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International audience; Dental pulp is a dynamic tissue able to heal after injury under moderate inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate pulp repair under inflammatory conditions in rats. For this purpose, we developed a rat model of controlled pulpitis followed by pulpotomy with a tricalcium silicate-based cement. Fifty-four cavities were prepared on the occlusal face of the maxillary upper first molar of 27 eight-week-old male rats. E. coli lipopolysaccharides at 10 mg/mL or phosphate-buffered saline PBS was injected after pulp injury. Non-inflamed molars were used as controls. Levels of inflammation-related molecules were measured 6 and 24 h after induction by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of coronal pulp samples. Pulp capping and coronal obturation after pulpotomy were performed with tricalcium silicate-based cement. Four and fifteen days after pulpotomy, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess pulp inflammation and repair processes. Our results showed significantly higher levels of innate inflammatory proteins (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CXCL-1) compared with those in controls. Moderate residual inflammation near the capping material was demonstrated by histology and immunohistochemistry, with the presence of few CD68-positive cells. We showed that, in this model of controlled pulpitis, pulpotomy with BiodentineTM allowed the synthesis at the injury site of a mineralized bridge formed from mineralized tissue secreted by cells displaying odontoblastic characteristics. Analysis of these data suggests overall that, with the limitations inherent to findings in animal models, pulpotomy with a silicate-based cement is a good treatment for controlling inflammation and enhancing repair in cases of controlled pulpitis.

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Additional file 14: Figure S4. Distribution of the transcripts with CAMs conserved domain during dissociation and reaggregation.

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Acetylated tubulin immunostaining of the choanocyte flagella during dissociation and reaggregation.

Additional file 20: Figure S7. Hierarchical clustering on TPM values.

International audience; Sponges are important but often-neglected organisms. The absence of classical animal traits (nerves, digestive tract, and muscles) makes sponges challenging for non-specialists to work with and has delayed getting high quality genomic data compared to other invertebrates. Yet analyses of sponge genomes and transcriptomes currently available have radically changed our understanding of animal evolution. Sponges are of prime evolutionary importance as one of the best candidates to form the sister group of all other animals, and genomic data are essential to understand the mechanisms that control animal evolution and diversity. Here we review the most significant outcomes of current genomic and transcriptomic analyses of sponges, and discuss limitations and future directions of sponge transcriptomic and genomic studies.

Figure S1A. Comparison of p120 sequences. Residues involved in interaction with E-cadherin are boxed in red. Most of them are conserved. Figure S1B. Comparison of β-catenin sequences. A single β-catenin gene copy was identified in every studied species except for calcareous sponges that exhibit a duplication. All residues essential for E-cadherin interaction are boxed in pink and are highly conserved except for the R386 and N387 residues (replaced by L and T, respectively) in two hexactinellids and a more anecdotal change from A656 to S in placozoans. Residues boxed in blue are involved in α-catenin binding and in orange for the DTDL PDZ binding motif. Figure S1C. Analyses of α-catenins and vinculins sequences. Sequences of α-catenins and vinculins were aligned based on the structural domains helix0 to helix5 in Mus musculus α-catenin and vinculin. Helices are boxed and the numbers at the end of each sequence indicate the range encompassed in the alignment. Secondary structure prediction by JNet (Jalview option) identified six helices in all sponge α-catenin sequences except for A. queenslandica (missing the 4 first helices) and A. vastus (missing helix0). All species analyzed in this study have one copy of α-catenin and one copy of vinculin well-separated in Bayesian tree with high support (pp = 1) (bottom). Figure S2. Structure of Par3 proteins in metazoans. Par3 exhibits a conserved N-terminal domain (CR1), three central PDZ domains, and a C-terminal region containing multiple protein binding sites including the aPKC-binding motif. Figure S5. Domain composition of PatJ (D. melanogaster), INADL and MUPP1 (M. musculus) and Multiple PDZ containing protein (MPDZ) (O. lobularis, S. ciliatum, A. queenslandica and O. minuta). Note that only O. lobularis exhibits an MPDZ with a well-detected L27 domain (Evalue = 8.5 10− 4) as bilaterians. A. queenslandica and S. ciliatum MPDZ have a low-scoring L27 domain (shaded in grey) according to the HMM profile search. There is no recognizable similarity to the L27 domain in the N- terminal region of O. minuta MPDZ. Tables S1. and S2. Information on the domain structures of the Lethal giant larvae (LGL) and Scribble (Src) proteins in various metazoans. Spreadsheet containing Tables S3. and S4. The spreadsheet contains information on the characteristics of the new private databases and public databases (nature = genome/transcriptome) and links for new sequences used in this study. Spreadsheet containing Tables S5. and S6. The spreadsheet contains information on the accession numbers or contig/scaffold references where candidate genes were identified. In bold accession numbers of sequences annotated from our new transcriptomic and genomic sponge datasets. Links for new sequences used in this study are provided. (PDF 2610 kb)

BLAST analyses. (PDF 497 kb)

Sequence analyses. (PDF 2200 kb)

International audience; The Frizzled proteins (FZDs) are a family of trans-membrane receptors that play pivotal roles in Wnt pathways and thus in animal development. Based on evaluation of the Amphimedon queenslandica genome, it has been proposed that two Fzd genes may have been present before the split between demosponges and other animals. The major purpose of this study is to go deeper into the evolution of this family of proteins by evaluating an extended set of available data from bilaterians, cnidarians, and different basally branching animal lineages (Ctenophora, Placozoa, Porifera). The present study provides evidence that the last common ancestor of metazoans did possess two Fzd genes, and that the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians may have possessed four Fzd. Furthermore, amino acid analyses revealed an accurate diagnostic motif for these four FZD subfamilies facilitating the assignation of Frizzled paralogs to each subfamily. By highlighting conserved amino acids for each FZD subfamily, our study could also provide a framework for further research on the precise mechanisms that have driven FZD neo-functionalization.

Alignment of amino acid sequences of RESA-1, RESA-2 and RESA-3 proteins. Alignment was performed to highlight the homology or the difference of sequences between RESAs and selected peptides.