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Guava decline is a complex disease resulting from the parasitism by Meloidogyne enterolobii (Me), which predisposes the plant to root rot caused by Fusarium sp. Three in vitro experiments were carried out with the aim of: (i) selecting the Fluensulfone dosage capable of causing Me mortality; (ii) verifying the effect of Fluensulfone on Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum; (iii) evaluating the effect of Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum in pure doses and in association with Fluensulfone on Me mortality. Fluensulfone at 2 L.ha-1 had no effect on fungi. The associated and pure doses of treatments had a significant effect on Me mortality. A field experiment was also carried out in a guava orchard where decline occurred. The following treatments were tested: Fluensulfone; P. chlamydosporia; P. chlamydosporia + Fluensulfone; T. harzianum; T. harzianum + Fluensulfone; Carbofuran, and control. All treatments reduced Me population, since relative efficiency was higher than 80%. Fluensulfone used alone or in combination with biological nematicides provided an increase in guava productivity. Maintaining Me population low in the field is an important option for increasing productivity and reducing the losses suffered by farmers. RESUMO O declínio de goiaba é uma doença complexa causada pelo parasitismo de Meloidogyne enterolobii (Me), que predispõe a planta à podridão radicular causada por Fusarium sp. Três experimentos in vitro foram realizados com os seguintes objetivos: (i) selecionar a dosagem de Fluensulfone capaz de causar mortalidade de Me; (ii) verificar o efeito da Fluensulfone sobre Pochonia chlamydosporia e Trichoderma harzianum; (iii) avaliar o efeito de Pochonia chlamydosporia e Trichoderma harzianum em doses puras e em associação com Fluensulfone na mortalidade de M. enterolobii. Fluensulfone na dose de 2 L.ha-1 não teve efeito sobre os fungos. As doses associadas e puras dos tratamentos tiveram efeito significativo na mortalidade de Me. Um experimento de campo também foi realizado em um pomar de goiaba com ocorrência de declínio. Os seguintes tratamentos foram testados: Fluensulfone; P. chlamydosporia; P. chlamydosporia + Fluensulfone; T. harzianum; T. harzianum + Fluensulfone; Carbofurano e o controle. Todos os tratamentos reduziram a população de Me, uma vez que a eficiência relativa foi superior a 80%. O fluensulfone utilizado isoladamente ou em combinação com nematicidas biológicos proporcionou um aumento na produtividade de goiaba. A manutenção da baixa população de Me no campo é uma opção importante para aumentar a produtividade e reduzir as perdas sofridas pelos agricultores.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this trial was to evaluate the period of spelling necessary for a pasture to become free of contamination by infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep, in different seasons of the year, as well as to determine when the greatest pasture contamination occurs and how long it lasts. An area was divided into four paddocks, one for each season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). In order to contaminate the paddocks with free living stages of GIN, eight ewes, naturally infected, grazed on each paddock for 14 consecutive days, starting on the following dates: autumn, on April 4, 2017; winter, on July 4, 2017; spring, on September 26, 2017; summer, on January 2, 2019. At the beginning and end of the grazing period, faecal samples were taken directly from the rectums of the ewes to count eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and for faecal cultures. Every 14 days pasture samples were collected to assess the number of infective larvae (L3) per kilogram of dry matter. At the end of the 14 day ewe grazing period, 21 stakes were placed where there were faeces on the paddock. Subsequently, every 14 days, the faeces located at three of the stakes were collected and the L3 were recovered. After the exit of the ewes, monthly, two tracer lambs, free of helminth infection, were allocated into the paddock for 14 days. At the end of this period they were housed in covered stalls for 28 days. Faeces from the lambs were collected for individual EPG counting and faecal culture at 21 and 28 days after grazing. Infective larvae recuperation was observed from faeces and pasture in all seasons. In the autumn, spring, and summer, high EPG counts were observed in the first tracer lambs (8521, 4800, and 8064 EPG, respectively), while in winter, high infection (14132 EPG) of the animals was observed only from the second pair of tracer lambs. For a pasture to become “clean”, 322 days, 350 days, 294 days, and 182 days following contamination were necessary, respectively, in the autumn, winter, spring, and summer. In autumn, spring, and summer, massive contamination of the pasture with L3 occurred soon after an area had been grazed by infected sheep, while in winter this took a little longer. The contamination persisted, approximately, from a minimum of six months post contamination in summer to up to almost one year post contamination in winter. Instituto De Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto De Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) FAPESP: #2015/00221-2 FAPESP: #2015/25718-7

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two nutritional statuses on the productive performance of Dorper lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Thirty-two lambs, grazing together on the same pasture, were allocated into four experimental groups: (G1) infected-supplemented diet, (G2) control-supplemented diet, (G3) infected-basal diet, and (G4) control-basal diet. Control animals received suppressive treatment with monepantel every two weeks, while precautionary anthelmintic treatments were given to all lambs of the infected groups with packed cell volume (PCV)

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01 Fundação Agrisus Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Lamb performance was evaluated in four integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems. The ICL areas were previously planted with maize and marandu palisade grass in December 2013. ICL systems 1 and 2 were also seeded with pigeon pea. After harvesting in April 2014, black oats were sown in rows (ICL 1 and 3) or by broadcast seeding (ICL 2 and 4). Each ICL area was divided into 12 paddocks of 225 m2 to be grazed by young sheep from July 23 to September 30, 2014. To determine if the pasture remained contaminated by free-living stages of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) after approximately ten months without animals in the area, 12 worm-free “tracer” lambs (n = 3/ ICL system) grazed each ICL pasture for 14 consecutive days in July 2015 and were later housed in pens, where they remained for another 14 days. The tracer lambs acquired no worm infections, demonstrating that the area was cleared after 300 days without animals. To evaluate GIN infection and uncastrated male lamb performance, we used 60 (n = 15/ system) Poll Dorset x Corriedale (crossbred) sheep with mean body weights of 24.4 ± 3.4 kg from July to September 2015 and 48 (n = 12/ system) Texel x Corriedale sheep with body weights of 26.4 ± 3.5 kg from June to September 2016. Lambs were allocated to the following groups: Group 1 rotated on the 12 ICL1 paddocks; Group 2 rotated on the 12 ICL2 paddocks; Group 3 rotated on the 12 ICL3 paddocks; and Group 4 rotated on the 12 ICL4 paddocks. Each paddock was grazed by sheep twice for three days, with a 33-day interval between grazing. At the end of the day the lambs were supplemented with concentrate plus silage. Groups 1 and 2 received mixed silage made of maize, marandu palisade grass and pigeon pea and groups 3 and 4 received mixed silage made of maize and marandu palisade grass. Faecal and blood samples were taken from all the animals every two weeks, and body weight was recorded on the same occasion. Nematode faecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume and total plasma protein means did not differ (P > 0.05) between the four lamb groups. In 2015, throughout the experimental period, the FEC decreased in all animals, with 6733 and 1407 eggs per gram (EPG) on average at the beginning and end of the trial, respectively. At the beginning of the trial in 2016, the animals had mild GIN infections (1077 EPG on average), and the individual faecal egg counts did not exceed 10,000 EPG during the trial. In decreasing order, Haemonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia spp. third stage larvae were found in the faecal cultures in both years. The performance of lambs were similar in the four ICL systems (P > 0.05), in the first and second years, the daily weight gains were 0.192 ± 0.05 kg and 0.221 ± 0.06 kg, respectively. In conclusion, a period of withdrawal of contaminated sheep results in plots free of infective larvae. The use of clean pastures during the dry season, in the different ICL systems, associated with a good nutrition plan, resulted in progressively declining degrees of GIN infections and satisfactory daily weight gain of young sheep. Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) FAPESP: #2013/13702-3 FAPESP: #2013/23853-9 FAPESP: #2015/25413-1 FAPESP: #2015/25718-7 CNPq: #458225/2014-2 CNPq: #502234/2014-8

The occurrence and intensity of helminth infections were evaluated in sheep from pastures shared with cattle. In 2015 and 2016, young male sheep acquired in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were finished in integrated crop-livestock system. We selected the 12 sheep that showed the highest number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces to search for worms in the gastrointestinal tract. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were the major parasites. H. contortus presented mean intensities of 1,159 and 257 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. T. colubriformis displayed mean intensities of 4,149 and 2,427 worms in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Of the 127 male specimens of Haemonchus spp. analysed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 125 were H. contortus, one Haemonchus placei and one hybrid. Other species detected were Cooperia punctata , Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta , Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger , and Trichuris ovis. Twenty lambs presented cysts of Taenia hydatigena in the liver and mesentery. One lamb presented Coenurus cerebralis, the larval stage of Taenia multiceps, in the brain. In conclusion, sheep from pasture shared with cattle presented a high diversity of nematode species. H. contortus and H. placei co-infection occur with consequent hybridization. Resumo A ocorrência de infecções helmínticas foi avaliada em ovinos que compartilhavam pastagem com bovinos. Em 2015 e em 2016, cordeiros machos foram adquiridos em Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, para serem terminados em sistema de lavoura – pecuária (ILP). Em cada ano, 12 cordeiros que tinham maior contagem de ovos nas fezes foram abatidos para recuperação dos vermes. Haemonchus contortus e Trichostrongylus colubriformis foram as principais espécies registradas. H. contortus apresentou intensidade média de 1159 e 257 vermes em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. T. colubriformis apresentou intensidade média de 4149 e 2427 parasitas em 2015 e 2016, respectivamente. De 127 machos de Haemonchus spp. analisados por “Polymerase Chain Reaction” (PCR), 125 foram identificados como H. contortus, um como Haemonchus placei e um como híbrido. Cooperia punctata, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia spatulata, Cooperia curticei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta , Trichostrongylus axei, Nematodirus spathiger e Trichuris ovis foram as outras espécies de nematódeos registradas. Vinte cordeiros apresentaram cistos de Taenia hydatigena no mesentério e no fígado. Um cordeiro apresentou no cérebro Coenurus cerebralis, o estágio larval de Taenia multiceps . Em conclusão, ovinos criados com bovinos apresentam grande diversidade de nematódeos. A co-infecção de H. contortus e H. placei favorece a produção de híbridos.

Grande variação no grau de resistência de populações de nematódeos é observada em grupos químicos, entre eles os anti-helmínticos, sendo este o principal entrave para obtenção do controle da verminose na ovinocultura. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a sensibilidade de nematoides de ovinos mestiços em criação semi-intensiva em três propriedades a cinco princípios ativos (levamisol, albendazol, ivermectina, monepantel e closantel) utilizados nas vermifugação. Foram analisadas amostras fecais, em três momentos (antes, 7 e 14 dias após o tratamento) utilizando a técnica de Gordon e Withlock (OPG), processadas e calculadas pelas fórmulas Eficácia=(1-[OPGtratado/OPGcontrole])x100 e Redução de OPG = 100 x [OPGt0 – OPGtn/OPGt0 ]. Nos momentos sete e quatorze os grupos tratamentos diferiram significativamente (p< 0,05%) do momento zero, porém, os animais tratados com ivermectina no momento quatorze não apresentaram diferença significativa quando comparado ao grupo controle. No exame coproparasitológico os gêneros mais frequentes foram Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus. Na primeira propriedade o monepantel e o albendazol demonstraram os melhores resultados de redução de OPG, na segunda propriedade o levamisol, closantel e monepantel apresentaram resultados expressivos quando comparado aos demais fármacos e na terceira propriedade os fármacos que tiveram melhores resultados de redução de OPG foram levamisol e monepantel. Nas propriedades A, B e C, foram diagnosticadas populações de nematoides resistentes a ivermectina. Nas propriedades B e C, foram diagnosticadas populações de nematoides resistentes a albendazol.