrine paleoenvironmental and about the paleoecology during the time of Bauru Group depositon.

No presente estudo é realizada uma análise morfofuncional (paleoautoecológica) dos bivalves das formações Serra Alta, Terezina e Corumbataí, Grupo Passa Dois, Neopermiano, que ocorrem nas assembléias de Anhembia froesi, Pinzonella illusa e Pinzonella neotropica, no Estado de São Paulo. O estudo teve por objetivo a reconstrução do habito de vida destes invertebrados como ponto de partida para a discussão de aspectos paleoecológicos mais amplos. Na assembléia de Anhembia froesi (Formação Serra Alta e base da Formação Corumbataí), ocorrem bivalves escavadores rasos, lentos (Anhembia froesi, Tambaquyra camargoi, Mendesia piracicabensis, Maackia contorta), de semi-infauna (Barbosaia angulata) e epifauna (?Anthraconaia mezzalirai) bissadas. Na assembléia de Pinzonella illusa (formações Serra Alta e Corumbataí), com maior diversidade de guildas, predominam os bivalves escavadores rasos, lentos (Pinzonella illusa, Plesiocyprinella carinata, Ferrazia cardinalis, Terraiopsis aequilateralis e Othonella araguaiana), sendo encontrados, também, escavadores rasos, rápidos (Favalia arcuata, Holdhausiella elongata e Runnegariella fragilis) ou escavadores intermediários (Casterella gratiosa, Itatamba paraima). Evidências morfofuncionais (e.g., obesidade da concha) sugerem que estas espécies tiveram preferência por substrato arenoso, estável. Formas escavadoras intermediárias, rápidas (Cowperesia anceps, Angatubia cowperesioides), em substratos finos também ocorrem, sendo incomuns os escavadores profundos (Roxoa corumbataiensis) e de epifauna bissada (Coxesia mezzalirai). A assembléia de Pinzonella neotropica (formações Corumbataí e Terezina) inclui bivalves escavadores rasos, lentos, em substrato arenoso, estável (Pinzonella neotropica, Jacquesia brasiliensis), escavadores intermediários, rápidos, em substrato fino (Cowperesia anceps) e escavadores profundos, em substrato estável (Roxoa intricans). Além destes, bivalves da semi-infauna bissada (Naiadopsis lamellosus) são também freqüentes. A baixa proporção de bivalves da epifauna nas malacofaunas estudadas pode ser explicada pela interação de fatores, como a baixa disponibilidade de substratos grossos, duros; as condições de águas rasas, freqüentemente afetadas por tempestades e o alto grau de estresse ambiental (variação na salinidade) que marcam o intervalo estratigráfico de ocorrência dos bivalves. Nenhuma das 25 espécies estudadas apresenta características anatômicas (e.g., claustrum, tubérculos, torção das valvas) ou feições tafonômicas (e.g., pontos de dissolução do umbo, fraturas regeneradas) tipicamente encontradas nas conchas dos bivalves dulcícolas. Por outro lado, feições morfológicas exclusivas de bivalves marinhos foram observadas em Ferrazia cardinalis (e.g, costelas radiais), Runnegariella fragilia (e.g., concha anteriormente expandida) e Cowperesia anceps (e.g., ornamentação concêntrica). Além disso, características bioestratinômicas típicas de conchas de bivalves marinhos ou de águas salobras, como predação por organismos durófagos foram verificadas em valvas de Plesiocyprinella carinata e, principalmente, de Pinzonella illusa. Os bivalves do Grupo Passa Dois (exclusive Formação Irati) não foram, portanto, organismos dulcícolas. Essa hipótese encontra respaldo também em análises cladísticas que mostram que a maior parte, se não todos os bivalves do intervalo estudado, são afins à famílias marinhas (e.g., Família Megadesmidae). Entretanto, precisa ficar claro que o teor preciso de salinidade do ambiente não pode ser determinado com base exclusivamente na análise paleoautoecológica. Neste estudo, sugere-se, pela primeira vez, que Anhembia froesi e Tambaquyra camargoi (formações Serra Alta e Corumbataí) são excelentes candidatos permianos para figurarem no rol de bivalves quimiossimbiontes, como indicado pela presença de rostrum e gigantismo nas suas conchas e pelo fato de serem encontradas em sedimentos finos depositados abaixo ou junto ao nível de base das ondas de tempestades, em ambiente com teor variável de oxigênio, o que pode ser corroborado também por outras evidências estratigráficas e tafonômicas (e.g., presença de horizontes com nódulos fosfáticos nos sedimentos associados). No geral, os bivalves estudados ocorrem em concentrações fossilíferas internamente complexas, mormente representadas por tempestitos proximais (predominantes) e distais. Por exemplo, bivalves preservados em posição de vida são muito raramente encontrados nas concentrações fossilíferas examinadas. Geralmente, os bivalves escavadores rasos, de semi-infauna e epifauna, representam elementos parautóctones a alóctones nas acumulações esqueléticas, exibindo maior grau de mistura temporal e baixa resolução espacial (time-averaging), do que os bivalves escavadores profundos e intermediários. Isso se deve, possivelmente, a estratégia de vida mais exposta à ação de distúrbios físicos (e.g., correntes tracionais de fundo) exibida pelas formas de epifauna, semi-infauna e infauna rasa. As características morfofuncionais e tafonômicas das conchas dos bivalves podem constituir, em conjunto, importantes ferramentas para a determinação da dinâmica sedimentar (e.g., taxa de sedimentação). Por exemplo, em uma concentração coquinóide (tempestito), encontrada no topo da Formação Corumbataí (assembléia de Pinzonella neotropica), há a presença de conchas articuladas fechadas de bivalves escavadores rasos (Pinzonella neotropica), intermediários (Cowperesia anceps) e de semi-infauna bissada (Naiadopsis lamellosus). Valvas desta última espécie ocorrem desarticuladas, fragmentadas e caoticamente distribuídas na matriz, contribuindo significativamente com a composição da acumulação esquelética. Entretanto, valvas articuladas e em posição de vida ocorrem também no topo da concentração, permitindo não apenas o reconhecimento do processo de retroalimentação tafonômica, como também a identificação de diferentes eventos de não deposição de sedimentos, seguidos de episódios de rápida deposição de finos, possivelmente associados às tempestades. Todos os dados paleoautoecológicos e tafonômicos obtidos mostram, consistentemente, que reconstruções paleossinecológicas não podem ser estabelecidas sem o prévio conhecimento desses dados. Neste contexto, um protocolo contendo 7 etapas distintas (e.g., atividades preliminares como a delimitação do escopo de estudo e hipóteses, atividades de coleta, atividades de laboratório, análise qualitativa, análise quantitativa, interpretação dos dados e apresentação dos resultados) é sugerido, como ponto de partida para a análise e verificação mais rigorosa de hipóteses paleossinecológicas. In this study a detailed paleoautoecological analysis of the Permian bivalves of Passa Dois Group (Serra Alta, Terezina and Corumbataí Formations), Paraná Basin, was carried out. Its main goal is the reconstruction of the mode of life of these bivalves as a starting point for broad paleoecological discussions. The Anhembia froesi assemblage (Serra Alta and Corumbataí Formations) is dominated by shallow and slow burrowing bivalves (Anhembia froesi, Tambaquyra camargoi, Mendesia piracicabensis, Maackia contorta). Semi-infaunal (Barbosaia angulata) and epifaunal, byssate (?Anthraconaia mezzalirai) bivalves are also common. On the other hand, a large number of shallow and slow burrowers (Pinzonella illusa, Plesiocyprinella carinata, Ferrazia cardinalis, Terraiopsis aequilateralis and Othonella araguaiana) dominate the Pinzonella illusa assemblage (Serra Alta and Corumbataí Formations). Rapid burrowers (shallow or intermediate) are, however, represented by the shallow burrowers Favalia arcuata, Holdhausiella elongata and Runnegariella fragilis, and the intermediate burrowers Cowperesia anceps, Angatubia cowperesioides, respectively. Slow, intermediate burrowers (Casterella gratiosa, Itatamba paraima) are less common, while deep burrowers (Roxoa corumbataiensis) and epifaunal byssate (Coxesia mezzalirai) bivalves are rare. Several lines of morphological evidence (e.g., shell morphology, obesity) strongly suggest that the shallow and deep burrowers as well as epifaunal byssate bivalves colonized stable (sandy) substrates. The same ecological guilds that are represented in this assemblage can be recognized in the Pinzonella neotropica assemblage (upper part of Corumbataí and Terezina Formations) such as: shallow and slow burrowers in soft and stable substrates (Pinzonella neotropica, Jacquesia brasiliensis); rapid and intermediate burrowers in soft bottoms (Cowperesia anceps); deep burrowers (Roxoa intricans) and endobyssate elements (Naiadopsis lamellosus) in soft, but bioclastic-rich sediments. All of them were suspension-feeding bivalves. The low percentage of epifaunal, byssate bivalves in these assemblages is noteworthy. An interplay of abiotic and biotic factors could explain this feature. For example, during the deposition of the Corumbataí and Terezina Formations, condition of shallow waters, with soft and unstable substrate, frequently affected by storm events prevailed. Morphologic (e.g., claustrum, tubercles, valve torsion) and taphonomic features (e.g., dissolution pits, regenerated breakages) commonly observed in freshwater bivalves were not found in the studied species (n= 25). On the other hand, morphologic features typically observed in marine bivalves were noted in Ferrazia cardinalis (e.g., radial ribs), Runnegariella fragilis (e.g., anteriorly expanded shells) and Cowperesia anceps (e.g., concentric ornamentation). Additionally, some specimens of Plesiocyprinella carinata, and particularly Pinzonella illusa, show signs (drill holes) of drilling predation. Drilled bivalves are unknown among freshwater forms. The Passa Dois Group bivalves (not including the Irati Formation) were not freshwater bivalves, which is in accordance with recent cladistic analysis that indicates affinities with marine bivalve families. In addition, Anhembia froesi and Tambaquyra camargoi (Serra Alta and Corumbataí) are interpreted, for the first time, as chemosymbiotic bivalves. This is supported by the occurrence of a rostrum (Anhembia froesi) and the large body size of their shells. These bivalves are also found in fine, soft, oxygen deficient substrates, deposited below or near storm wave base. The examined bivalves are often preserved in internally complex fossil concentrations (proximal and distal tempestites). In all of these bivalves in life position are rare. The occurrence of disharmonious time-averaging is remarkable, particularly among the epifaunal, semi-infaunal and shallow burrowers. This is because the shells of bivalves with exposed strategy are more prone to spatial and temporal mixing. The paleoautoecologic and taphonomic analysis could be an important tool for the study of sedimentary dynamics (e,g., sedimentation rate). For example, life positioned specimens of Naiadopsis lamellosus with the comissure plane inclined about 45 degrees to the bedding plane occur on the top of a thin (~10 cm) bioclastic-rich concentration, intercalated in siltstones. The underlying shell layer was buried to a depth of ~1.6 cm. Normally, the shells are buried up to their umbonal carena, the anterior margin (buried portion) of closed articulated shells being slightly compressed dorso-ventrally. The original substrate provided by the underlying accumulation, including a great amount of bioclasts and also some muddy parts, seems suitable for the setting of Naiadopsis lamellosus larvae. Still, the presence of disarticulated, complete or fragmented, and abraded or pristine shells of Naiadopsis lamellosus with different size classes suggests different episodes of substrate colonization and reworking, indicating the occurrence of different periods of extensive taphonomic feedback. Although preserved in life position taphonomic evidence indicates that the temporal resolution of these concentrations is variable, often preserving a time-averaged record of the benthic marine populations. In the case of Naiadopsis lamellosus, different periods of colonization and disruptment have contributed to the bioclast enrichment of the substrate, at different times, corroborating the idea that the genetic processes that are responsible for the origin of a particular concentration are less important for the time-averaging phenomenon than the presence of old shells or bioclasts in a given depositional system. The obtained data have shown consistently that paleossynecological reconstruction that are not based on detailed paleoautoecologic and taphonomic studies are not justifiable. In this context, a seven step protocol is proposed as an alternative approach for a more accurate test of paleossynecological hypothese.

Calmoniid trilobites of the “Metacryphaeus tuberculatus group” occur in many Devonian localities within the Malvinokaffric Realm. In the Parnaiba Basin, in northeastern Brazil, the group is represented by Metacryphaeus tuberculatus Kozlowski, 1923, and M. meloi Carvalho, Edgecombe and Lieberman, 1997, from the late Eifelian—early Givetian Pimenteira Formation in the environs of the city of Picos and the early Givetian Passagem Member (Pimenteira Formation) from the vicinities of Picos and Pimenteiras in Piaui State. Based on specimens found in the region of Joao Costa, southeastern Piaui State, the present study reinforces data on the occurrence of M. tuberculatus in the Pimenteira Formation and reports the presence of genal spines in some individuals of M. meloi, indicating a feature previously unknown for this species.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-03T18:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-11-04T10:13:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-14392014000600011.pdf: 4528898 bytes, checksum: 6a95a6c3b0aa1be80ae7a168c9db39fd (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Paleometry is a promising research field that brings together different areas, such as physics and chemistry, applied to paleobiological issues. In spite of being recognized abroad, it is a new research field in Brazil. The most important characteristic is the application of mostly non-destructive techniques to the study of fossils. This work compiles some paleometrical applications to different geological contexts, such as the synthesis of hard skeleton in Corumbella werneri, geochemical aspects about fresh water bivalves from the Bauru Group and the exceptional preservation of arthropods from the Crato Member. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared (DRIFT) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) were complementary to elucidate the types of skeletogenesys in Corumbella. In the case of the bivalves, DRIFT revealed to be important to elucidate aspects about death and fossilization. Among arthropods, morphological analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) associated with EDX was more profitable to understand fossilization process and paleoenvironmental implications. Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Ctr Ciencias &Tecnol Sustentabilidade, BR-18052780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Ctr Ciencias Humanas &Biol, BR-18052780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geociencias, BR-05508080 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, BR-18087180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho UNESP, BR-18087180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2009/02312-4 FAPESP: 2013/16545-6 FAPESP: 2013/06719-7 FAPESP: 2013/06718-0

Newly discovered benthic fossils and specimens illustrated in the paleontological literature indicate that drilling predators (or parasites) were present in the Permian. New field data from southern Brazil document the first drill holes ever reported for Permian bivalve mollusks. In addition, a literature review revealed drill holes in shells of articulate brachiopods from Russia, Greece, and West Texas. Holes range in size from 0.1 to 5.8 mm and are typically round, cylindrical, singular penetrations perpendicular to the valve surface. Incomplete, healed, and multiple holes are absent. Drilling frequency, a proxy for predation intensity, is very low: less than 1 percent (this estimate may be seriously affected by taphonomic and monographic biases). Literature data suggest that frequency of drilled specimens varied significantly among higher brachiopod taxa. The geography and stratigraphy of drilled specimens indicate that drilling organisms were worldwide in their occurrence and continuously present in marine ecosystems throughout the Permian. This report is consistent with other recent studies indicating that although drillers were continuously present throughout the Phanerozoic, drilling intensity was lower in the Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic.

Foi realizado um minucioso estudo tafonômico e paleoecológico para os trilobites (Calmoniidae, Homalonotidae) e outros macroinvertebrados da Formação Ponta Grossa (?Lochkoviano a Frasniano), do Estado do Paraná. Esse estudo foi fundamentado no arcabouço de estratigrafia de seqüências pré-estabelecido, abrangendo nível de detalhamento de quarta a quinta ordens. Três seções colunares, englobando rochas das seqüências B e C da Formação Ponta Grossa foram examinadas: a- seção 1 (estrada de rodagem entre os quilômetros 224 e 231,5 da PR-092, Jaguariaíva), b- seção 2 (ramal ferroviário Jaguariaíva-Arapoti, entre os quilômetros 2,2 e 6,0) e c- seção 3 (quilômetro 60 da PR-340, que liga Castro a Tibagi, município de Tibagi e afloramentos na estrada que parte de Tibagi em direção a NW, rumo a Telêmaco Borba). Em virtude da escala de detalhe da análise proposta, foi estabelecida uma metodologia inovadora para a coleta dos fósseis. Nas seções estudadas foram elaboradas 27 quadrículas que equivalem, cada uma, a um volume de rocha analisado de cerca de 1,2 \'m POT.3\'. Para cada fóssil coletado nessas são registradas, quando possível, até 60 diferentes informações (tafonômicas, paleoecológicas, estratigráficas e taxonômicas, dentre outras). As análises estatísticas feitas incluíram a técnica exploratória da análise de agrupamento, com a metodologia de Ward (para o agrupamento dentro de cada seção) e SLM (Single Linkage Method), no caso de agrupamentos de fósseis de diferentes seções. No total, foram analisados 660 trilobites, tendo sido reconhecidas duas classes tafonômicas principais: a- Classe I, trilobites articulados, onde todos os segmentos do corpo estão associados formando, assim, um único esclerito. Essa classe inclui as seguintes sub-classes: restos de carcaças estendidas, restos de carcaças enroladas e, restos de carcaças torcidas, e b- Classe II, desarticulados, onde ao menos um dos escleritos corpóreos está dissociado do restante, incluindo as sub-classes: a- restos de carcaças parcialmente desarticuladas, onde ao menos dois escleritos permanecem articulados e b- restos de carcaças desarticuladas, onde há a preservação de apenas um dos escleritos. Os trilobites articulados com a carcaça estendida são restos de organismos mortos fora do processo de muda ou restos de mudas preservados imediatamente após o processo de ecdise sendo seu soterramento rápido e, provavelmente, associado a depósitos de sufocamento, abaixo do nível de base de ondas de tempestade. Os trilobites calmoniídeos articulados com a carcaça enrolada representam uma resposta do organismo ao estresse causado pela sedimentação episódica. Os trilobites desarticulados são grande maioria entre os fósseis analisados, sendo que os parcialmente desarticulados podem ser interpretados como bioclastos ainda nas primeiras etapas de desarticulação. Os trilobites totalmente desarticulados representam o último estágio de desarticulação dos trilobites da Formação Ponta Grossa. Contudo, o grau de desarticulação destes bioclastos não pode ser interpretado como um indicativo apenas da duração de exposição ou de transporte físico, pois o controle básico destes pode ser sedimentológico e/ou morfológico. Em relação à paleoecologia dos trilobites, a ausência de hipóstoma dentre esses organismos da Formação Ponta Grossa indica que essa estrutura não era fundida à dobra cefálica. Essa característica denota hábito alimentar de comedores de partículas orgânicas de fundo. Ainda é possível distinguir padrão de muda salteriano para os trilobites calmoniídeos, assim como para os homalonotídeos. Os calmoniídeos são encontrados, muitas vezes, preservados dessa forma. Já os homalonotídeos, apesar de não possuírem registro desse hábito, demonstram, em muitos espécimes, quebra de somitos torácicos. Tal fato é um forte indício de que esses animais utilizavam como escape corpóreo à junção entre o céfalo e o tórax, tipicamente caracterizado, num padrão salteriano, Por sua vez, com relação às classes tafonômicas e sua distribuição ao longo das seções estudadas, nota-se que os trilobites desarticulados têm seu registro preferencialmente associado a depósitos relativamente mais proximais (porções basais do Trato de Sistemas Transgressivo - TST - da Seqüência B). Já os indivíduos articulados são encontrados também nas porções basais do TST, porém em sedimentos das porções inferiores das parasseqüências (Superfícies de Inundação Marinha - SI). Trilobites completos não são encontrados nos depósitos de sufocamento típicos, pois, com o aumento na taxa de deposição de finos, organismos vágeis ainda têm seu escape possibilitado. Os depósitos referentes às SI, por serem seções mais condensadas temporalmente tendem a preservar elementos de ambas as classes tafonômicas, em grande quantidade e possivelmente com acentuada mistura temporal, com bioclastos autóctones e parautóctones. Em se tratando da Seqüência C, nota-se a ausência de fósseis de trilobites, o que pode representar um artefato tafonômico. Essa seqüência está associada a ambientes mais proximais e, portanto, supostamente menos favoráveis à preservação dos trilobites, especialmente sob condições de baixa taxa de sedimentação. A análise em conjunto dos trilobites com os outros macroinvertebrados também revela padrões de distribuição interessantes ao longo das seções analisadas. A análise paleoecológica dos organismos macrofósseis da Formação Ponta Grossa mostra, por exemplo, que os invertebrados detritívoros, como os da infauna rasa, possuem seus picos de abundância justamente juntos às SI. Possivelmente, isso é decorrência do ambiente menos energético e rico em matéria orgânica que caracteriza as SI. Já os invertebrados suspensívoros, como os bivalves de infauna rasa a moderadamente profunda, são menos freqüentes nas SI, pois esses necessitam, dentre outras, de maior energia do meio para que o aporte de partículas, em suspensão, possa ser filtrado por seus sifões. Os TST da Seqüência B contêm, na sua maioria invertebrados suspensívoros, da epifauna livre. Na Seqüência C, os TST são caracterizados por possuírem uma grande proporção de invertebrados suspensívoros, da infauna rasa a moderadamente profunda, o que demonstra uma alteração da estratégia ecológica entre ambas as seqüências. Os Tratos de Sistemas de Mar Alto da Seqüência B não possuem, até o momento, registro fossilífero enquanto que os da Seqüência C apresentam registro de alto número de Tentaculites. Já na Superfície de Máxima Inundação - SIM - da seção 2 de Jaguariaíva são encontrados apenas fósseis com carapaças quitino-fosfáticas, preferencialmente no interior de concreções carbonáticas. As SIM das Seqüências B e C da seção de Tibagi apresentam sua composição faunística mais rica e diversificada apresentando organismos suspensívoros da epifauna livre (Australocoelia sp., Orbiculoidea sp.), invertebrados suspensívoros da infauna rasa a moderadamente profunda (Lingula sp.) e organismos dentritívoros da epifauna vágeis (calmoniídeos e homalonotídeos). Representam, assim, pulsos de oxigênio, indicando períodos menos anóxicos, e condições um pouco mais energéticas. Deste modo, a distribuição dos macrofósseis de invertebrados nas seqüências B e C da Formação Ponta Grossa está, como um todo, relacionada à variação do nível de base da bacia. Outrossim, o registro pode estar indicando mudanças tafonômicas e não exatamente apenas tróficas. Finalmente, esse estudo reforça a idéia de que a tafonomia e a paleoecologia constituem ambas importantes ferramentas às análises estratigráficas, especialmente quando trabalhando em escalas de extremo detalhe (terceira, quarta e quinta ordens). A detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study was carried out for the trilobites (Calmoniidae, Homalonotidae) and other macroinvertebrates of the Ponta Grossa Formation (?Lochkovian-Frasnian), Paraná Basin (Apucarana Sub-basin), from the Paraná State. The study was based on the availabie sequence stratigraphy framework, in a scale of fourth to the fifth orders. Three columnar surface sections, including rocks of the Sequences B and C of the Ponta Grossa Formation were examined: a- section 1 (kilometers 224 to 231.5 of the PR-092 highway, Jaguariaíva county), b- section 2 (kilometer 2.2 to 6.0 of the Jaguariaíva-Arapoti raiiroad, Jaguariaíva county) and c- section 3 (kiiomeier 60 of the PR-340, Castro to Tibagi, Tibagi county), and outcrops in the (Tibagi-Telêmaco Borba highway, Tibagi county). Because of the scale of detail of the proposed analysis, a new fossil collecting strategy was employed, including the exam of fossil content of 27 squares, each one corresponding equaiiy to the rock volume of 1.2 m³. Up to sixty different taphonomicai, paleoecological, stratigraphicai and taxonomical information, were recorded for each collected fossil. Statistical analyses included the exploratory technique of grouping analysis, with the methodology of Ward and SIM (Singie Linkage Method). In a total, 660 trilobites were analyzed, and two main taphonomical classes were recognized: a- Class I, articulate trilobites, where all of the segments of the body are associated forming a single sclerite. This class includes the following sub-classes: 1- remains of outstretched carcasses; 2- remains of coiled carcasses, and 3- remains of twisted carcasses. b- Class II, disarticulate trilobites, where at least one of the corporal sclerites is dissociated from the remaining, including the following sub-classes: 1- partially disjointed remains, where at least two sclerites are articulated, and 2- disjointed remains, preserving just one of the sclerites. The articulate trilobites with extended carcasses are remains of dead organisms out of ecdysis process or remains of exuviaes preserved immediately after the ecdysis process. The burial of these remains was rapid, and associated with obrution deposits, below storm wave base probably. The articulated calmoniid trilobites with the enrolled carcasses represent a response of the organism to the stress caused by the episodic sedimentation. The great majority of the analyzed fossils are disjointed trilobites, and the partially disjointed ones can be interpreted as bioclasts in the first stages of disarticulation. The totally disjointed trilobites represent the last stage of disarticulation of Ponta Grossa trilobites. However, the degree of disarticulation of these bioclasts cannot be interpreted as a proxy of physical transport or residence time in the sediment/water interface (or TAZ, Taphonomically Active Zone), because the basic control of these can be sedimentary and/or morphologic. As far as the paleoecology, the absence of hipostome among the studied trilobites indicates that this structure was not fused to the cephalic doublure, suggesting a deposit feeding behavior. It is still possible to distinguish salterian pattern of molting for both group of examined trilobites (calmoniids and homaionotids). Commonly, the calmoniids are preserved according to this pattern. Although this type of molding (Salterian) is unknown among the homalonotids in many of studied specimens the thoracic somites are broken This is a strong evidence that during the molding process, the new organism broken the junction between the cephalon and thorax, which characterize the salterian pattern of molding. The obtained results indicate that regarding the taphonomical classes and the distribution along the studied sections, disarticulated trilobites are preferentially recorded in the basal portions of the Transgressive Systems Tracts (TST) of Sequence B. The articulated trilobites are also found in basal portions of TST, but in rocks of the basal portions of the parasequences (Marine Flooding Surfaces - FS, for example). Complete trilobites are not found in obrution deposits, since their escape of the rapid burial that characterizes that deposits is favored by their vagile mode of life. Deposits of Marine Flooding Surfaces (FS) are condensed; preserving trilobites from the above define taphonomic classes. This is a time-averaged record, including parautochthonous to autochthonous remains. On the other hand, the absence of trilobites in rocks of Sequence C may be a taphonomic artifact. This sequence is associated to more proximal environments and, therefore supposedly less favorable to the preservation of the trilobites especially under conditions of low net sedimentation rate. The simultaneously analysis of the trilobites with the other fossil macroinvertebrates also reveal interesting distribution patterns along the analyzed sections. The paleoecological analysis of the macrofossis of the Ponta Grossa Formation shows, for example, that the abundance peaks of the shallow infaunal and the deposit feeding invertebrates are recorded at the FS. This is because the less energetic environmental conditions and organic rich bottoms that prevail during FS. Conversely, shallow infaunal to moderately deep, suspension-feeding bivalves are less frequent in FS. Epifaunal, suspension-feeding invertebrates are the main constituents of the TST of Sequence B. However, in the TST of the Sequence C, the great majority of fossils are shallow to moderately deep infaunal, suspension-feeding invertebrates, demonstrating differences in the ecological pattern from both sequences. Considering the data gathered, the deposits of the Highstand Systems Tracts of Sequence B are unfossiliferous, whereas those from Sequence C have evidence of abundant Tentaculites. In addition, in the Maximum Flooding Surfaces - MFS - from section 2 of Jaguariaíva, chitinous-phosphatic shells are just found, preferentially inside carbonate concretions. However, the MFS of sequences B and C of the section of Tibagi have a far more rich and diversified fauna, including epifaunal, free-lying, suspension-feeding invertebrates (Austalocoelia sp., Orbiculoidea sp.), shallow to moderately deep infaunal, suspension-feeding brachiopods (Lingula sp.) and vagile, epifaunal, deposit feeders (calmoniids and homalonotids). Hence, they represent oxygen pulses, suggesting less anoxic intervals during the MFS. These results indicate that the distribution of the invertebrate macrofossils in rocks of the Sequence B and C of the Ponta Grossa Formation is, as a whole, controlled by changes in water column. Likewise, those records can be indicative of taphonomic and not necessarily trophic changes, alone. Finally, this research reinforces the idea that both taphonomy and paleoecology are complementary tools to the stratigraphical analyses, especially when working in extreme detail scales (fourth and fifth orders, for example).

During the Late Permian Parana Basin was a huge epeiric sea in which salinity deviated from either normal marine or freshwater, particularly in marginally environments. Sedimentological, geochemical, petrographic data and associated micro- and microflora have been used to identify such variations. Although shell morphology (paleoautoecology) and preservation (taphonomy) of bivalve mollusks could be used as an additional tool, these have been fully neglected. Previous authors based on the occurrence of charophyte oogonia in rocks of the Terezina/Corumbatai Formations (Passa Dois Group) and coeval occurrences outside the Brazilian portion of the basin, interpreted the fauna ( Pinzonella illusa and Pinzonella neotropica assemblages) as typically freshwater. However, morphologic and taphonomic evidences do not corroborate this assumption: a- assimetrical sculptures and radial ornamentation found in shells of the genera Cowperesia and Ferrazia are absent in freshwater bivalve shells ; b- anteriorly expanded shells (e.g., Runnegariella fragilis ) are not present in mollusks that colonized freshwater environments, and c- lunule (e.g., Pinzonella , Itatamba , and Plesiocyprinella ) is rare or absent in freshwater bivalves. Additionally, typical morphological features (e.g., claustrun, tubercles, shell torsion) exhibited by freshwater bivalves were not observed in the studied fauna. Assemblages including high proportion of shells with extensive solution pits concentrated in the umbonal region are common in bivalves that suffered prolonged exposures to freshwater conditions. These features have never been observed in the studied fossil record. Our data highly suggest that the reconstruction of Passa Dois Group paleosalinity must be done using a “myriad” of stratigraphic, sedimentologic, paleobiologic and taphonomic information. At this moment, we can only affirm that they were not typical freshwater mollusks. Probably, they lived in shallow water habitats, frequently affected by storms, and punctuated by episodes of intense evaporation and hypersalinity with influence of local freshwater inputs, configuring an situation of high environmental stress.

Paleoecology is a discipline that deals with interactions of fossil organisms in their ancient environments. Intrinsically, all paleoecologic interpretations require information on the time resolution of individual samples (hours, days, months, years, centuries). However, one of the major obstacles in dealing with any form of data derived from fossil collections is the effects of time-averaging, which are the result of mixing the remains of organisms that did not lived together. In other words: individual fossils found preserved together in a given geological strata are not necessarily contemporaneous, influencing the paleossinecologic conclusions. Here a seven steps taphonomic/autoecologic protocol is proposed in order to standers some field (e.g., collecting) and laboratory procedures. The protocol emphasizes the need for the recognizance of the time-averaging phenomena in a given paleontologic collection. This is particularly true for the Paleozoic fossil concentration where an absolute age of the bioclasts can not be obtained by radiometric dating. For paleoecologic purposes sampling size must be large and precise enough (bed-to-bed) to generate collections including the full range of taphonomic signatures showed by each individual fossil from the same bedding plane. A sampling strategy of large oriented blocks (0,05 m3) is here proposed, but this collecting methodology seems to be more appropriated applicable for fossil accumulations, such as the internally complex concentrations (e.g., bioclastic sandstones and coquinas) represented by tridimensional bodies that are easily recognized in the geological record.

Uma revisão sistemática dos Calmoniidae (Trilobita, Phacopida) da Formação Ponta Grossa, Devoniano, Sub-bacia Apucarana, Bacia do Paraná é apresentada. Até o presente trabalho, eram reconhecidos 17 nomes específicos para trilobites calmoniídeos na Formação Ponta Grossa. Entretanto, estudos tafonômicos prévios sobre os trilobitas da Formação Ponta Grossa revelaram que algumas espécies possam corresponder a espécies tafonômicas, cujos caracteres se modificaram durante o processo de fossilização . Dessa forma , os objetivos desse trabalho foram: a - revisão sistemática dos Calmoniidae da Formação Ponta Grossa, Subbacia Apucarana, a partir da análise tafonômica; b - verificar a diversidade da fauna de calmonídeos, já que muitas das 17 espécies são morfologicamente semelhantes entre si, colocando em dúvida seu status como espécies válidas ; c - investigar a implicação dos dados tafonômicos na sistemática dos Camoniidae. Os resultados mostraram que 9 das 17 espécies de calmoniídeos descritas podem ser consideradas como artificiais, ou seja, tafotáxons. São elas: Kozlowkiaspis subseciva, Calmonia ? gonzagana, C. signifer varo micrischia , Tibagya parana, Paracalmonia pessula, P. salamunii, P. mendesi, Metacryphaeus granulata, e M. sedori. Essas espécies foram aqui sinonimizadas. Adicionalmente, um novo gênero e espécie de trilobita Paraphacopina polygona é aqui descrito pela primeira vez para a Formação Ponta Grossa. Foi documentada uma nova ocorrência de Paranacaste pontagrossensis na Formação Ponta Grossa. O número revisado de espécies de calmoniídeos para a Formação Ponta Grossa agora consta de 9 espécies: Acaste lombardi; Bainella paranaense; Calmonia signifer, Paracalmonia cuspidata; Paranacaste pontagrossensis; Pennaia pauliana ; Metacryphaeus australis; Metacryphaeus rotundatus e Paraphacopina polygona. Esses dados têm implicação na diversidade da fauna de trilobitas calmoniídeos na Formação Ponta Grossa, sendo menor do que se pensava anteriormente. Os resultados aqui obtidos serviram para fortalecer a ideia de que a designação de novas espécies deve ser realizada perante a presença de diversos espécimes, com holótipos bem preservados, para que o maior espectro possível de variações tafonômicas e morfológicas decorrentes do processo de fossilização seja identificado, o que diminui a margem de erros. Portanto, é importante aliar a tafonomia com o estudo sistemático, a fim de identificar caracteres sujeitos à maior variação tafonômica. A systematic revision of the Calmoniidae (Trilobita, Phacopida) of the Ponta Grossa Formation, Devonian, Sub-basin Apucarana, Paraná basin is presented. Until this present research, there used to be 17 calmoniid species described in the Ponta Grossa Formation. However, previous taphonomic studies about the trilobites of the Ponta Grossa Formation revealed that some species might correspond to taphonomic species, whose characters were modified via the fossilization processo Hence, the objectives of this research were: a - systematic revision of the Calmoniidae from the Ponta Grossa Formation, Apucarana sub-basin, coupled with a taphonomic analysis; b - verify the faunal diversity of calmoniid trilobites, since many of the 17 species are morphologically similar amongst themselves, raising doubts about their status as new and valid species; c - investigate the implications of the taphonomic data on the systematics of Calmoniidae. The results show that 9 of the 17 described species of calmoniids can be considered as artificial, or taphotaxa: Kozlowkiaspis subseciva, Calmonia ? gonzagana, C. signifer varo micrischia, Tibagya parana, Paracalmonia pessula, P. salamunii, P. mendesi, Metacryphaeus granuata, and M. sedori. Ali these species were hereby synonymized. Moreover, a new trilobite genus and species Paraphacopina polygona is here described for the first time for the Ponta Grossa Formation. Also, a new occurrence of Paranacaste pontagrossensis in the Ponta Grossa Formation was documented. The revised number of calmoniid species for the Ponta Grossa Formation now stands at 9: Acaste lombardi; Bainella paranaense; Calmonia signifer, Paracalmonia cuspidata; Paranacaste pontagrossensis; Pennaia pauliana; Metacryphaeus australis: Metacryphaeus rotundatus and Paraphacopina polygona. This revision has an implication on the faunal diversity of calmoniid trilobites in the Ponta Grossa Formation, which is lower than what was previously thought. These results served to strengthen the notion that the designation of new species must be done with the presence of many specimens, with well-preserved holotypes, so that the biggest possible spectrum of taphonomic and morphological variations resulting from the fossilization process be identified, which decreases the margin of error. Therefore, it\'s important to ally taphonomy with the systematic study, in order to identify characters that are more liable to taphonomic variations.

O conhecimento acerca dos invertebrados devonianos no Brasil teve início em fins do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, período no qual foram feitas expedições pioneiras às principais bacias paleozoicas do país - as bacias do Paraná, Parnaíba e Amazonas. Desta fase também resultaram importantes trabalhos científicos (e.g., Clarke, 1913), usados ainda hoje como referência em estudos. Dentre os trilobitas, os grupos mais representativos são os Homalonotidae e os Calmoniidae, cuja importância como ferramentas em questões paleoambientais e paleobiogeográficas vem sendo constatada a partir de recentes revisões sistemáticas em fósseis da Bacia do Paraná. Estes estudos também têm demonstrado que muitas das variações nos fósseis, interpretadas por pesquisadores anteriores como taxonômicas, decorrem de alterações tafonômicas, que podem levar a classificações errôneas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos revisar a sistemática dos trilobitas Phacopida (Homalonotidae e Calmoniidae) nas bacias do Parnaíba e Amazonas, incluindo, na primeira localidade, a nova ocorrência de São João Vermelho, no município de João Costa (PI), investigar, sempre que pertinente, a implicação das alterações tafonômicas na sistemática desses fósseis, identificando fatores diagenéticos/intempéricos que podem interferir nos caracteres morfológicos e discutir as implicações paleobiogeográficas dos Homalonotidae e Calmoniidae do Devoniano das bacias do Amazonas e Parnaíba, em relação a outras localidades adjacentes à estas bacias. Resultados das pesquisas mostram que a localidade de São João Vermelho é bastante promissora do ponto de vista paleontológico, pois consiste em uma nova localidade para o táxon M. tuberculatus, o qual também é documentado nas duas subbacias da Bacia do Paraná - Alto Garças e Apucarana, indicando que esta espécie apresenta alto grau de cosmopolitanismo. A análise de exemplares de Burmeisteria (Homalonotidae) desta localidade sugere que as diferenças nas espécies deste gênero no Brasil são mais sutis do que imaginado. Na Bacia do Amazonas, os Phacopida estão representados especialmente por Calmoniidae do gênero Malvinella, também presentes na Bolívia. As relações paleobiogeográficas entre as bacias paleozoicas brasileiras e a Bolívia, durante o Eo e Mesodevoniano, teriam sido mais estreitas do que se imaginava. A principal rota de migração para a Bacia do Parnaíba teria sido através da Bacia do Paraná, conforme constatado pela presença de M. tuberculatus. Já a migração para a Bacia do Amazonas teria se dado a sudoeste desta bacia, já que Malvinella ocorre apenas nesta bacia e na Bolívia The knowledge on Brazilian Devonian invertebrates started by the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, period which pioneering expeditions were made to the main Paleozoic basins of the country - Paraná, Parnaíba and Amazon basins. Important scientific contributions also resulted from this fase (e.g. Clarke, 1913), still used today as reference in studies. Among trilobites, the most representative groups are the Homalonotidae and Calmoniidae, whose importance in paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographical questions have been noted from recent systematic revisions in Paraná Basin fossils. These studies also have demonstrated that many variations in fossils, interpreted by previous researchers as taxonomic, are due to taphonomic alterations, which can lead to erroneous classifications. In this context, the current study aimed to review the systematics of Phacopida trilobites (Homalonotidae and Calmoniidae) from the Parnaíba and Amazon basins, including, in the former locality, the new occurrence of São João Vermelho, in the João Costa municipality (PI); to investigate, whenever relevant, .the implication of the taphonomic alterations in the systematics of these fossils, identifying diagenetic/weathering factors which can interfere in the morphological features; and to discuss the paleobiogeographic implications of the Homalonotidae and Calmoniidae from the Devonian of the Parnaíba and Amazon basins, in relation to other localities adjacent to these basins. Study results show that the locality of São João Vermelho is paleontologically promising, as it consists of a new place for the M. tuberculatus taxon, which is also documented in the both Paraná Basin subbasins - Alto Garças and Apucarana, indicating that this species is highly cosmopolitan. The analysis of Burmeisteria (Homalonotidae) exemplars from this locality suggests that differences between the species of this genus in Brazil are slighter than thought. In the Amazon Basin, Phacopida trilobites are especially represented by the Calmoniidae genus Malvinella, also present in Bolivia. The paleobiogeographic relations between the Paleozoic Brazilian basins and Bolivia, during Early and Middle Devonian, would have been closer than thought. The main migration route to the Parnaíba Basin would have been through the Paraná Basin, as found by the presence of M. tuberculatus. The migration to the Amazon Basin, in turn, would have occurred southwestward this basin, as Malvinella occurs only in this locality and in Bolivia.

Os tentaculitoideos são invertebrados marinhos extintos comumente encontrados nos estratos devonianos brasileiros. São reconhecidos pelo formato da concha coniforme carbonática com pequenas dimensões. Na América do Sul, o registro dos primeiros tentaculitoideos ocorreu durante o início do Siluriano, com o gênero Tentaculites. Representantes das ordens Dacryoconarida e Homoctenida foram encontrados a partir do Devoniano Inferior. No Brasil o grupo possui registro nas bacias do Paraná (Formações Ponta Grossa e São Domingos), Amazonas (Formações Maecuru e Ererê) e Parnaíba (Formação Cabeças). As análises sistemáticas demonstraram a presença dos gêneros Tentaculites e Styliolina (foram constatados nas Bacias do Amazonas, Paraná e Parnaíba) e Uniconus e Homoctenus (registro apenas para a Bacia do Paraná). Foram reconhecidos 8 representantes da ordem Tentaculitida, 2 da ordem Homoctenida e 2 dacryoconarídeos. As espécies Tentaculites crotalinus, Tentaculites jaculus, Tentaculites kozlowskius, Tentaculites paranaensis, Uniconus ciguelius, Homoctenus katzerius e Styliolina cf. Styliolina fissurella foram encontradas na Bacia do Paraná. Já as espécies Tentaculites eldredgianus, Tentaculites trombetensis e Styliolina clavulus encontradas nas Bacias do Amazonas e do Parnaíba. Enquanto que a espécie Tentaculites stubeli somente registrada para a Bacia do Amazonas e Tentaculites oseryi apenas para a Bacia do Parnaíba. Nas bacias do Amazonas e do Parnaíba só existe registro das ordens Tentaculitida e Dacryoconarida. Verificaram-se dois padrões de preservação: espécimes isolados e agrupados, desses padrões foram estabelecidas 6 classes tafonômicas, as quais foram distribuídas de acordo com a paleobatimetria, foram registradas em ambientes de shoreface, offshore transicional e offshore. Foi observado que os tentaculitoideos do Devoniano da Bacia do Paraná possuem uma preferência por ambientes mais calmos, localizados entre o Nível de Base de Tempo Bom (NBOTB) e o Nível de Base de Tempestade (NBOT). As classes analisadas encontram-se distribuídas entre as sequências B e E do Devoniano da Bacia do Paraná. Não foram encontradas feições bioestratinômicas como incrustação e predação. As análises com Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (MEV-EDS) e Energia Dispersiva de Fluorescência de Raios-X (EDXRF) evidenciaram a presença de crômio e pirita nas amostras, características de ambientes anóxicos, corroborando com a hipótese que a extinção da classe esteja relacionada a uma grande extinção global. The Tentaculitoidea are extinct invertebrates, exclusively marine, commonly found in Brazilian Devonian strata. They are recognized by the conic shell shape, this being, carbonate with small dimensions. In South America, the record of the first tentaculitoideos occurred during the early Silurian, with Tentaculites genus. Representatives of Dacryoconarida and Homoctenida orders were found from the Lower Devonian. In Brazil, the group is registered in the Paraná basins (Ponta Grossa and São Domingo Formations), Amazonas (Maecuru and Ererê Formations) and Parnaíba (Cabeças Formation). Systematic analysis showed the presence of Tentaculites and Styliolina genus (were found in the Amazon, Paraná and Parnaíba Basin) Uniconus and Homoctenus (registration only for the Paraná Basin). Were registered 8 representatives of Tentaculitida order, 2 Homoctenida order and 2 dacryoconarídeos. The species Tentaculites crotalinus, Tentaculites jaculus, Tentaculites kozlowskius, Tentaculites paranaensis, Uniconus ciguelius, Homoctenus katzerius e Styliolina cf. Styliolina fissurella were found in the Paraná Basin. Already species Tentaculites eldredgianus, Tentaculites trombetensis and Styliolina clavulus found in the Amazonas and Parnaíba Basin. While Tentaculites stubeli only recorded for the Amazonas Basin and Tentaculites oseryi only for the Parnaíba Basin. In the Amazonas and Parnaíba basins exists only record of Tentaculitida and Dacryoconarida orders. Two preservation patterns were observed: isolated and grouped specimens. Were established 6 Taphonomic classes, which were distributed according to paleobathymetry were recorded in shoreface environments, offshore transitional and offshore. It was observed that the Tentaculitoidea of the Paraná Basin have a preference for quieter environments, located between the Fair Weather Wave-Base (FWWB) and Storm Wave-Base (SWB). The analyzed classes are distributed among the sequences B and E in the Devonian of the Paraná Basin. There were no biostratinomy features as incrustation and predation. The analysis with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Energy Dispersive Fluorescence X-rays (EDXRF) revealed the presence of chromium and pyrite in the samples, characteristic of anoxic environments, supporting the hypothesis that the extinction of the class is related a major global extinction.

As fácies calcárias da Bacia de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, são muito famosas por sua abundante fauna de mamíferos. Entretanto, Itaboraí também abriga uma rica fauna de gastrópodes pulmonados do Paleoceno Médio, tanto terrestres quanto dulciaquícolas. Contudo, os estudos lidando com essa malacofauna abrangem apenas as descrições originais das espécies. Nenhuma revisão taxonômica de maior escopo foi realizada nesses pouco mais de 80 anos desde a descoberta da bacia, embora seja possível identificar diversos problemas com a taxonomia desses fósseis. Desse modo, neste estudo realiza-se uma extensiva revisão taxonômica dessa fauna, descrevendo-se inclusive quatro novas espécies. Após a revisão, a nomenclatura e classificação dos pulmonados fósseis de Itaboraí encontram-se da seguinte maneira: Austrodiscus lopesi (Charopidae); Biomphalaria itaboraiensis e ? Vorticifex fluminensis (Planorbidae); Brachypodella britoi (Urocoptidae); Brasilennea arethusae, Brasilennea minor e Brasilennea sp. nov. (Cerionidae); Bulimulus fazendicus, Bulimulus sommeri, Bulimulus trindadeae, Cyclodontina coelhoi, Itaborahia lamegoi, Leiostracus ferreirai e Orthalicidae gen. nov. carvalhoi (Orthalicidae); Cecilioides sommeri (Ferussaciidae); Eoborus sanctijosephi, Eoborus sp. nov. 1, Eoborus sp. nov. 2 (Strophocheilidae); Gastrocopta mezzalirai, Gastrocopta sp. nov. (Vertiginidae); Temesa magalhaesi (Clausiliidae). A espécie Strobilopsis mauryae foi considerada sinônimo de Brasilennea arethusae. Além disso, relata-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de ? Cyclodontina cf. (Plagiodontes) dentata para Itaboraí. A bacia conta com os registros fósseis mais antigos das famílias Ferussaciidae e Strophocheilidae. Além disso, os registros de Itaboraí das famílias Charopidae, Clausiliidae, Cerionidae, Orthalicidae, Urocoptidae e Vertiginidae estão entre os mais antigos do mundo. Dentre esses, os registros de Cerionidae, Clausiliidae e Urocoptidae merecem destaque por estarem bem afastados das distribuições atuais das famílias. Ademais, os registros de Itaboraí são os mais antigos para os gêneros Austrodiscus, Brachypodella, Cecilioides, Cyclodontina, Eoborus, Gastrocopta, Leiostracus e Temesa (além, é claro, dos três gêneros endêmicos da bacia, Brasilennea, Itaborahia e Orthalicidae gen. nov.). É surpreendente que um registro tão diverso quanto o de Itaboraí seja pouco explorado, uma vez que ele possui um grande potencial para ajudar a responder diversas questões sobre biogeografia e sistemática The limestones of Itaboraí Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, are famous for their mammalian fauna. Nevertheless, Itaboraí also harbors a rich fossil molluscan fauna dating from the Middle Paleocene, consisting exclusively of pulmonate snails, both terrestrial and fresh-water. However, the current taxonomy of this fauna comprises only the original descriptions - there is not even a single more thoroughly revision done in the 80 years since the discovery of the basin. Unsurprisingly, many taxonomic problems could be readily identified. Therefore, an extensive taxonomic revision was conducted here, also describing four new species. After such revision work, the nomenclature and classification of Itaboraí\'s fossil pulmonates is as follows: Austrodiscus lopesi (Charopidae); Biomphalaria itaboraiensis e ? Vorticifex fluminensis (Planorbidae); Brachypodella britoi (Urocoptidae); Brasilennea arethusae, Brasilennea minor e Brasilennea sp. nov. (Cerionidae); Bulimulus fazendicus, Bulimulus sommeri, Bulimulus trindadeae, Cyclodontina coelhoi, Cyclodontina cf. (Plagiodontes) dentata, Itaborahia lamegoi, Leiostracus ferreirai e Orthalicidae gen. nov. carvalhoi (Orthalicidae); Cecilioides sommeri (Ferussaciidae); Eoborus sanctijosephi, Eoborus sp. nov. 1, Eoborus sp. nov. 2 (Strophocheilidae); Gastrocopta mezzalirai, Gastrocopta sp. nov. (Vertiginidae); Temesa magalhaesi (Clausiliidae). The species Strobilopsis mauryae was considered a synonym of Brasilennea arethusae. Also, the record of ? Cyclodontina cf. (Plagiodontes) dentata for the basin is presented here for the first time. Itaboraí Basin has the most ancient records of the families Ferussaciidae and Strophocheilidae. Moreover, the basin\'s records of the families Charopidae, Clausiliidae, Cerionidae, Orthalicidae, Urocoptidae and Vertiginidae are among the most ancient in the world. Among these, the records of Cerionidae, Clausiliidae and Urocoptidae deserve special attention for they are greatly removed from these families\' current distribution. Additionally, Itaboraí has the most ancient records for the genera Austrodiscus, Brachypodella, Cecilioides, Cyclodontina, Eoborus, Gastrocopta, Leiostracus and Temesa (besides, of course, the basin\'s three endemic genera: Brasilennea, Itaborahia and Orthalicidae gen. nov.). It is striking that such a diverse fossil fauna like Itaboraí\'s is so scarcely known, for it can potentially offer much help in biogeography and systematics