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At the east of the Ventana Ranges, Buenos Aires, Argentina, outcrops the Carboniferous-Permian Pillahuincó Group (Sauce Grande, Piedra Azul, Bonete and Tunas Formation). We carried out an Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) study on Sauce Grande, Piedra Azul and Bonete Formation that displays ellipsoids with constant Kmax axes trending NW–SE, parallel to the fold axes. The Kmin axes are orientated in the NE–SW quadrants, oscillating from horizontal (base of the sequence-western) to vertical (top of the sequence-eastern) positions, showing a change from tectonic to almost sedimentary fabric. This is in concordance with the type and direction of foliation measured in petrographic thin sections which is continuous and penetrative to the base and spaced and less developed to the top. We integrated this study with previous Tunas Formation results (Permian). Similar changes in the AMS pattern (tectonic to sedimentary fabric), as well as other characteristics such as the paleo-environmental and sharp curvature in the apparent polar wander path of Gondwana, marks a new threshold in the evolution of the basin. Those changes along the Pillahuincó deposition indicate two different spasm in the tectonic deformation that according to the ages of the rocks are 300–290 Ma (Sauce Grande to Bonete Formation deposition) and 290–276 Ma (Tunas Formation deposition). This Carboniferous-Permian deformation is locally assigned to the San Rafael (Hercinian) orogenic phase, interpreted as the result of rearrangements of the microplates that collided previously with Gondwana, and latitudinal movements of Gondwana toward north and Laurentia toward south to reach the Triassic Pangea. Fil: Arzadún, Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. LA - Te Andes S.A. Laboratorio de Termocronología de Los Andes; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Fortunatti, Natalia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Geología Aplicada, Agua y Medio Ambiente; Argentina Fil: Cesaretti, Nora Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Geología Aplicada, Agua y Medio Ambiente; Argentina Fil: Febbo, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Geología Aplicada, Agua y Medio Ambiente; Argentina Fil: Calvagno, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina

The evolution of fold and thrust belts requires time data restrictions to determine the rates related to the interaction of surface and subsurface processes and to quantify the time relationship between the components of the petroleum system: reservoir, seal, source rock and trap. The sub-Andean fold-and-thrust belt in the Bolivian territory in general, and the regional transect that links the structures of Curuyuqui-Carohuaicho-Tatarenda-Borebigua-Charagua and Mandeyapecua in particular, constitutes a complex multi-variable system in which the definition of time-Temperature (t-T) trajectories has led to new suitable structural and stratigraphic conclusions. The integration of multiple thermochronological-geochronological systems (Apatite Fission Track, Apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and UPb SHRIMP on zircon) and the existing surface and subsurface geological constraints made it possible to develop a chrono-kinematic characterization of fault-related anticlines, defining their formation chronology, structural growth rate and link between them in the study area. Furthermore, it was also possible to perform a quantitative analysis of the subsidence-burial and exhumation-erosion phenomena that occurred from the deposition of Silurian-Devonian source rocks to the present time, providing relevant determinations to the modeling of the Oil & Gas system. Fil: Hernandez, Juan I.. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Hernández, Roberto M.. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Dalenz Farjat, Alejandra. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Cristallini, Ernesto Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Laboratorio de Modelado Geológico; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Luis A.. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Dellmans, Luis M.. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Costilla, Marcos Roberto. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Andres F.. Geomap S.a.; Argentina Fil: Becchio, Raul Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Bordese, Sofia. lA - Te Andes S.A. Laboratorio de Termocronología de Los Andes; Argentina Fil: Arzadún, Guadalupe. lA - Te Andes S.A. Laboratorio de Termocronología de Los Andes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Guibaldo, Cristina. lA - Te Andes S.A. Laboratorio de Termocronología de Los Andes; Argentina Fil: Glasmacher, Ulrich A.. Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg; Alemania Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Stockli, Daniel F.. University of Texas; Estados Unidos Fil: Fuentes, Facundo. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina Fil: Soria Galvarro, Jaime. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina Fil: Rosales, Adolfo. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina Fil: Dzelalija, Francisco. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina Fil: Haring, Claudio. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina

New paleomagnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies were performed in the southern Subandes of Bolivia in order to assess vertical axis rotations in a poorly studied area. Due to the presence of polarity reversals, it was possible to perform a reversal test that provided evidence of a reliable paleomagnetic record interpreted to be primary. In an area where vertical axis rotations are a principal component of deformation, we have developed a nonparametric method for the determination of tectonic rotations. We calculated a paleomagnetic pole for the Miocene Tariquia Formation (Lat. = 78.4° S, Long. = 113.1° E, A95 = 3.5°, N = 72, K = 23.73, Slat = 22.08°, SLon = 64.06°) and from our results, rotations around vertical axes, commonly sought around the Arica-Santa Cruz bend were ruled out. From the integration of paleomagnetic and AMS results, it was seen that the magnetic lineation lies within the bedding plane, consistent with the early stages of layer parallel shortening. However, it is not parallel to the structural trend, implying material displacement parallel to it. In concomitance with paleomagnetic results, this allows us to argue that a local change in the azimuth of the structures at this latitude could be the consequence of an asymmetric or heterogeneous basement and/or exogenous agents like differences in erosion along the course of the structures during the evolution of the Bolivian fold and thrust belt. Fil: Calvagno, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Gallo, Leandro César. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Cristallini, Ernesto Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Dalenz Farjat, Alejandra. XR-GEOMAP; Argentina Fil: Hernández, Roberto Mario. La - Te Andes S.a. Laboratorio de Termocronologia de Los Andes.; Argentina. XR-GEOMAP; Argentina

The paleogeography of prebreakup Pangea at the beginning of the Atlantic Spreading has been a subject of debate for the past 50 years. Reconciling this debate involves theoretical corrections that cast doubt on available data and paleomagnetism as an effective tool for performing paleoreconstructions. This 50 year old debate focuses specifically on magnetic remanence and its ability to correctly record the inclination of the paleomagnetic field. In this paper, a selection of paleopoles was made to find the great circles containing the paleomagnetic pole and the respective sampling site. The true dipole pole (TDP) was then calculated by intersecting these great circles, effectively avoiding nondipolar contributions and inclination shallowing, in an innovative method. The great circle distance between each of these TDPs and the paleomagnetic means show the accuracy of paleomagnetic determinations in the context of a dominantly geocentric, axial, and dipolar geomagnetic field. The TDPs calculated allowed a bootstrap analysis to be performed to further consider the flattening factor that should be applied to the sedimentary-derived paleopoles. It is argued that the application of a single theoretical correction factor for clastic sedimentary-derived records could lead to a bias in the paleolatitude calculation and therefore to incorrect paleogeographic reconstructions. The unbiased APWP makes it necessary to slide Laurentia to the west in relation to Gondwana in a B-type Pangea during the Upper Carboniferous, later evolving, during the Early Permian, to reach the final A-type Pangea configuration of the Upper Permian. © 2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

A long-standing debate regarding the configuration of Pangea during the Late Paleozoic has been going on among the paleomagnetic community concerning the validity of one of two significantly different Pangea reconstructions (Pangea A vs Pangea B) since the proposal of Pangea B. Although, Pangea B avoids any continental overlap marring classical Pangea A configuration (Wegener's type), it requires a Carboniferous-Permian megashear of up to 1500 km to achieve the pre-Jurassic configuration. The existence of this megashear is controversial and has led to a wide range of hypotheses, in order to avoid Pangea A continental overlaps and consequently the need for major intra-Pangea movements and to accommodate the paleomagnetic database within a Pangea A reconstruction. We present paleomagnetic results from Permian volcanic rocks of the El Centinela, La Pampa, Argentina. Undeformed volcanic rocks are not affected by any inclination bias and are, therefore, ideal to test different paleogeographic models. The presence of two different paleopole positions, at the base and the top of the same stratigraphic sequence, makes this location optimal to constrain the track of the Gondwana's path during the Late Paleozoic, which shows the transition from Pangea B during the Carboniferous-Permian, to Pangea A at the Permian - Triassic boundary. Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Tickyj, Hugo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología; Argentina Fil: Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Gallo, Leandro César. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Cristallini, Ernesto Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentina Fil: Arzadún, Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Chemale, Farid. Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos; Brasil

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has been used as an important tool to study magnetic fabrics and as a basis of interpretation of depositional conditions and post-depositional processes in sedimentary successions. This contribution presents results of standard AMS and magnetic mineralogy analysis performed in core samples from the PANG 0003 well, located at the Claromeco Basin, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The sedimentary sequence analyzed has been assigned to the Tunas Formation (Permian), upper Pillahuinco Group, southwestern of the Gondwana boundary. Additionally, obtained results were compared with previous Tunas Formation outcrop data at the Sierras Australes and Claromeco Basin area. Measured AMS parameters vary with depth, reflecting changes in postdepositional conditions such as mechanical compaction and the influence of tectonic stress. Analyses of the mean magnetic susceptibility, thermomagnetic properties and petrographic studies indicate that paramagnetic minerals as Fe-phyllosilicates are the main contributors for the AMS of this sequence. Obtained AMS parameters are mainly characterized by triaxial to oblate AMS ellipsoids and shortening directions (Kmin) with a tendency to cluster in vertical positions, parallel to the bedding plane poles, assigned to sedimentary or weak deformed magnetic fabrics. By contrast, toward the base of the sequence, strongly oblate AMS ellipsoid shapes and Kmin axes that migrate to horizontal positions indicate a high deformation degree product of tectonic stress. The presented results are consistent with geological, AMS and paleomagnetic data from Tunas Formation outcrops and confirm that deformation degree was gradually attenuated upwards in the sequence, to the younger strata and toward the foreland Claromeco basin. The study of AMS parameters and magnetic mineralogy have proven to be important tools to interpret the processes that acted during the burial history of Tunas Formation, increasing the knowledge about the evolution of the Claromeco Basin.

The Permo-Carboniferous encompasses the deterioration of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), one of the most important glacial events in Earth's history. However, the key drivers behind the demise of the ice sheets remain controversial. Recent advances attained from high precision zircon ages provide chronostratigraphic frameworks for key basins across Gondwana, but the location and geographic extent of ice centers in west-central Gondwana remain ambiguous. Permo-Carboniferous strata from the Tarija Basin in southern Bolivia are analogous to many late Paleozoic basins across South America and provide key evidence regarding the LPIA and its demise. Detailed sedimentologic data from the Mandiyuti and Cuevo Groups exposed in the Iniguazu anticline shows a pattern of climate-sensitive facies that records a shift from cold-humid to warm-arid conditions, in accordance with the long-term transition from icehouse-to-greenhouse conditions widely recognized across western Gondwana. Although it has been long recognized that the main drivers behind the LPIA establishment resulted from past latitudinal plate motions over the polar regions, the northward drift of Gondwana away from the South Pole remains poorly constrained owing to debates around the paleogeography of Pangea. Here, from a thorough probabilistic assessment of paleomagnetic data, we have determined a robust estimator of the varying paleolatitude through the late Paleozoic that provides a much needed paleolatitudinal framework for the Tarija basin. Independent evidence from the paleomagnetic analysis has shown that the Tarija basin was within the polar circle for the Upper Devonian but started to move rapidly towards the equator during the Carboniferous and remained essentially isolatitudinal throughout the Permian. According to these findings, we conclude that the key driver controlling the icehouse-greenhouse transition in this region was the continental drift of Gondwana across zonal climate belts.

The Sierras Australes fold and thrust belt (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) was in the southwestern Gondwanaland margin during the Paleozoic. The Tunas Formation (Permian) is exposed along the eastern part of it and continues eastward beneath the Claromeco Basin. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and compaction studies are described and compared with previous paleomagnetic studies with the aim of determining direction and magnitude of the main stresses acting during the sedimentation of the Tunas Formation. The anisotropy ellipsoids are triaxial with oblate or prolate shapes, reflecting different stages of layer parallel shortening during the evolution of the basin. Kmax axes trend NW-SE, parallel to the fold axes, while Kmin move from a horizontal (base) to a vertical orientation at the top of the succession, showing a change from a tectonic to almost a sedimentary fabric. The magnitude of anisotropy and compaction degree decreases toward the top of the succession. The AMS results are consistent with the outcrop structural observations and the compaction and paleomagnetic data. Regional pattern indicates a compression from the SW along this part of Gondwana, with a migration of the orogenic front and attenuation toward the NE in the foreland basin during the Upper Paleozoic. This deformation, locally assigned to the San Rafael noncollisional orogenic phase, is the result of the latitudinal movements toward the Equator of Gondwana (southern plates) and Laurentia (northern plates) during the Permian. This movement is the result of a rearrangement of the microplates that collided with Gondwana during the Late Devonian, to configure Pangea during the Triassic.

Pyroclastic levels are descripted in Sierras Australes outcrops and Claromeco Basin sub-surface records, interbedded with mudrocks and coal beds in the base of the Tunas Formation sequence that correspond to the Permian South West margin of Gondwana. The pyroclastic levels classify as fine tuff. SHRIMP zircon ages obtained are 291.7 ± 2.9 Ma in the outcrop and 295.5 ± 8.0 Ma in the subsurface. These ages are consistent with other zircon SHRIMP ages of other outcrops tuff of the Tunas Formation, with Permian flora, and with tuff ages of correlated Gondwana areas, in the Paraná, Karoo and Paganzo basins. These data, in addition with other geological evidences, support a tectonically active and changing environment during the Permian of Gondwana. The ages allowed calculating a northward latitudinal speed of 2.7 cm/year for Gondwana during the Permian. This latitudinal movement is explained as the consequence of the final coupling of several continental microplates, gradually amalgamated from the southern margins of Gondwana and from the northern of Laurentia to configure the final Pangea during the Triassic. Since the main accretions in the southwestern margin of Gondwana could have started during the Devonian - Carboniferous, this Permian orogeny (San Rafael Orogenic Phase in Argentina) would be representing the post - collisional deformation, with a peak of compression in the Early Permian that was attenuating towards the foreland during the Late Permian - Early Triassic. With these results, it is also possible to constraint the age of the upper Paleozoic glaciation up to 295, previous to the deposition of the Tunas Formation in the Sauce Grande Formation. Fil: Arzadún, Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. La.Te. Andes; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Ferreira Da Trindade, Ricardo Ivan. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Gallo, Leandro César. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Cesaretti, Nora Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina Fil: Calvagno, Juan Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina

The sub-Andean system through Argentina and Bolivia is composed of a fold-and-thrust belt developed from 9 Ma until today, as a result of an east-northeast-verging compressive stress field. Depending on the area evaluated, thin- or thick-skinned deformation characterizes the structural style throughout this orogenic system. The differences in structural styles depend on variables such as the sedimentary column involved, internal facies and thickness changes, detachment level features, climatic influence, and the presence of inherited extensional and compressional structures. The existing balanced structural cross-sections sometimes present difficulties for solving the rate and chronology of the deformation. The aim of this chapter is to present suitable new deformation models integrating distinct kinematic characteristics and to analyze the variables involved in the southern sub-Andean thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt. The structural framework proposed for the southern sub-Andean system in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina is based in the identification of four rheological levels. Levels 1 and 3, with a shale-dominated composition (Kirusillas and Los Monos Formations, respectively), are deformed as a weak isotropic material and can be simulated using Trishear kinematic modeling. On the other hand, rheological levels 2 and 4 (Tarabuco–Santa Rosa–Icla–Huamampampa Formations and Carboniferous–Cenozoic interval, respectively), with a sand/shale alternating composition, are structured as a strongly heterogeneous interval responding to the compressive stress field with parallel folding. A simple shear kinematic model could be used to simulate this deformation. This behavior has been tested as a feasible model for the deep structure in significant oil/gas fields in Argentina and Bolivia.

The PANG0001 well, situated in the Claromecó Basin, Argentina, involves rocks that belong to the Tunas Formation [29], Permian of Gondwana. It is composed of fine to medium sandstones intercalating with black and green mudrocks and three coal seams up to 3 m thick. In the coals, a petrographic analysis was carried out to analyze the depositional environment and the diagenesis level reached by the Tunas Formation. The coals are composed of mono-maceral bands of Collotelinite and Gelinite, from the Vitrinite Group, or Fusinite, from the Inertinite Group. They were deposited in a wet swampy forest with rises and decreases of the phreatic level. The presence of inertinite or charcoal evidence the occurrence of palaeo-fires during the Permian. The vitrinite reflectance values are between 1.3% and 2.38%. The coals classify as semiantracitic to low volatile bituminous, with 10 to 25% of volatile matter. The vitrinite reflectance values indicate temperatures between 140 °C and 190 °C. The Tunas Formation reaches the oil to methane gas window, into a catagenesis to metagenesis range related to the organic matter diagenesis. Coal petrography is a good method for the environment and diagenesis analyses applied to the Tunas Formation. Fil: Arzadún, Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina Fil: Cisternas, María Eugenia. Universidad de Concepción; Chile Fil: Cesaretti, Nora Noemi. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina

A paleomagnetic study on accurately dated (472–476 Ma) Early Ordovician undeformed granitoids exposed in the northeastern margin of the North Patagonian massif (41.5°S, 65.0°W) was carried out, with the main goal of comparing the Early Ordovician paleogeographic position of Patagonia relative to Gondwana. About one hundred specimens were processed, from ten sites on the granitoids plus two sites on the quartzites and sandstones of the unconformably overlying Early Devonian Sierra Grande Formation. Seven out of the twelve sites, all in the granitoids, provided consistent directions of a characteristic remanent magnetization. Structural correction of paleomagnetic data from plutons could only be applied at a few sites, from bedding attitudes of overlying Devonian or Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The paleomagnetic study failed to recover the primary remanence. Thermal demagnetization isolated a reversed magnetic component with high unblocking temperatures. Magnetic properties and petrographic analyses suggest that remagnetization is carried by secondary magnetic minerals that grew from circulating high temperature fluids inferred from the pervasive to localized hydrothermal alteration. This led to the formation of magnetite and/or hematite after biotite. A paleomagnetic pole (PP) was computed from the mean site directions. The position of this PP (011°E, 65.0°S; A95 = 12°, K = 24.5) on the apparent polar wander path of South America suggests that this magnetization was probably acquired during the Early Permian. Syntectonic remagnetization during Permian times has been reported for sandstones of the lower member of the Devonian Sierra Grande Formation at nearby outcrops. Our data suggest that the remagnetization was pervasive and affected the Ordovician granitoids as well. Many South American Permian paleomagnetic poles have been derived from syn- to postectonic magnetizations along the southwestern Gondwana margin, from the Argentine Precordillera to the Sierras Australes belt and related to the ca. 290–270 Ma San Rafael tectonic phase. Slightly younger remagnetizations have been found affecting sedimentary rocks exposed in the foreland both in Argentina and Uruguay, suggesting a migration of the remagnetization front towards the North-Northeast. The similarity of the position of our new remagnetized pole from the North Patagonian massif to those from units in southern Gondwana confirms that Patagonia was already part of Gondwana by the Early Permian. Whether the remagnetization of the Ordovician granitoids is associated to the widespread and well dated in 290–280 Ma magmatism that affected the northern Patagonia and a major part of southwestern Gondwana during the Permian or can be attributed to tectonic processes associated to the collision of Patagonia, or post-collision adjustment of minor plates, is discussed. Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Lopez, Monica Graciela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; Argentina Fil: Martínez Dopico, Carmen Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotopica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geocronología y Geología Isotópica; Argentina

Widespread Late Paleozoic magmatism in northern Patagonia is a target to test hypotheses on the long standing question over the origin of Patagonia. In recent years, a dispute over whether it is an accreted crustal block that collided with Gondwana in Paleozoic times or an autochthonous part of South America has taken place. As part of a multidisciplinary study, an integrated microstructural and magnetic fabric study was carried out on the Late Carboniferous Yaminue Complex and the Early Permian Navarrete Plutonic Complex, both exposed in the northeastern corner of the North Patagonian Massif (40.5°S, 67.0°W). Other investigated units are the Late Carboniferous Tardugno Granodiorite, the newly defined Cabeza de Vaca Granite and the Late Permian San Martin pluton. Over 300 oriented cores from 60 sites were collected for anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements. A systematic analysis of around 100 petrographic thin sections was performed to characterize the microstructures of the different magmatic units. Microstructures in the Yaminue Complex are indicative of a transition from magmatic to solid-state deformation. Microstructures of the orthogneiss of tonalitic composition suggest an early stage in the emplacement history of this complex. The Cabeza de Vaca Granite, intrusive in Yaminue Complex, is the most evolved unit and records less intense high-temperature solid-state deformation which suggests that the stress field that controlled the emplacement of the Yaminue Complex outlasted it. According to petrologic and structural considerations, the Navarrete Plutonic Complex has been subdivided into three facies, i.e. Robaina, Guanacos and Aranda, respectively. Microstructures of the Navarrete Plutonic Complex are mostly magmatic to submagmatic, versus the solid-state fabric that characterizes the Robaina facies at the contact with the Yaminue Complex. Combined analyses of AMS and microstructural data lead us to suggest that the Yaminue Complex, Cabeza de Vaca Granite and possibly Tardugno Granodiorite were intruded during a major compressional event associated with top-to-the-SSW thrusting. This event is most likely related to a frontal collision of the North Patagonian Massif and the southwestern Gondwana margin at around 300 Ma. The Navarrete Plutonic Complex and San Martin pluton were emplaced after that tectonic event, which must have ended by 281 Ma. Previous magmatic, geochronological and paleomagnetic data that suggest close connection of the North Patagonian Massif with the South American Gondwana blocks during the Paleozoic, can be reconciled with a Late Paleozoic collision by a model of a para-autochthonous North Patagonian Massif that rifted away from Gondwana after the Ordovician and collided again in the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian.

The Cerro los Viejos gneiss, in La Pampa Province, Argentina, is a mylonitized granite which lies along the late Paleozoic deformed boundary zone between the Patagonia block and ‘mainland’ Gondwana to the north. Petrofabric and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses were compared for this body. Unexpectedly, it was found that the Kmin poles deviate from the poles of the main foliation s1 by about 25°. Similarly, but not so noticeably, the Kmax poles trend NE/SW, with a near-horizontal plunge, whereas the principal lineation l1 plunges gently SW. This unusual situation is attributed to the existence of superimposed fabrics arising from S–C structures. Examination of oriented cores in a modified universal stage and of oriented thin-sections revealed that the Kmin poles are clearly associated with a younger but less obvious metamorphic ‘C’ foliation (s2). Biotite and magnetite, the main contributors to the AMS response, are distributed along both s1 and s2. The dominance of s2 in the AMS anisotropy suggests that magnetite is preferentially distributed on s2.

Summary The southwestern Gondwanaland margin during the late Palaeozoic was located between the South America craton and the Patagonia terrane. The Sierras Australes fold and thrust belt of Buenos Aires province (Argentina) has been interpreted as being the result of a crustal collision between these two blocks. A palaeomagnetic study of the less deformed upper part of the Permian Tunas Formation of the Pillahuinco region within the Sierras Australes belt was carried out in order to obtain reliable palaeomagnetic poles to constrain the palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of this part of Gondwana. More than 300 specimens were measured from the Tunas Formation in the Sierra de Pillahuinco, from 27 sites in four localities of these red sandstones and clay-siltstones. Demagnetization at high temperatures isolated a reversed characteristic remanent magnetization, consistent with magnetization acquired during the Kiaman reverse superchron. Stepwise tectonic tilt correction suggests that the upper part of the Tunas Formation acquired its magnetization before or early in the deformation. The position of the palaeomagnetic pole on the apparent polar wander path of South America suggests that the magnetization was acquired some time between the late Early Permian and the early Late Permian. From the best grouping of the partially tilt-corrected remanence directions, at 90 per cent unfolding for 24 sites, a mean palaeomagnetic pole Tunas II for the Tunas Formation of the Pillahuinco region was calculated. The position is longitude 025.9°E, latitude 74.1°S; A95 = 5.2°, K = 33.6. This pole is consistent with previous poles from South America assigned to a similar age and allows for a more accurate definition of the apparent polar wander path. An earlier study in the lower part of the Tunas Formation (Tunas I) shows syntectonic magnetization acquired during the Early Permian. Therefore the differences in the type and age of magnetization between the lower and upper parts of the Tunas Formation suggest that the deformation was diachronous and propagated more slowly towards the foreland. Palaeogeographically, these two Tunas Formation poles are interpreted as recording a slight counterclockwise movement of South America during the Permian.

SUMMARY A palaeomagnetic study has been carried out on late Palaeozoic rocks exposed in the Sierras Australes thrust and fold belt of Buenos Aires province (Argentina), in the early Permian red sandstones and clay siltstones of the Tunas Formation. The sections sampled are exposed in the eastern parts of the belt, in Sierra de las Tunas (north) and Sierra de Pillahuinco ´ (south). More than 300 specimens were collected from 25 sites, in three localities with diVerent structural attitudes. Demagnetization at high temperatures isolated a characteristic remanence at 20 sites. All the localities have a reverse characteristic remanence, suggesting that the magnetization was acquired during the Kiaman interval. Stepwise tectonic tilt correction suggests that the Tunas Formation in these localities acquired its magnetization during folding in early Permian times. Palaeomagnetic poles were computed for each locality based on partial tiltcorrected remanence directions. Taking into account the fact that these localities are close to one another and that the rocks are all of reverse polarity, a group syntectonic palaeomagnetic pole called Tunas was calculated: longitude: 13.9°E, latitude: 63.0°S; A 95 =5.4°, K=39.7, N=19. This pole is consistent with previously calculated poles from South America assigned to the early Permian. In age it corresponds to the early Permian San Rafaelic tectonic phase of the Sierras Australes. Independent geological evidence indicates that the Tunas Formation underwent syndepositional deformation. We conclude that the Tunas Formation was deposited, deformed and remagnetized, all during the early Permian.

The South American record of remagnetizations is linked to specific events of its tectonic history stretching back to Precambrian times. At the Ediacaran-Cambrian time interval (570-500 Ma), the final stages of the western Gondwana assemblage led to remagnetization of Neoproterozoic carbonates within the São Francisco-Congo Craton and at the border of the Amazon Craton, along the Araguaia-Paraguay-Pampean Belt. From the late Permian to early Triassic, the San Rafaelic orogeny and the emplacement of the Choiyoi magmatic province was responsible for widespread remagnetizations in Argentina and Uruguay. Cretaceous remagnetization has also been documented in Brazil and interpreted to result from magmatism and fault reactivations linked to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. We present a review of these widespread remagnetization events principally based on palaeomagnetic data and, when available, on rock magnetic and radiogenic isotope age data. This study gives an overview of the geographical distribution of the remagnetization events in South America, and provides important clues to better understand the geodynamic evolution of the South American plate at these times. In addition, magnetic mineralogy data for the different case studies presented here constrain the physical-chemical mechanisms that led to partial or total resetting of magnetic remanences in sedimentary rocks. Fil: Font, E.. Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Ciências; Brasil Fil: Rapalini, Augusto Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geología. Instituto de Geofísica "Daniel Valencio"; Argentina Fil: Trindade, R. I. F.. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas; Brasil Fil: Tovher, E.. University of Western Australia; Australia

[1] A major disparity is observed between the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) of Laurussia and Gondwana when the landmasses are re-assembled in a conventional “A-type” Pangea. This discrepancy has endured from the earliest paleomagnetic reconstructions of the supercontinent, and has prompted discussions of non-dipole paleomagnetic fields and alternative paleogeographic models. Here we report on a joint paleomagnetic-geochronologic study of Late Permian and Early to Middle Triassic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from Argentina, which demonstrates support for an A-type model, without requiring modification to the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis. New SHRIMP U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar isotopic dating has reinforced the inferred age of the sequences, which we estimate at ∼264 Ma (Upper Choiyoi Group) and ∼245 Ma (Puesto Viejo Group). Field-stability tests demonstrate that the volcanic rocks are carrying early/primary magnetizations, which yield paleopoles: 73.7°S, 315.6°E, A95: 4.1°, N: 40 (Upper Choiyoi) and 76.7°S, 312.4°E, A95: 7.3°, N: 14 (Puesto Viejo). A comprehensive magnetic fabric analysis is used to evaluate structural restorations and to correct for magnetization anisotropy. The paleomagnetic results derived from volcaniclastic rocks are interpreted to be affected by inclination shallowing, and corrections are discussed. A comparison of these new results with the existing Permian-Triassic paleomagnetic data from Gondwana suggests the presence of widespread bias in the latter. We contend that such bias can explain the observed APWP disparity, at least for Late Permian-Middle Triassic time, and that alternative paleogeographic reconstructions or non-dipole paleomagnetic fields do not need to be invoked to resolve the discrepancy.

The Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic apparent polar wander path of Gondwana is largely constructed from relatively old paleomagnetic results, many of which are considered unreliable by modern standards. Paleomagnetic results derived from sedimentary sequences, which are generally poorly dated and prone to inclination shallowing, are especially common. Here we report the results of a joint paleomagnetic-geochronologic study of a volcanic complex in central Argentina. U-Pb dating of zircons has yielded a robust age estimate of 263.0 +1.6/−2.0 Ma for the complex. Paleomagnetic analysis has revealed a pretilting (primary Permian) magnetization with dual polarities. Rock magnetic experiments have identified pseudo-single domain (titano)magnetite and hematite as the mineralogic carriers of the magnetization. Lightning-induced isothermal remagnetizations are widespread in the low-coercivity magnetic carriers. The resulting paleomagnetic pole is 80.1°S, 349.0°E, A95 = 3.3°, N = 35, and it improves a Late Permian mean pole calculated from a filtered South American paleomagnetic data set. More broadly, this new, high-quality, igneous-based paleomagnetic pole falls between the previously distinct Late Permian segments of the Laurussian and Gondwanan apparent polar wander paths, suggesting that the long-recognized disparity between these large paleomagnetic data sets may be primarily due to the inclusion of low-quality or systemically biased data.

Many of the controversies that arise in global reconstructions for Permian-Triassic time could be resolved by taking into account the large latitudinal and counter-clockwise movement of Gondwana during that interval of time. The proper trace of the apparent polar wander curve should differentiate one position for the Early Permian, another position for the Late Permian and yet another for the Triassic. By doing so and comparing the Apparent Polar Wander Paths (APWP) of South America and Africa it is easy to see that both curves have the same shape, therefore it is possible to arrive at a good fit between them, which previous analyses were unable to achieve. This new proposed Permian-Triassic track of the APWP reveals a hook not hitherto recognized that should be accounted for in global reconstructions. Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Fil: Cristallini, Ernesto Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Basicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Fossil plants are described from the upper part of the Devonian Lolén Formation, Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in the area of Estancia Las Acacias. The sequence is composed mainly of dark grey shales, and fossils were found in a single horizon where thin inter-layered beds of fine reddish-brown micaceous sandstones appear where the environment of marine deposition became more shallow. The age of the Lolén Formation is presently established on the basis of brachiopods, these being characteristic elements of the Malvinokaffric realm from the Gondwana Lower Devonian (Emsian). The fossil plants are remarkably preserved given that they are in rocks that have undergone intense deformation. The plants are identified as Haplostigma sp. and Haskinsia cf. H. colophylla, and suggest a Middle Devonian age (Givetian) for the fossil-bearing levels. Haskinsia, identified on the basis of leaf morphology, is the first well-delimited Middle Devonian lycopsid genus described from Argentina, and the record from the most southerly palaeolatitude. During the Middle Devonian, Haskinsia was distributed in tropical, warm temperate and high southern latitude, ?cool temperate zones. Fil: Cingolani, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Investigaciones Geológicas; Argentina Fil: Berry, Christopher M.. Cardiff University; Reino Unido Fil: Morel, Eduardo Manuel. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Área Paleobotánica; Argentina Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Preliminary palaeomagnetic results from the Paleozoic volcanic units along the Gondwana margin in Argentina are presented. Even though we are still working on the palaeomagnetic data of the sampled section, these data are consistent with data from former studies carried out in the area. More than 90 specimens were measured from the Sierra Chica locality (37°52′S; 65°27′W) computed in 11 sites (Sc1-Sc11). These rocks are carriers of a characteristic remanence magnetization with reverse polarity, acquired during the Early Permian and assigned to the Kiaman Superchron. The resulting palaeomagnetic pole (PP) is Lat.: 64°S; Long.: 017°E, A95 = 15°, K = 12, N = 10. Others interpretations are also possible if the directions of two sites (SC9 and SC10) are considered to have a different magnetic field record, In that case, the PP calculated for sites Sc1-Sc7 is Lat.: 65°S; Long.: 44°E, A95 = 8°, K = 54, N = 7, and the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) calculated for sites Sc9 and Sc10 is Lat.: 48.5°S; Long.: 315°E, A95 = 8°, N = 2. The last possibility to consider Sc9 and Sc10 after structural correction, and the resulting PP position is Lat.: 66.5°S; Long.: 034°E, A95 = 8°, K = 41, N = 9. This deformation episode could be related to the San Rafaelic orogenic phase, found for the first time in La Pampa province, but previously observed in other neighboring areas during Permian time. However, more detailed palaeomagnetic sampling, rock magnetism studies, and age dating are necessary to complete the palaeomagnetic study of this area. Fil: Tomezzoli, Renata Nela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Saint Pierre, Teresa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Valenzuela, Claudia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina