Search

Ecosystem restoration has been practiced for over a century and is increasingly supported by the emergent applied science of restoration ecology. A prerequisite for successful ecosystem restoration is determining meaningful and measurable goals. This requires tools to monitor success in a standardized way. Photogrammetry uses images to reconstruct landscapes and organisms in three dimensions, enabling non-invasive measurement of key success indicators with unprecedented accuracy. We propose photogrammetry can improve restoration success by: (i) facilitating measurable goals; (ii) innovating and standardizing indicators of success; and (iii) standardizing monitoring. While the case we present is specific to coral reefs, photogrammetry has enormous potential to improve restoration practice in a wide range of ecosystems.

A educação infantil paulistana é singular já em sua origem: um projeto da secretaria de cultura na gestão Mario de Andrade, voltado para crianças filhas de operários, que tinha como ponto central a literatura em suas variadas formas, a cultura popular, as artes e o esporte. Daquele momento para hoje, muita coisa se transformou na cidade de São Paulo e no país. O Brasil passou por momentos políticos diversos, com diferentes concepções de educação para a infância, as quais produziram efeitos sobre as proposições curriculares voltadas para esse nível de escolarização. Como propõe Arroyo (2013), as disputas curriculares refletem as disputas políticas, sociais, de Estado e econômicas de um determinado tempo e de uma determinada sociedade. Assim, diferentes documentos de referência curricular para a Educação Infantil foram publicados no país: em âmbito nacional, houve a publicação da LDB no ano de 1996; a publicação do Referencial Curricular Nacional para a Educação Infantil, em 1998, e, mais recentemente, a Base Curricular Nacional. Embora a documentação produzida com objetivos de orientação curricular tenha o objetivo de referenciar a prática docente e funcione como um dispositivo de divulgação de concepções teóricas e metodológicas, sua apropriação docente se realiza no interior da cultura escolar com sua heterogeneidade, complexidade e diversidade. Professores formados em momentos diversos, que adentram a educação infantil em distintos períodos, estabelecem vínculos e dão vozes e corpos às concepções teóricas e metodológicas, bem como a proposições de práticas a serem desenvolvidas, a partir de suas visões e de seus entendimentos. Num olhar discursivo ancorado na teoria bakhtiniana, considera-se nesta pesquisa que a cultura escolar e as práticas docentes são constituídas por muitas vozes, num jogo social, como observado por Chartier (2002), em que esses discursos se constroem de maneira interdependente. Referenciando-se na proposta de Chartier (2002), este estudo se propõe à compreensão das formas e dos motivos (p.19) com base nos quais os professores da educação infantil afirmam fundamentar o trabalho que realizam com a literatura nessa etapa da vida escolar. Assim, a análise dos discursos de professores de educação infantil da rede municipal de São Paulo foi realizada com o objetivo de conhecer as concepções que fundamentam a prática docente quando se trabalha com a literatura na educação infantil. Os resultados evidenciam as tensões e acomodações que se operam nos processos de apropriação de concepções teóricas e metodológicas em circulação na cultura escolar e seus efeitos na prática docente com a literatura na educação infantil paulistana. Early childhood education in São Paulo is unique in its origins: a project by the secretary of culture in the Mario de Andrade administration, aimed at children of workers and that had as central point literature in its various forms, popular culture, arts and sport. From that moment to today, a lot has changed in the city of São Paulo and in the country. Brazil has gone through different political moments, with different conceptions of early childhood education, which have produced effects on the curricular propositions aimed at this level of schooling. As proposed by Arroyo (2013), curriculum disputes reflect the political, social, state and economic disputes of a given time and a given society. Thus, different documents of curricular reference for Early Childhood Education have been published in the country: nationally, there was the publication of the LDB (official national education law) in 1996; the publication of the National Curricular Reference for Early Childhood Education, in 1998, and, more recently, the National Curricular Base. Although the documentation produced with the purpose of curriculum guidance has the objective of referencing the teaching practice and works as a device for the diffusion of theoretical and methodological conceptions, its appropriation by the teachers takes place within the school culture with its heterogeneity, complexity, and diversity. Teachers graduated at different times, who enter early childhood education at different periods, establish links and give voices and bodies to the theoretical and methodological conceptions, as well as to the propositions of practices to be developed, based on their visions and understandings. In a discursive look anchored in Bakhtinian theory, this research considers that school culture and teaching practices are constituted by many voices, in a social game, as observed by Chartier (2002), in which these discourses are built interdependently. Referring to Chartier\'s (2002) proposal, this study aims to understand the ways and reasons, bases on which early childhood education teachers claim to support the work they carry out with literature at this stage of school life. Thus, the analysis of the speeches of early childhood education teachers from São Paulos city public education network was carried out with the objective of knowing the conceptions that underlie the teaching practice when working with literature in early childhood education. The results show the tensions and accommodations that operate in the processes of appropriation of theoretical and methodological conceptions in circulation in school culture and their effects on Literature teaching practice in São Paulo\'s early childhood education.

Aim: Spatial compositional turnover varies considerably among co-occurring assemblages of organisms, presumably shaped by common processes related to species traits. We investigated patterns of spatial turnover in a diverse set of marine assemblages using zeta diversity, which extends traditional pairwise measures of turnover to capture the roles of both rare and common species in shaping assemblage turnover. We tested the generality of hypothesized patterns related to ecological traits and provide insights into mechanisms of biodiversity change. Location: Temperate pelagic and benthic marine assemblages of micro- and macroorganisms along south-eastern Australia (30–36° S latitude). Time period: 2008–2021. Major taxa studied: Bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, and macrobenthic groups. Methods: Six marine datasets spanning bacteria to fishes were collated for measures of “species” occurrence, with a 1° latitude grain. For each assemblage, ecological traits of body size, habitat and trophic level were analysed for the form and rate of decline in zeta diversity and for the species retention rate. Results: Species at higher trophic levels showed two to three times the rate of zeta diversity decline compared with lower trophic levels, indicating an increase in turnover from phytoplankton to carnivorous fishes. Body size showed the hypothesized unimodal relationship with rates of turnover for macroorganisms. Patterns of bacterial turnover contrasted with those found for macroorganisms, with the highest levels of turnover in pelagic habitats compared with benthic (kelp-associated) habitats. The shape of retention rate curves showed the importance of both rare and common species in driving turnover; a finding that would not have been observable using pairwise (beta diversity) measures of turnover. Main conclusions: Our results support theoretical predictions for phytoplankton and macroorganisms, showing an increase in turnover rate with trophic level, but these predictions did not hold for bacteria. Such deviations from theory need to be investigated further to identify underlying processes that govern microbial assemblage dynamics.

A Previdência Social é direito fundamental garantido pela Constituição Federal, de forma que existe previsão legal de aposentadoria especial aos segurados que laborem em condições que prejudiquem a saúde e integridade física. Em virtude da mora legislativa do Governo em editar a lei complementar que regulamenta aposentadoria especial, os servidores públicos abrangidos pelos regimes próprios passaram a ingressar junto ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a fim de garantir direito ao gozo da aposentadoria especial. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o panorama atual da aposentadoria especial no âmbito dos regimes próprios. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico, de método dedutivo e exploratório, através da pesquisa qualitativa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, que analisou, além de, livros e artigos, legislações e normas. Como resultado, pode-se identificar que a aposentadoria especial teve resolução através do Poder Judiciário e não do Poder Legislativo e Executivo, que seria o caminho correto. A normatização, através da súmula vinculante, sanou de forma urgente a mora legislativa e deu aos servidores o direito de gozar aposentadoria. A súmula vinculante garantiu igualdade de direitos a todos os segurados, mas não considerou as questões financeiras e atuariais dos regimes próprios, juntamente ao princípio da contrapartida.

O popular YouTube é palco das vozes femininas, as mulheres se destacam na produção de conteúdos para a plataforma e atraem uma grande audiência. Muito além do entretenimento, possuem canais voltados para a informação e educação. Uma das pautas relevantes discutidas nos canais protagonizados por mulheres é o feminismo. O movimento feminista ganhou novas práticas e formas de militância, os cartazes e panfletos foram substituídos por posts, hashtags, vídeos ou imagens que circulam nas mídias sociais. Este é o chamado ciberfeminismo que acontece no mundo virtual e traz transformações reais para além dele. Mas quem são as mulheres que realizam o ciberfeminismo no YouTube? Quais foram as suas motivações para iniciar este trabalho? Quem elas conseguem atingir com seu conteúdo? O livro “O YouTube é delas: empoderamento feminino na mídia social” é um livro-reportagem que busca contar um pouco sobre a história destas mulheres e também sobre a história daquelas que tiveram suas vidas transformadas por este ciberfeminismo. O referencial teórico que fundamenta a criação deste produto constitui-se em uma abordagem sobre o papel da mulher construído pela sociedade, o feminismo e o ciberfeminismo. Discussões sobre a relevância do YouTube enquanto mídia social e das influenciadoras como formadoras de opinião também são realizadas. O produto idealizado é baseado no jornalismo literário com o formato livro-reportagem, que busca por meio desta linguagem jornalística trazer ao público novas reflexões sobre o ciberfeminismo no YouTube. The popular YouTube is the stage for female voices, women excel in producing content for the platform and attract a large audience. Far beyond entertainment, they have channels focused on information and education. One of the relevant issues discussed on the channels led by women is feminism. The feminist movement has gained new practices and forms of militancy, posters and pamphlets have been replaced by posts, hashtags, videos or images that circulate in social media. This is the so-called cyberfeminism that happens in the virtual world and brings real transformations beyond it. But who are the women who realize cyberfeminism on YouTube? What were their motivations for starting this work? Who can they reach with their content? The book "YouTube is theirs: women's empowerment in social media" is a book report that seeks to tell a little about the story of these women and also the story of those who had their lives transformed by this cyberfeminism. The theoretical reference that underlies the creation of this product is an approach on the role of women built by society, feminism and cyberfeminism. Discussions on the relevance of YouTube as a social media and of influencers as opinion makers are also held. The idealized product is based on literary journalism with the book-reportage format that seeks through this journalistic language to bring to the public new reflections on cyberfeminism on YouTube. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Spatial conservation plans representing existing patterns of biodiversity in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) should be robust to changes over 10 to 20 years, a temporal scale over which MPA plans are often retained. Using data from MPAs where changes have been detected due to ocean warming, can help inform discussion on how to increase temporal robustness in planning. Our aim was to determine how well fish assemblage patterns, used to develop a Habitat Classification System (HCS) as a coarse biodiversity surrogate in MPA planning, persisted over a 16 year timeframe in a warming region (east coast subtropics) of Australia. We analysed persistence/change in fish assemblage patterns in the Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP) where species shifts and habitat changes associated with ocean warming have been detected. Fish relative abundance was recorded at 12 sites over 16 years (2001–2017) using roving timed counts. Strong cross-shelf patterns were maintained over that 16 year period, which included some large-scale disturbances (destructive storms, 2016 mass coral bleaching event). Overall persistence in these broad assemblage patterns suggest a well-designed HCS can be a robust tool for coarsely representing biodiversity patterns in a warming world at decadal scales. ‘Tropicalisation’ was detected in some categories, suggesting additional planning strategies are needed within those and beyond decadal plans.

Robson Prudente,1 Renata Ferrari,2 Carolina Mesquita,2 Luiz Machado,2 Estefânia Franco,1 Irma Godoy,2 Suzana Tanni2 1Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology Area, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology Area, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, BrazilCorrespondence: Robson PrudenteClinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology Area, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, BrazilEmail robsonapp@gmail.comBackground: Systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are related to increased systemic inflammatory process; however, it is not entirely clear how much they are related and how the systemic inflammation, in particular interleukin-6 (IL-6), is associated with exacerbation and mortality risk.Objective: To evaluate the role of IL-6 in COPD patients over nine years.Study Design and Methods: A total of 133 COPD patients were assessed at baseline between 2004 and 2006 and reassessed after three and nine years through clinical evaluation, comorbidities, hematological blood count and IL-6 analysis.Results: After nine years, 19 patients lost the follow-up and were not possible to identify the date of death of four patients; 12 refused to participate and 1 could not be involved due to recurrent exacerbations. Therefore, 33 patients were included in the reassessment after nine years of follow-up and 92 patients were included in the Cox mortality analysis with IL-6 as a time-dependent covariate. Regarding the inflammatory profile, in patients who survived after nine years, there was a significant increase in IL-6 [0.4 (0.2– 0.8) vs 5.7 (3.4– 11) pg/mL; p < 0.001] and reduction in lymphocyte count [2.1 (1.6– 2.4) vs 1.4 (1.2– 2.1)10^9/L; p < 0.01] with an increase in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (2.0 ± 0.7 vs 2.7 ± 1.2; p = 0.003). The Cox mortality model did not show a statistical significance influence of IL-6 assessed during the follow-up.Conclusion: There was a progressive increase in IL-6 during the follow-up, however, without influence on mortality.Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, interleukin-6, severity of illness index, mortality

Robson Prudente, Renata Ferrari, Carolina B Mesquita, Luiz HS Machado, Estefânia AT Franco, Irma Godoy, Suzana E Tanni Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, BrazilCorrespondence: Robson PrudenteDepartment of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Montenegro, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, BrazilTel +55 14 99734-9653Email robsonapp@gmail.comBackground: Eosinophil counts increase during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation and influence the response to different agents (such as inhaled and systemic corticosteroids), as well as increase the production of other inflammatory cytokines. However, few studies have evaluated the association between peripheral blood eosinophils with mortality rate.Objective: To evaluate the association between peripheral blood eosinophils and mortality rate in COPD patients over a nine-year period.Study Design and Methods: This cohort included 133 COPD patients assessed at baseline by spirometry, pulse oximetry (SpO2), complete blood count, body composition, dyspnea intensity [Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC)] and the six-minute distance test (6MWD). The Kaplan–Meier curve followed by a Log rank test was used to evaluate mortality rate related to eosinophil cutoff point categorization. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify the association between eosinophils and mortality with all subjects evaluated at baseline, adjusted for age, gender, mMRC, 6MWT, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and SpO2.Results: Nineteen patients did not complete follow-up and it was not possible to identify the date of death in four others. Therefore, 110 patients were included in the analysis. At baseline, 81% presented ≥ 150 eosinophil cells and 72% presented ≥ 2%. We identified a three-fold higher risk of death in those with < 2% eosinophils and < 150 cells. We did not identify statistical differences when using other cutoff points.Conclusion: The decrease in number of peripheral eosinophils, with cutoff points at 2% and 150 cells, may be associated with a higher risk of death in COPD patients over nine years.Keywords: chronic airflow obstruction, inflammation, death rate

Introduction: Systemic manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are related to increased systemic inflammatory process; however, it is not entirely clear how much they are related and how the systemic inflammation, in particular interleukin-6 (IL-6), is associated with exacerbation and mortality risk. Objective: To evaluate the role of IL-6 in COPD patients over nine years. Methods: 133 COPD patients were assessed at baseline between 2004 and 2006 and reassessed after three and nine years through clinical evaluation, spirometry, pulse oximetry and arterial gases, body composition, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), quality of life, dyspnea intensity, BODE Index, comorbidities, IL-6 and number of exacerbations in the first three years of follow-up. Results: After nine years, 19 patients lost the follow-up and was not possible to identify the date of death of 4 patients; 12 refused to participate and 1 could not be involved due to recurrent exacerbations. Therefore, 33 patients were included in the reassessment after nine years of follow-up and 92 patients were included in the Cox mortality analysis with IL-6 as a time dependent covariate. Regarding the inflammatory profile, in patients who survived after nine years, there was a significant increase in IL-6 [0.4(0.2-0.8) vs 5.7(3.4-11)pg/mL; p Conclusion: There was a progressive increase in IL-6 during the follow-up, however, without influence on mortality.

Increasing human populations around the global coastline have caused extensive loss, degradation and fragmentation of coastal ecosystems, threatening the delivery of important ecosystem services1. As a result, alarming losses of mangrove, coral reef, seagrass, kelp forest and coastal marsh ecosystems have occurred1–6. However, owing to the difficulty of mapping intertidal areas globally, the distribution and status of tidal flats—one of the most extensive coastal ecosystems—remain unknown7. Here we present an analysis of over 700,000 satellite images that maps the global extent of and change in tidal flats over the course of 33 years (1984–2016). We find that tidal flats, defined as sand, rock or mud flats that undergo regular tidal inundation7, occupy at least 127,921 km2 (124,286–131,821 km2, 95% confidence interval). About 70% of the global extent of tidal flats is found in three continents (Asia (44% of total), North America (15.5% of total) and South America (11% of total)), with 49.2% being concentrated in just eight countries (Indonesia, China, Australia, the United States, Canada, India, Brazil and Myanmar). For regions with sufficient data to develop a consistent multi-decadal time series—which included East Asia, the Middle East and North America—we estimate that 16.02% (15.62–16.47%, 95% confidence interval) of tidal flats were lost between 1984 and 2016. Extensive degradation from coastal development1, reduced sediment delivery from major rivers8,9, sinking of riverine deltas8,10, increased coastal erosion and sea-level rise11 signal a continuing negative trajectory for tidal flat ecosystems around the world. Our high-spatial-resolution dataset delivers global maps of tidal flats, which substantially advances our understanding of the distribution, trajectory and status of these poorly known coastal ecosystems. Analyses of over 700,000 satellite images to map the global extent of tidal flats over the past thirty years, and enable assessments of the status and likely future trajectories of these coastal ecosystems.

Effective conservation planning requires biotic data across an entire region. In data-poor ecosystems conservation planning is informed by using environmental surrogates (e.g. temperature) predominantly in two ways: to develop habitat classification schemes (1) or develop species distribution models (2). We test the utility of both approaches for conservation planning of marine ecosystems, and rank environmental surrogates, such as depth and distance from shore, according to their power to predict the distribution and abundance of biotic species. Specifically, we compared a habitat classification scheme; based on coarse levels of habitat types derived from depth and distance from shore; against species distribution models, which predict fish abundance and prevalence as a function of environmental surrogates (depth, distance from shore, latitude, reef area, zoning, and several metrics of habitat structural complexity). We consistently set conservation target levels to 21% of each conservation feature, following global standards and a sensitivity analyses. Thus when running scenarios to protect fish species we aimed to protect at least 21% of each species, and when running scenarios of habitat classes, we aimed to protect at least 21% of each habitat class. We found that when aiming to protect 21% of the chosen conservation targets, distribution models protected 21% of the predicted abundance/occurrence of all modelled species and functional groups, but did not protect most habitats. Contrastingly, using a habitat classification scheme protected 21% of all habitat types and 34% of all species and functional groups, but required protecting three times more area. Thus, using only distribution models as targets in data-poor ecosystems could be a risky conservation planning strategy. Ultimately the best conservation outcomes were achieved by incorporating local knowledge to synthesize the conservation outcomes of both scenarios.

Robson Prudente,1 Estefânia Aparecida Thomé Franco,2 Carolina Bonfanti Mesquita,1 Renata Ferrari,1 Irma de Godoy,1 Suzana Erico Tanni1 1Department of Internal Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo Brazil; 2University Hospital of São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil Background: COPD is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, the most varied amounts of clinical and laboratory characteristics acts in different ways in the mortality among over time. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the predictors of mortality in patients with COPD after 9 years.Patients and methods: One hundred and thirty-three patients with COPD were assessed at baseline by spirometry, pulse oximetry (SpO2), body composition, intensity of dyspnea, distance walked in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).Results: After 9 years, it was not possible to identify the lifetime of 4 patients who died and of 19 patients who stopped follow-up; thus, 110 patients were included in the analysis of predictors of mortality (67% male, 65±9 years old, and FEV1: 52.5 [40%–73%]). Male sex, age, SpO2, Body mass index, airway Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) index, and frequency of exacerbations in the first 3 years of follow-up were considered in the model. Patients classified at baseline with BODE class 2 (HR: 2.62, 95% CI: 1.36–5.04; P=0.004), BODE class 3 (HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.15–5.61; P=0.02), and BODE class 4 (HR: 15.35, 95% CI: 3.11–75.75; P=0.001) showed increased risk of death compared to those with BODE class 1. The CCI (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.00–1.68; P=0.04) and the number of exacerbations in the first 3 years (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.00–1.76; P=0.04) also showed increased risk of death. By replacing the BODE index for the variables that compose it, those with body mass index ≤21 kg/m2 showed increased risk of death compared to those with body mass index (BMI)>21 kg/m2 (HR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.38–5.25; P=0.003).Conclusion: After 9 years, we identified that those with high BODE index, greater CCI, greater frequency of exacerbations in the first 3 years, and BMI ≤21 kg/m2 showed increased risk of death. Keywords: COPD, disease severity index, mortality&nbsp

Objective To investigate the relationship between Vitamin D and exacerbation in COPD patients. Methods The PubMed database was searched for articles published from 2012 onwards using search terms related to Vitamin D and exacerbation in COPD patients. Meta-analysis, clinical trials, observational studies, and human studies were included. Non-English articles or articles with full text unavailable were excluded; a total of 15 articles were selected. Results The association between exacerbation frequency and Vitamin D levels in observational studies remains controversial, however, meta-analysis revealed a negative association between serum Vitamin D and exacerbation. Also, two clinical trials showed that Vitamin D3 supplementation in COPD patients reduced the risk of moderate and severe exacerbation. Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) polymorphisms seem to affect patient exacerbation susceptibility. Conclusions Few studies in literature have data related to diet, 25-hydroxyVitamin D [25(OH)D] and polymorphism in COPD exacerbation. One clinical trial indicates Vitamin D supplementation plays a role in COPD patients with hypovitaminosis D in preventing exacerbations. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of Vitamin D in this population and to establish the best marker for Vitamin D, which patient subgroups will benefit, and the best supplement dosage without leading to toxicity.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a key management tool for the conservation of biodiversity and restoration of marine communities. While large, well-designed and enforced MPAs have been found to be effective, results from small MPAs vary. The Hawkesbury Shelf, a coastal bioregion in New South Wales, Australia, has ten small, near-shore MPAs known as Aquatic Reserves with a variety of protection levels from full no-take to partial protection. This study assessed the effectiveness of these MPAs and analysed how MPA age, size, protection level, wave exposure, habitat complexity, and large canopy-forming algal cover affected fish, invertebrate and benthic communities. We found aspect, protection level, complexity and algal canopy to be important predictors of communities in these MPAs. Most MPAs, however, were not effective in meeting their goals. Only full no-take protection (three out of ten MPAs) had a significant impact on fish assemblages. One no-take MPA—Cabbage Tree Bay—which is naturally sheltered from wave action and benefits from an active local community providing informal enforcement, accounted for most of the increased richness of large fish and increased biomass of targeted fish species. Our findings suggest that small MPAs can enhance biodiversity and biomass on a local scale but only if they have full no-take protection, are in sheltered locations with complex habitat, and have positive community involvement to engender support and stewardship. These results provide a baseline for robust assessment of the effectiveness of small MPAs and inform future management decisions and small MPA design in other locations.

Objective: To determine the impact of adherence to long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) on quality of life, dyspnea, and exercise capacity in patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia followed for one year. Methods: Patients experiencing severe hypoxemia during a six-minute walk test (6MWT) performed while breathing room air but not at rest were included in the study. At baseline and after one year of follow-up, all patients were assessed for comorbidities, body composition, SpO2, and dyspnea, as well as for anxiety and depression, having also undergone spirometry, arterial blood gas analysis, and the 6MWT with supplemental oxygen. The Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) was used in order to assess quality of life, and the Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE) index was calculated. The frequency of exacerbations and the mortality rate were noted. Treatment nonadherence was defined as LTOT use for < 12 h per day or no LTOT use during exercise. Results: A total of 60 patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia were included in the study. Of those, 10 died and 11 experienced severe hypoxemia during follow-up, 39 patients therefore being included in the final analysis. Of those, only 18 (46.1%) were adherent to LTOT, showing better SGRQ scores, higher SpO2 values, and lower PaCO2 values than did nonadherent patients. In all patients, SaO2, the six-minute walk distance, and the BODE index worsened after one year. There were no differences between the proportions of adherence to LTOT at 3 and 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Quality of life appears to be lower in patients with COPD and exertional hypoxemia who do not adhere to LTOT than in those who do. In addition, LTOT appears to have a beneficial effect on COPD symptoms (as assessed by SGRQ scores). (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials - ReBEC; identification number RBR-9b4v63 [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br]) RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o impacto da adesão à oxigenoterapia de longa duração (OLD) na qualidade de vida, dispneia e capacidade de exercício em pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço acompanhados durante um ano. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que apresentaram hipoxemia grave durante um teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) realizado enquanto respiravam ar ambiente, mas não em repouso. No início e após um ano de acompanhamento, todos os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a comorbidades, composição corporal, SpO2 e dispneia, bem como quanto a ansiedade e depressão, além de terem sido submetidos a espirometria, gasometria arterial e TC6 com oxigênio suplementar. O Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) foi usado para avaliar a qualidade de vida, e o índice Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity (BODE; índice de massa corporal, obstrução do fluxo aéreo, dispneia e capacidade de exercício) foi calculado. A frequência de exacerbações e a taxa de mortalidade foram registradas. Usar OLD durante < 12 h por dia ou não usar OLD durante o exercício caracterizaram não adesão ao tratamento. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 60 pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço. Destes, 10 morreram e 11 apresentaram hipoxemia grave durante o acompanhamento; portanto, foram incluídos na análise final 39 pacientes. Destes, apenas 18 (46,1%) aderiram à OLD, apresentando melhor pontuação no SGRQ, maior SpO2 e menor PaCO2 do que os pacientes que não aderiram à OLD. Em todos os pacientes, a SaO2, a distância percorrida no TC6 e o índice BODE pioraram após um ano. Não houve diferenças entre as proporções de adesão à OLD aos 3 e 12 meses de acompanhamento. Conclusões: A qualidade de vida parece ser menor em pacientes com DPOC e hipoxemia decorrente do esforço que não aderem à OLD do que naqueles que o fazem. Além disso, a OLD parece ter efeito benéfico nos sintomas da DPOC (avaliados pela pontuação obtida no SGRQ). (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos - ReBEC; número de identificação RBR- 9b4v63 [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br])

Habitat structural complexity influences biotic diversity and abundance, but its influence on marine ecosystems has not been widely addressed. Recent advances in computer vision and robotics allow quantification of structural complexity at higher-resolutions than previously achieved. This provides an important opportunity to determine the ecological role of habitat structural complexity in marine ecosystems. We used high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) maps to test multiple structural complexity metrics, depth and benthic biota as surrogates of fish assemblages across hundreds of meters on subtropical reefs. Non-parametric multivariate statistics were used to determine the relationship between these surrogates and the entire fish assemblage. Fish were divided into functional groups, which were used to further investigate the relationship between surrogates and fish abundance using generalized linear models. Fish community composition and abundance were strongly related to habitat complexity metrics, benthic biota and depth. Surface rugosity and its variance had a significant positive influence on the abundance of piscivores and sediment infauna predators, and a negative effect on the abundance of predators, herbivores, planktivores and cleaners. Final models for fish functional groups explained up to 68% of the variance. The best metrics to explain the variance in fish abundance were benthic biota (25 7.5% of variance explained, mean  SE) and complexity metrics (16 6.6%, mean  SE). Our results show that high-resolution 3D maps and derived metrics can predict a large percentage of variance in fish abundance and potentially serve as useful surrogates of fish abundance across all functional groups in spatially dynamic reefs.

Forests and coral reefs are structurally complex ecosystems threatened by climate change. In situ 3D imaging measurements provide unprecedented, quantitative, and detailed structural information that allows testing of hypotheses relating form to function. This affords new insights into both individual organisms and their relationship to their surroundings and neighbours.

BackgroundConventional measures to evaluate COPD may fail to capture systemic problems, particularly musculoskeletal weakness and cardiovascular disease. Identifying these manifestations and assessing their association with clinical outcomes (ie, mortality, exacerbation and COPD hospital admission) is of increasing clinical importance.ObjectiveTo assess associations between 6 min walk distance (6MWD), heart rate, fibrinogen, C reactive protein (CRP), white cell count (WCC), interleukins 6 and 8 (IL-6 and IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, quadriceps maximum voluntary contraction, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, short physical performance battery, pulse wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness and augmentation index and clinical outcomes in patients with stable COPD.MethodsWe systematically searched electronic databases (August 2018) and identified 61 studies, which were synthesised, including meta-analyses to estimate pooled HRs, following Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsShorter 6MWD and elevated heart rate, fibrinogen, CRP and WCC were associated with higher risk of mortality. Pooled HRs were 0.80 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.89) per 50 m longer 6MWD, 1.10 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.18) per 10 bpm higher heart rate, 3.13 (95% CI 2.14 to 4.57) per twofold increase in fibrinogen, 1.17 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.28) per twofold increase in CRP and 2.07 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.31) per twofold increase in WCC. Shorter 6MWD and elevated fibrinogen and CRP were associated with exacerbation, and shorter 6MWD, higher heart rate, CRP and IL-6 were associated with hospitalisation. Few studies examined associations with musculoskeletal measures.ConclusionFindings suggest 6MWD, heart rate, CRP, fibrinogen and WCC are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with stable COPD. Use of musculoskeletal measures to assess outcomes in patients with COPD requires further investigation.Trial registration numberCRD42016052075.

Malcolm, H.A., Jordan, A., Schultz, A.L., Smith, S.D.A., Ingleton, T., Foulsham, E., Linklater, M., Davies, P., Ferrari, R., Hill, N., and Lucieer, V., 2016. Integrating seafloor habitat mapping and fish assemblage patterns improves spatial management planning in a marine park. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 1292 - 1296. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are important spatial mechanisms for managing human activities, if effectively planned. The Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP), covering 720 km2 of coastal waters in New South Wales, Australia, includes reef and unconsolidated habitats up to 17 km from shore and 75 m depth. When established in 1991, there was limited knowledge of biotic patterns, seafloor habitats and habitat-biotic relationships in the multiple-use SIMP, which constr...

Habitat structural complexity is a key factor shaping marine communities. However, accurate methods for quantifying structural complexity underwater are currently lacking. Loss of structural complexity is linked to ecosystem declines in biodiversity and resilience. We developed new methods using underwater stereo-imagery spanning 4 years (2010-2013) to reconstruct 3D models of coral reef areas and quantified both structural complexity at two spatial resolutions (2.5 and 25 cm) and benthic community composition to characterize changes after an unprecedented thermal anomaly on the west coast of Australia in 2011. Structural complexity increased at both resolutions in quadrats (4 m(2)) that bleached, but not those that did not bleach. Changes in complexity were driven by species-specific responses to warming, highlighting the importance of identifying small-scale dynamics to disentangle ecological responses to disturbance. We demonstrate an effective, repeatable method for quantifying the relationship among community composition, structural complexity and ocean warming, improving predictions of the response of marine ecosystems to environmental change.

Habitat structural complexity is a key determinant of the distribution of marine biota. It mediates several abiotic and biotic processes and provides resources including shelter from prey and water current and a surface for attachment and growth. Recent studies based on remote sensing have examined the influence of various measures of complexity on a range of marine biota, though until now there has been no attempt to review and synthesise the findings. This review and meta-analysis of 51 studies developed a standardised rank-based scoring metric (Rs1-10) that enabled meaningful comparisons of the influence of various measures of complexity and other predictors across these disparate studies. While measures of terrain variability and morphology were important, often in site- and species-specific circumstances, other predictors, including derivatives of hydroacoustic backscatter, abiotic and biotic habitat descriptors, and relative geographic location often outperformed measures of complexity. Of note, Rs1-10 identified surface rugosity, one of the most well-known, utilised and conceptualised measures of complexity, to be of the poorest performing predictors. Explanations for the generally poor performance of measures of complexity included the ability of other predictors to act as broad surrogates of other structuring environmental gradients, the ecological relevance of measures, and whether they capture complexity too broad or specific for the target organism, in addition to the potentially confounding role of spatial extent and resolution. Having been identified, such considerations provide opportunities for improved design and implementation of the next generation of remote sensing studies with improved potential for the conservation of biodiversity and management of marine resources. In particular, those based on photogrammetry, which can capture high resolution 3D models of the seafloor over extents far greater than that achievable using in-situ diver methods.