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ABSTRACT. Laskoski L.M., Fioravanti R.A.B., Doria R.G.S., Carvalho M.B. & Freitas S.H. [Generalized subcutaneous emphysema in a horse afte axillary wound - A case report.] Enfisema subscutâneo generalizado em um equino após ferida axilar - Relato de caso. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(1):93-96, 2015. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Curitiba, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR 83035-050, Brasil. Email: luciane-laskoski@hotmail.com Subcutaneous emphysema in horses may have different origins, and the most common are perforations of trachea and cutaneous tissue in regions of intense movement, wich leads to suction of air into the subcutaneous space. This report is about the care of a horse with generalized subcutaneous emphysema secundary to wound in the axilla, whose improvement was daily dressing, antibiotic therapy and restriction of movement. One week after initiation of treatment there was a complete reduction of subcutaneous emphysema, and the wound healed completely after three weeks. We conclude that emphysema secondary to skin wounds have a good prognosis if treated properly.

Twenty horses were used in the experiment, for composed control group, (Cg) instrumented group, (Ig;without intestinal obstruction), treated group (Tg;submitted to intestinal obstruction and hydrocortisone treatment) and non-treated group (Ntg;submitted to intestinal obstruction without treatment). Immunohistochemistry and zymography techniques were used for researches on MMPs 2 and 9 in horse hoof laminae. There was an increase in the expression of MMP-2 in animals of Tg and Ntg. MMP-9 increased on animals from groups Ntg and Ig, however there was no rise of this MMP on the Tg when compared to the other groups in the immunohistochemistry analysis. Based on the results, it was observed that the intestinal injury caused by enterotomy and intestinal obstruction raise the quantities of MMPs in the hoof laminae.Vinte cavalos foram usados no experimento: para compor o grupo controle (Cg), grupo instrumentado, Ig (sem obstrução intestinal), grupo tratado, Tg (submetidos à obstrução intestinal e tratamento com hidrocortisona) e grupo não tratado, Ntg (submetidos à obstrução intestinal, sem tratamento. Técnicas de zimografia e imunoistoquímica foram utilizadas para pesquisa de MMP-2 e MMP-9 no tecido laminar do casco dos equinos. Houve um aumento na expressão de MMP-2 nos animais dos grupos Tg e Ntg. A MMP-9 aumentou nos animais dos grupos Ig e Ntg. Houve aumento desta MMP no Tg quando comparado aos demais grupos na análise por zimografia. Observou-se que a injúria intestinal, causada pela enterotomia e obstrução intestinal, eleva a quantidade de MMPs no tecido laminar do casco.

Submitting late-term pregnant mares to anesthesia for non-obstetric surgery raises concerns about the survival of the mother and fetus. This study aimed to evaluate and describe transient maternal and fetal hemodynamic changes during general inhalation anesthesia in mares during the last month of gestation. Nine adult mares in the last month of gestation were subjected to general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency for 90 minutes. Trans-anesthetic vital parameters, arterial hemogasometry, cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and fetal heart rates were assessed at defined intervals. During various timespans of the anesthetic procedure, the mares demonstrated an increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and diastolic pressure as well as a decrease in temperature. Additionally, arterial hemogasometry indicated respiratory acidosis. No changes in cardiac output were observed; however, there was a reduction in pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures and stroke volume. Fetal heart rate was significantly decreased. General inhalation anesthesia in late term pregnancy in mares in a recumbent position implies in significant hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Up to 90 minutes those changes does not seem to affect negatively the maternal-fetus prognosis.

The prevalence of gastric disorders in high-performance horses, especially gastric ulceration, ranges from 50 to 90%. These pathological conditions have negative impacts on athletic performance and health. This study was designed to evaluate changes in gastric pH during a 24 h period and to compare gastrin concentrations at different time points in horses undergoing general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency. Twenty-two mixed-breed mares weighing 400 ± 50 kg and aged 8 ± 2 years were used. Of these, eight were fasted for 8 h and submitted to 90 min of general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. Gastric juice samples were collected prior to anesthesia (T0), and then at 15 min intervals during anesthesia (T15–T90). After recovery from anesthesia (45 ± 1 min), samples were collected every hour for 24 h (T1 to T24) for gastric juice pH measurement. During this period, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water and were fed a commercial concentrate twice (T4 and T16). In a second group (control), four non-anesthetized mares were submitted to 8 h of fasting followed by nasogastric intubation. Gastric juice samples were then collected at T0, T15, T30, T45, T60, T75, and T90. During this period, mares did not receive food or water. After 45 min, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, and gastric juice samples were collected every hour for four hours (T1 to T4). In a third group comprising ten non-fasted, non-anesthetized mares with free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, gastric juice samples were collected 30 min after concentrate intake (T0). In anesthetized mares, blood gastrin levels were measured prior to anesthesia (8 h fasting; baseline), during recovery from anesthesia, and 4 months after the anesthetic procedure, 90 min after the morning meal. Mean values of gastric juice pH remained acidic during general anesthesia. Mean pH values were within the physiological range (4.52 ± 1.69) and did not differ significantly between time points (T15–T90; p > 0.05). After recovery from anesthesia, mean gastric pH values increased and remained in the alkaline range throughout the 24 h period of evaluation. Significant differences were observed between T0 (4.88 ± 2.38), T5 (7.08 ± 0.89), T8 (7.43 ± 0.22), T9 (7.28 ± 0.36), T11 (7.26 ± 0.71), T13 (6.74 ± 0.90), and T17 (6.94 ± 1.04) (p < 0.05). The mean gastric juice pH ranged from weakly acidic to neutral or weakly alkaline in all groups, regardless of food and water intake (i.e., in the fasted, non-fasted, and fed states). Mean gastric pH measured in the control group did not differ from values measured during the 24 h post-anesthesia period or in the non-fasted group. Gastrin concentrations increased significantly during the post-anesthetic period compared to baseline (20.15 ± 7.65 pg/mL and 15.15 ± 3.82 pg/mL respectively; p

β-glucan is part of the cell wall of fungi and yeasts and has been known for decades to have immunomodulating effects on boosting immunity against various infections as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern that is able to modify biological responses. β-glucan has been used in rat models and in vitro studies involving sepsis and SIRS with good results, but this supplement has not been evaluated in the treatment of endotoxemia in horses. This study aims to evaluate the effects of preventive supplementation with β-glucan in horses submitted to endotoxemia by means of inflammatory response modulation. Eight healthy horses, both male and female, aged 18 ± 3 months, weighing 300 ± 100 kg of mixed breed, were randomly assigned to two groups of four animals, both of which were subjected to the induction of endotoxemia via the intravenous administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharides (0.1 µg/kg). For 30 days before the induction of endotoxemia, horses in the β-glucan group (GB) received 10 mg/kg/day of β-glucan orally, and horses in the control group (GC) received 10 mg/kg/day of 0.9% sodium chloride orally. The horses were submitted to physical exams, including a hematological, serum biochemistry, and peritoneal fluid evaluation, and the serum quantification of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. For statistical analysis, the normality of residues and homogeneity of variances were verified; then, the variables were analyzed as repeated measures over time, checking the effect of treatment, time, and the interaction between time and treatment. Finally, the averages were compared using Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%. Horses from both experimental groups presented clinical signs and hematological changes in endotoxemia, including an increase in heart rate and body temperature, neutrophilic leukopenia, an increase in serum bilirubin, glucose, lactate, and an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Hepatic and renal function were not compromised by β-glucan supplementation. GB presented higher mean values of the serum total protein, globulins, and IL-8 compared to that observed in GC. In the peritoneal fluid, horses from GB presented a lower mean concentration of neutrophils and a higher mean concentration of macrophages compared to the GC. It was concluded that preventive supplementation of β-glucan for thirty days modulated the immune response, as evidenced by increasing serum total proteins, globulins, IL-8, and changes in the type of peritoneal inflammatory cells, without effectively attenuating clinical signs of endotoxemia in horses. Considering the safety of β-glucan in this study, the results suggest the potential clinical implication of β-glucan for prophylactic use in horse endotoxemia.

Abstract Background For horses requiring prolonged daily cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP), the use of a totally implantable catheter (TIC) could be indicated to reduce complications associated with frequent venipuncture or external catheterization. This study aims to evaluate the implantation technique of the TIC in the cephalic vein of horses for IVRLP, describe the complications associated with the device’s placement and use, and assess its viability up to 60 days after implantation. Totally implantable catheters, cut to 15 cm (n = 5) and 46 cm (n = 5) in length, were implanted into one cephalic vein in ten adult horses (n = 10). Twenty-four hours following placement, IVRLP with contrast was performed via the TIC and evaluated with radiography. Physical examinations, lameness evaluation, hematologic assessment, and the catheter patency tests were performed at scheduled intervals for the duration of catheterization (7–60 days). Results Catheters were implanted without difficulty and allowed for IVRLP 24 h post implantation. Complications resulted in removal of the catheters, with four maintained for 7 days, three in place for 15 days, and three catheters maintained for 60 days. Complications included lameness, limb swelling, catheter kinking, and venous thrombosis. Conclusions The implantation technique of the TIC in the cephalic vein of horses is feasible and requires minimal technical effort. Although TIC allows venous access without the need for repeated venipuncture, its long-term use presents complications. For horses requiring prolonged daily cephalic IVRLP, the use of a TIC could be indicated. However, the high incidence of venous thrombosis may limit clinical application.

Percutaneous decompression of the cecum is a procedure that could be considered for horses with cecal gas distension. The aim of this study was to identify complications such as peritonitis and clinically relevant peritonitis (CRP) after transabdominal cecal trocarization in healthy horses using a cattle trocar and a cecal needle. Mixed breed horses were assigned to three groups (n = 6): horses that underwent trocarization with a cecal needle (G1) or a cattle trocar (G2), and a control group (CG) without cecal trocarization. The same horses were used in each group, respecting a three-month washout period between studies. A physical examination, serial blood, and peritoneal fluid sampling were performed, prior to cecal trocarization and 2, 6 and 12 hours after the first collection and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after the procedure. Acute-phase proteins in blood and peritoneal fluid were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Horses with a high cell count in the peritoneal fluid (i.e., 10,000 cells/μl) were considered to have peritonitis and CRP if they met at least two of the following clinical criteria: anorexia, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, ileus, abnormal oral mucous membrane color, abnormal white blood cells count, or high blood fibrinogen concentration (> 5 g/L). All horses recovered from cecal trocarization and abdominocentesis with no major complications. Cecal trocarization caused cytologic evidence of peritonitis in G1 and G2 during the 14 days of evaluation. CRP was not observed, although a decrease in cecal motility was observed in G1 and G2 during the experimental period and three horses, one from G1 and two from G2, showed a single moment of fever. None of the groups showed leukopenia or leukocytosis, although blood neutrophil count decreased at D7 and D14 in G1 and at D14 in G2 (p ≤ 0.05). After cecal trocarization, an increase in the total nucleated cells count, total proteins, globulins, alkaline phosphatase and acute phase proteins were observed in the peritoneal fluid of G1 and G2 during the 14 days of evaluation (p ≤ 0.05), without causing clinically relevant peritonitis. Transcutaneous cecal trocarization promotes peritonitis, which is more intense with a cattle trocar than with a cecal needle. The cecal needle should be considered for cecal trocarization of horses with cecal tympany.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze and compare the reactions at the interface between the composite, composed of fragmented heterologous mineralized bone matrix (MOMHF) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the rabbit’s tibias, through macroscopic evaluation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in different periods. Methods In this study, 12 New Zealand adult rabbits were used (E1: n = 3, E2: n = 3, E3: n = 3 and E4: n = 3). They had the right tibial defects filled with composite and were evaluated immediately after surgery and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results The composites were incorporated and integrated into the recipient beds in 100% of the cases, defined by the MOMHF osseointegration and the PMMA fibrointegration, with no sign of infection, migration, or rejection. Conclusions The behavior of the composites in the recipient beds demonstrates that these biomaterials have the potential to be used in bone defect repairs, offering, thus, better quality of life to the orthopedic patient.

As fraturas de ossos longos têm papel de destaque na rotina clínico-cirúrgica, tanto na medicina veterinária quanto na medicina humana, visto a frequência em que ocorrem, sendo nítida a necessidade de procedimentos ortopédicos reparadores. Dentre as técnicas de tratamento, o método da haste bloqueada confere estabilização rígida em fraturas diafisárias e possui vantagens biomecânicas em relação às demais técnicas de estabilização. Relata-se um caso de fratura de fêmur em um cão, tratado com o uso de haste intramedular bloqueada modificada, confeccionada com pino de Steinmann e polimetilmetacrilato. Conseguiu-se realinhamento dos fragmentos ósseos proximal e distal, consolidação da fratura e retorno do paciente às atividades normais. Conclui-se que o emprego da técnica de haste intramedular modificada é eficiente e pode ser utilizado como uma opção adicional no tratamento das fraturas diafisárias de fêmur em cães.

ABSTRACT: Ten male sheep (Sheep group; SGk) and seven male goats (Goat group; GGks+) were used in this study. The objective was to compare the use of racemic ketamine or ketamine S(+) associated with lidocaine on spinal anesthesia and evaluate if the drugs leads to a surgical anesthesia state, as well as to verify the cardiorespiratory, sedative and motor effects of this technique in these species. After correct placement of the needle in the subarachnoid space, 3.0 mg kg−1 of racemic ketamine (SGk) or ketamine S(+) (GGks+), both diluted in 1.5 mg kg−1 of 2% lidocaine, were administered. Evaluations were performed during orchiectomy, at times 0 (T0), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 20 (T20), 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) minutes after subarachnoid anesthesia administration. No significant changes in heart and respiratory rates were observed in both experimental groups. All animals showed surgical analgesia and stood conscious or slightly sedated with ataxia immediately after the drugs administration (T5), allowing the execution of bilateral orchiectomy. The ataxia in SGk was classified as severe with recumbency in 80% of the animals, moderate ataxia in 10% of the animals, and mild ataxia in 10% of the animals. All goats (GGks+; 100%) presented severe ataxia and recumbency. At 60 min, animals of both groups were in standing position and with normal gait. Subarachnoid RS-ketamine and ketamine S(+) (3 mg kg−1), associated with lidocaine in sheep and goats, produces surgical anesthesia and recumbency without causing cardiorespiratory abnormalities, regurgitation and bloating.

ABSTRACT: Intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) is an efficient method to treat horses with synovial infections. However, information on the dose, volume, and intervals of administration is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin administered by IRLP in horses over 24 h post-administration and evaluate the influence of the total perfused volume. Twenty horses were assigned to two treatment groups. Gentamicin 60 group (G60, n=10) and Gentamicin 250 group (G250, n=10) received IRLP of 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin diluted in Ringer’s lactate for a total volume of 60 ml (G60) and 250 ml (G250), respectively. Synovial fluid harvests were performed in the metacarpophalangeal joint before (0) and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours after IRLP. Agar diffusion was the assay for measuring gentamicin concentrations. Four hours after IRLP, the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin was 47.58±49.21 μg/ml in G60 and 10.92±6.11 μg/ml in G250. During the 24 h of harvest, the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for horses (MIC; 2 μg/ml) in both experimental groups. In G60, the concentration of gentamicin in synovial fluid reached the maximal concentration and remained 8 to 10-fold higher than the MIC (Cmax: 16 to 20 μg/ml) during 12 h after IRLP. These findings support that IRLP with 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin diluted to a volume of 60 ml promotes intra-articular concentrations higher than 250 ml, remaining above the MIC for 24 h and at the maximum concentration for 12 h.

The veterinarian has to frequently assess blood tests in equine medicine. The reference values are adapted from international literature, based on examinations of healthy horses, under a standardized climate and physical activity. This study aimed to compare the blood values obtained from sports horses and traction horses, taking into account the type of activity performed. Anamnesis and hematology data from 76 animals were used: 32 members belonged to the Traction Group (TG), corresponding to equines from traction activity (cart horses) and 44 members belonged to the Sport Group (SG), corresponding to equines used in obstacle jumping, both groups were from the Pirassununga region, State of São Paulo. Complete blood counts and plasmatic fibrinogen dosage were evaluated. The animals from the TG had lower erythrocyte count and hematocrit values. The animals from the TG had greater leukocyte values in the leukogram compared to the animals from the SG. Cart horses were found to have lower means of hematological values compared to the jumping horses. Moreover, these values were below the normal physiological range for the species. Keywords: correlation; hematological evaluation; physical activity; horses.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate abdominal ventral wound healing by using a specific biomaterial, a handmade polyamide surgical mesh. Methods: A surgical incisional defect was made in ten rabbits to simulate a hernia in the ventral abdominal musculature. A polyamide surgical mesh was used in hernioplasty. They were monitored for surgical wound healing, and macroscopically and histologically evaluated at the end of the experiment. The polyamide surgical mesh did not cause foreign body reaction, pain, edema, or infection in the surgical site. The manure production was not affected by intestinal tissue adherences to the mesh, consistent with the ultrasonography result where adherences were not observed and organized scarring tissue formed in the incisional defect. The polyamide mesh was fixed over the abdominal wall, and its external and internal sides were surrounded by a vascularized connective tissue. Results: None of the experimental animals developed adherences from internal organs to the polyamide mesh, except two rabbits where the omentum formed adherence to the internal scarring tissue without present herniation or compromise of the rabbit’s health. Conclusion: Polyamide surgical mesh for hernioplasty presents, in rabbits, excellent biocompatibility, with minimal body adverse reactions and low cost.

ABSTRACT. Dória R.G.S., Freitas S.H., Laskoski L.M., Carvalho M.B., Monteiro A.O.N., Camplesi A.C. & Valadão C.A.A. [Clinical evaluation and evolution of colic cases associated with Panicum maximum in Mato Grosso State, Brazil.] Avaliação clínica e da evolução dos casos de cólica associados a Panicum maximum no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(4):303-308, 2015. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Centro, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brasil. E-mail: redoria@usp.br An acute disease characterized by colic and timpanism was reported in Pará and Rondônia after horses fed with Panicum maximum cultivars Momba- ça, Tanzânia and Massai pasture grazing. In this study an acute abdomen case was experimentally reproduced after the ingestion of Panicum maximum var Massai pasture based on twenty two clinic and surgical cases of acute timpanic colic cases reported in a farm in the city of Cuiabá – MT, fed with Panicum maximum var Massai pasture, confirming the etiology and accompanying the clinical evolution of the disease. A horse kept in a stall fed only with Massai pasture was daily evaluated and it was verified that the animal presented as result a clinic perfil of pain, high cardiac frequency, respiratory difficulty, intestinal motility absence and exaggerated distention of the stomach and bowels by gas, seeing during the necropsy the stomach and bowels fully distended by gas with liquefied content except by small colon where the feces presented dry and with mucus characterizing the intestinal atony. The necessity of studies that search the identification of the agent responsible for the intestinal atony and gas accumulation in horses fed with Panicum maximum is exposed.

A Febre Catarral Maligna (FCM) é uma doença infecciosa viral que afeta bovinos e cujo agente etiológico é o herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 (OHV-2). No nordeste brasileiro a doença tem sido subnotificada restringindo-se a poucos relatos. Neste trabalho descreve-se um surto de FCM em uma propriedade situada no município de Limoeiro, Agreste de Pernambuco. O rebanho era formado principalmente por ovinos da raça Santa Inês, composto por 140 animais em diferentes fases de criação, além de um lote de 40 bovinos mestiços da raça nelore criados sob regime semiextensivo. Três bovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos que consistiam principalmente em opacidade bilateral das córneas, sialorreia, úlceras cutâneas na face, mucosa oral, língua, espaços interdigitais e regiões abdominal e lombar. As fezes eram líquidas, de coloração enegrecida e odor fétido. Os achados microscópicos consistiram principalmente em vasculite com infiltrado inflamatório em vários tecidos, tais como rins, abomaso, língua e em vasos da rete mirabile carotídea. Foi realizada a análise de nPCR em amostras de tecido, onde houve amplificação no tecido nervoso de herpesvírus ovino tipo 2. Este trabalho confirma a importância da FCM para o rebanho de bovinos da região, sobretudo em criações consorciadas com ovinos, e evidencia a necessidade da realização de investigações epidemiológicas para o diagnóstico onde a doença não foi confirmada em Pernambuco.

ABSTRACT: The carpus is a complex articulation, which is often involved in injuries in equine athletes. The objective of this study was to suggest a didactic approach for ultrasonography training for the examination of the carpal joint in horses. Ultrasonograhy examination was performed in a healthy 14-year-old horse. The images were compared with those of a dissected anatomic specimen of the carpal region of a senior horse and with those reported in the literature. Identifiable structures were as follows: (dorsal) tendon of the muscle extensor carpi radialis, tendon of the muscle extensor carpi obliquus, tendon of the muscle commom digital extensor, dorsal synovial outpouchings, joint capsule and fat cushion, (lateral) tendon of the muscle lateral digital extensor, lateral collateral ligament (deep and superficial components), (medial) medial collateral ligament (deep and superficial components) and (palmar) palmar intercarpal ligament, carpal sheath, carpal tunnel, superficial digital flexor tendon, proximal origin of the deep digital flexor tendon, and palmar carpal ligament. Prior knowledge of the anatomy in combination with the study of anatomical specimens is essential for recognizing musculoskeletal structures during ultrasound examination, contributing to the training and learning processes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of composites consisting of fragmented cortical bone heteroimplant in association with methylmethacrylate preserved in 98% glycerin, in segmental bone defect of rabbit tibia medial metaphysis. METHODS: In this study were used twelve adult New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups of four animals each: G30 (30 days), G60 (60 days) and G90 (90 days). The bone defects previously created in the tibia were filled with composites and both were evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography, immediately after surgery and after 30, 60, and 90 days. RESULTS: The composites fulfilled and remained in the sites of bone defects in all cases and were not registered signals of infection, migration or rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The implanted composites promoted the bone defects repair without signals of infection and/or rejection. The composites are one more option for bone defects repair.

ABSTRACT. Freitas S.H., Dória R.G.S., Minto B.W., Nardi A.B., Camargo L.M., Santos M.D. & Ambrósio C.E. [Arthrodesis angles in main joints of canine apendicular skeleton.] Ângulos de artrodese nas principais articulações do esqueleto apendicular em caninos. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(3):322-326, 2014. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Cuiabá e Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Ciência Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de Jaboticabal. Rua Ivo Bellodi 21, Jardim Eldorado, Jaboticabal, SP 14887-106, Brasil. E-mail: shfreitas@terra.com.br An arthrodesis promotes the union of the two or more bones extremities by surgical procedures in articulation with high pathologies. To obtain success with this technique the extension and flexion angle, the varus or valgus degree and the rotational or axial alignment should be taken under consideration. This procedure is an alternative to joint pathologies that present or not pain, avoiding radical surgeries like limb amputation.

The association of an α-2 agonist to an anesthetic protocol leads to deep sedation, muscle relaxation and potent analgesia, reducing the quantity of other anesthetic agents to reach the ideal anesthetic plan to the surgical procedure. This study evaluated comparatively the tranquilization, induction and recovery quality of the isofluoraneanesthesia and xylazine and medetomidine continuous infusion in 16 horses. It was possible to conclude that, in this specie, the medetomidine protocol warrants wider muscle relaxation, better quality of anesthetic induction and recovery, even though it presents the same tranquilization quality of the xylazine protocol.

An outbreak of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticidepoisoning in cows in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, isdescribed. Eleven from 25 animals died. The main manifestationsincluded diarrhea, sometimes bloody, apathy, anorexia, sialorrhea,muscular trembles, incoordenation and dyspnea. At post-mortemexaminations, lung edema, sub pleural emphysema and hemorrhagesdisturbances of varied forms and intensity in several organswere observed. There were no significant microscopic changes inany animal. Analyses for organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticidederivates from rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasumcontents were negative. Samples of livers and kidneys resultedpositive for dichlorvos and cypermethrin.

A manutenção da pressão arterial, no transanestésico, consiste grande desafio, principalmente quando se trata da espécie equina, suscetível à instabilidade cardiovascular. Por isso, torna-se imperioso utilizar técnica anestésica que mantenham estáveis os parâmetros cardiovasculares. A cetamina tem sido amplamente empregada na indução anestésica para o halotano em equinos, conferindo-lhes estabilidade cardiovascular. A cetamina S(+), recentemente disponibilizada no mercado, induz estimulação cardiovascular e possui maior potência anestésica e analgésica em relação à cetamina. Todavia, os efeitos dessa substância, administrada por infusão contínua durante a manutenção da anestesia pelo halotano em equinos, ainda não foram avaliados. Em face da tendência atual de a infusão continuada da cetamina potencializar os anestésicos inalatórios, considerou-se pertinente avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios desse isômero de cetamina em equinos anestesiados pelo halotano. Conclui-se que a infusão contínua de 0,01mg/kg/min de cetamina S(+) durante anestesia com 1,5 CAM de halotano em equinos não agravou a depressão cardiorrespiratória promovida por esse anestésico inalatório. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Cetamina S(+), equinos, halotano, infusão contínua. The horse’s blood pressure is susceptible to changes induced by volatile anesthetics. Because of that, the use of anesthesic techniques which keep stable the horse´s blood pressure is essencial. Ketamine is an important induction and maintenance anesthetic agent used in the horse anesthesia practice mainly to improve the blood pressure. S(+)-ketamine provides the same effects on the blood pressure, with greater analgesic results and less side effects than the normal ketamine. Although some studies have been conducted with ketamine continuous rate infusion during the halothane anesthetized horses, the S(+)-ketamine has not been evaluated yet. Considering the increased use of ketamine, it is important to evaluate its cardiovascular and respiratory effects in halothane anesthetized horses. To conclude, S(+)-ketamine 0.01mg/kg/min. continuous rate infusion did not induce additive cardiovascular and respiratory depression in halothane anesthetized horses.KEY WORDS: S(+)-ketamine, horses, halothane, continuous rate infusion.

Partial tracheal obstruction caused by foreign bodies is a rare afliction in canines which can lead to tracheitis, bronchitis or pneumonia. The main clinical indications are dyspnea, coughing and cyanosis, which may lead to the death of the animal. One female Rottweiler dog of one year and seven months of age was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Cuiabá (UNIC/MT) for coughing and breathing difficulty. The radiology exam showed an opaque, circular object located in the cranial cervical trachea. The animal was therefore submitted to a surgical procedure for the removal of the foreign body which was subsequently identified as a child’s marble. The results were satisfactory, confirmed by the lack of respiratory difficulty signs after the surgical procedure.KEY WORDS: Canine, foreign body, trachea. A obstrução traqueal incompleta por corpos estranhos é uma afecção rara na espécie canina, que pode causar traqueíte, bronquite e pneumonia. Os principais sinais clínicos são dispneia, tosse e cianose, que podem levar o animal a óbito. Um canino da raça Rottweiler, fêmea, com um ano e sete meses de idade, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cuiabá/UNIC/MT, apresentando tosse e angústia respiratória. O exame radiológico revelou uma estrutura radiopaca de formato circular localizado na traqueia cervical cranial. O animal foi, então, submetido à traqueotomia para retirada do corpo estranho, ocasião em que se pôde confirmar que se tratava de uma bola de gude. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, confirmados através de ausência de sinais de dificuldade respiratória após o procedimento cirúrgico.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Canino, corpo estranho, traqueia.

Relata-se caso de fratura diafisária completa em rádio de um eqüino adulto. Foi utilizado fixador externo tipo II para redução e estabilização desta. Embora a literatura desencoraje a realização de cirurgias corretivas para este tipo de fratura em animais adultos, este trabalho relata um caso em que se obteve sucesso na recuperação anestésica e eficiente imobilização do foco de fratura, caracterizada pelo retorno à estação e locomoção com apoio do membro afetado.

Relata-se um caso de fratura cominutiva da segunda falange em um equino adulto. Foi utilizada fixação externa com pinos transcorticais e gesso sintético associados ao aparelho em U. Obteve-se eficiente imobilização e consolidação da fratura, embora tenha ocorrido laminite como complicação.

Avaliaram-se oito eqüinos sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano (1CAM) e infusão contínua de xilazina (0,35mg kg-1h-1) ou medetomidina (3,5µg kg-1h-1), em relação à freqüência cardíaca, ritmo cardíaco, freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial, hemogasometria arterial e temperatura, nos tempos T0 (imediatamente antes do início da infusão contínua) e T10 ao T60 (intervalos de 10 minutos, após início da infusão contínua). Houve redução da freqüência cardíaca e da temperatura e elevação da pressão arterial média. A paCO2 (no GM) elevou-se e a paO2 mostrou-se maior no GM que no GX. Conclui-se que a infusão contínua de doses equipotentes de xilazina e medetomidina, durante anestesia geral inalatória, com isofluorano, em eqüinos, promove alterações cardiocirculatórias, respiratórias, térmicas e hemogasométricas discretas e equivalentes.Eight horses under inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane (1MAC) and continuous infusion of xylazine (0.35mg kg-1h-1) or medetomidine (3.5µg kg-1h-1) were evaluated for heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis and temperature immediately before the beginning of the continuous infusion (T0) and in intervals of 10 minutes after the beginning of the continuous infusion (T10 to T60). Heart rate and temperature decreased and mean arterial pressure increased. PaCO2 (in GM) increased and GM showed a higher paO2 than GX. We conclude that equipotent doses of continuous infusion of medetomidine and xylazine during inhalant general anesthesia with isoflurane in horses promote slight and equivalent cardiocirculatory, respiratory, thermic and arterial blood gases changes.

Photosensitization occurs in everyplace domestic animals are farmed along the world. Several studies are uncertain about Pithomyces chartarum involvement and its relationships with Brachiaria decumbens pasture in liver disease. This article describes clinical and pathological aspects observed at photosensitisation outbreak at Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Samples of liver, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes were collected after eleven sheep deaths and had sent to microscopic examination. Gall bladder epithelial cells proliferation, presence or absence of bile stasis, hepatic degeneration, cellular necrosis focus and multinucleated cell’s focus were found. The results appoints to closed relationship between hepatic and renal lesions and Brachiaria decumbens ingestion by sheep’s. KEY WORDS: Brachiaria spp, hepatic lesions, ovine. Fotossensibilização ocorre na maioria das áreas de criação de animais domésticos do mundo. Vários estudos questionam o envolvimento do fungo Pithomyces chartarum e sua relação com a gramínea Brachiaria decumbens na patogenia de lesões hepáticas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos observados num surto de fotossensibilização hepatógena ocorrido no município de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, vindo a óbito ovinos mantidos exclusivamente em pasto de B. decumbens. Coletaram-se fragmentos de vários órgãos, tais como fígado, baço, rins e linfonodos para o processamento de secções histológicas que serviram de base para o estudo das lesões. Observaram-se proliferação de células epiteliais de ductos biliares, presença de bilestase, tumefação de hepatócitos, focos de lise de células e de células multinucleadas. Nos rins foram identificados túbulos contorcidos com sinais de lesões degenerativas. Os achados indicam que essas alterações hepáticas e renais podem ser relacionadas com a ingestão de Brachiaria decumbens.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Brachiaria spp, lesões hepáticas, ovinos.

In the last few years the vaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration or OPU (ovum pick up) in bovine oocyte doners has become a very difunded technique. It has been used in females with highly zootechnical valuable. The complications of this technique, despite exceptional, assume great importance and might be of the veterinarian and owner’s knowledge. The purpose of this study is to describe the possible complications of the follicular aspiration considering the Veterinarian Hospital ";Governador Laudo Natel"; of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP-Jaboticabal 2003-2005 casuistic. In a total number of 16 animals was possible to observe peritonitis, absence of labor signals, offspring death and peritonitis, distocic delivery with premature fetus, genital lesions, presence of vaginal wall abnormal masses and ovarian adhesions.KEY WORDS: Clinical complications, follicular aspiratiorn, Nelore cow. Nos últimos anos, a aspiração folicular transvaginal guiada pela ultra-sonografia ou OPU (ovum pick up), em fêmeas bovinas doadoras de oócitos, tem se tornado uma prática muito difundida e vem sendo utilizada na multiplicação de fêmeas de elevado valor zootécnico. As complicações dessa técnica, mesmo que de ocorrência excepcional, assumem grande importância e devem ser de conhecimento do veterinário e, também, do proprietário. O propósito deste trabalho é descrever as possíveis complicações da aspiração folicular, considerando a casuística do Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Jaboticabal, durante os anos de 2003 a 2005. Em um total de dezesseis animais recebidos, verificaram-se a presença de peritonite, a ausência de sinais de parto, morte fetal, parto distócico com feto prematuro, lesões de órgãos genitais, aumento de volume na parede da vagina e aderência ovariana. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Aspiração folicular, complicações clínicas, cava Nelore.

A reconstituição cirúrgica de nervos em humanos, em cães e em diversos animais de laboratório é bastante utilizada e tem indicações clínicas e experimentais importantes. No entanto, em eqüinos há poucas informações sobre esta prática. Há relatos sobre a excessiva proliferação de tecido conjuntivo e a formação de neuromas à neurorrafia experimental, mesmo quando se utilizam tubos de silicone para condução do crescimento axonal. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de acrescentar informações sobre o processo de reparação de nervos periféricos em eqüinos por meio de implante de tubo de silicone preenchido ou não com colágeno. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito eqüinos, alocados em dois grupos: GI-13 semanas e GII-26 semanas de observação. Foi realizada secção dos nervos ulnares (NUs) e dos ramos cutâneos laterais dos 17° nervos torácicos (NTs), bilateralmente, seguindo tubulização, realizada em cada animal, alternando-se tubos de silicone vazios (TS), em um dos antímeros, ou preenchidos com solução de colágeno (TSC), no contralateral, deixando-se um espaço de 5mm entre os cotos. Nenhuma alteração foi encontrada ao exame do aparelho locomotor e as primeiras reações positivas ao teste de sensibilidade cutânea nos NUs e NTs com TS e TSC foram observadas a partir da 9ª semana, em ambos os grupos. Ao final do período de observação, verificou-se, macroscopicamente, que os nervos encontravam-se envolvidos por tecido conjuntivo e o interior da câmara estava preenchido por tecido de coloração esbranquiçada, de forma cilíndrica, interligando os cotos proximal e distal. Microscopicamente, constatou-se a presença de axônios mielinizados interligando os cotos, as células de Schwann e o processo de remielinização do coto distal, principalmente no TSC. Em ambos os grupos, não houve formação de neuromas e o processo inflamatório limitou-se às áreas perineurais. Concluiu-se que o implante de tubo de silicone conduz à regeneração de NUs e NTs de eqüinos sem formação de neuromas e que a adição de colágeno promove aumento do número de fibras mielinizadas.Surgical nerve repair in humans, dogs and laboratory animals is widely utilized for important clinical and experimental purposes. However, in horses there is scarce information. Neuroma and excessive conjunctive proliferation are reported. The aim of the present study was to add information about the repair process utilizing implant of silicone tubes with or without collagen in nerve regeneration of horses. Eight horses were allocated in two groups: GI-13 weeks and GII-26 weeks of observation. A complete section of the ulnar nerves (UNs) and of the lateral cutaneous branch of the 17th thoracic nerves (TNs), bilaterally, was followed by repair with silicone tubes alternately filled with (STC) or without collagen (ST), with a 5mm gap between stumps. Clinical evaluation was performed weekly, by cutaneous sensitivity testing of the region innervated by the respective operated nerves and physical examination of the thoracic limbs. No alterations were found in the locomotor apparatus. The first positive reactions to the cutaneous test occurred at the 9th week post-surgery. At the end of the observation period it was verified, grossly, that the nerves were involved by conjunctive tissue and the lumen of the tube was filled by a whitish tissue, in a cylindrical shape. The ends nerves were interconnected. Microscopically, myelinated axons and Schwann cells were present in the gap between the stumps. In the GII the number of myelinated fibers was greater. The distal nerve showed remyelination process. There was no presence of neuroma and the inflammatory process was limited to the perineural areas. It was concluded that the implant of silicone tubes results in regeneration of UNs and TNs of horses without formation of neuromas and that de addition of collagen promotes an increase in the number of myelinated fibers.

A obstrução traqueal incompleta por corpos estranhos é uma afecção rara na espécie canina, que pode causar traqueíte, bronquite e pneumonia. Os principais sinais clínicos são dispneia, tosse e cianose, que podem levar o animal a óbito. Um canino da raça Rottweiler, fêmea, com um ano e sete meses de idade, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cuiabá/UNIC/MT, apresentando tosse e angústia respiratória. O exame radiológico revelou uma estrutura radiopaca de formato circular localizado na traqueia cervical cranial. O animal foi, então, submetido à traqueotomia para retirada do corpo estranho, ocasião em que se pôde confirmar que se tratava de uma bola de gude. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, confirmados através de ausência de sinais de dificuldade respiratória após o procedimento cirúrgico. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Canino, corpo estranho, traqueia.

Fotossensibilização ocorre na maioria das áreas de criação de animais domésticos do mundo. Vários estudos questionam o envolvimento do fungo Pithomyces chartarum e sua relação com a gramínea Brachiaria decumbens na patogenia de lesões hepáticas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os aspectos clínicos e patológicos observados num surto de fotossensibilização hepatógena ocorrido no município de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, vindo a óbito ovinos mantidos exclusivamente em pasto de B. decumbens. Coletaram-se fragmentos de vários órgãos, tais como fígado, baço, rins e linfonodos para o processamento de secções histológicas que serviram de base para o estudo das lesões. Observaram-se proliferação de células epiteliais de ductos biliares, presença de bilestase, tumefação de hepatócitos, focos de lise de células e de células multinucleadas. Nos rins foram identificados túbulos contorcidos com sinais de lesões degenerativas. Os achados indicam que essas alterações hepáticas e renais podem ser relacionadas com a ingestão de Brachiaria decumbens. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Brachiaria spp, lesões hepáticas, ovinos.

Nos últimos anos, a aspiração folicular transvaginal guiada pela ultra-sonografia ou OPU (ovum pick up), em fêmeas bovinas doadoras de oócitos, tem se tornado uma prática muito difundida e vem sendo utilizada na multiplicação de fêmeas de elevado valor zootécnico. As complicações dessa técnica, mesmo que de ocorrência excepcional, assumem grande importância e devem ser de conhecimento do veterinário e, também, do proprietário. O propósito deste trabalho é descrever as possíveis complicações da aspiração folicular, considerando a casuística do Hospital Veterinário Governador Laudo Natel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, Jaboticabal, durante os anos de 2003 a 2005. Em um total de dezesseis animais recebidos, verificaram-se a presença de peritonite, a ausência de sinais de parto, morte fetal, parto distócico com feto prematuro, lesões de órgãos genitais, aumento de volume na parede da vagina e aderência ovariana. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Aspiração folicular, complicações clínicas, cava Nelore.