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The first two complete mitogenomes of the leafhopper genus Cladolidia (C. biungulata and C. robusta) were sequenced and annotated to further explore the phylogeny of Cladolidia. Both the newly sequenced mitogenomes have a typical circular structure, with lengths of 15,247 and 15,376 bp and A + T contents of 78.2% and 78%, respectively. We identified a highly conserved genome organization in the two Cladolidia spp. through comparative analysis that included the following assessments: genome content, gene order, nucleotide composition, codon usage, amino acid composition, and tRNA secondary structure. Moreover, we detected the base heterogeneity of Cicadellidae mitogenomic data and constructed phylogenetic trees using the nucleotide alignments of 12 subfamilies of 58 leafhopper species. We noted a weak heterogeneity in the base composition among the Cicadellidae mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the monophyly of each subfamily was generally well supported in the family Cicadellidae; the main topology was as follows: (Deltocephalinae + (Treehoppers + ((Megophthalminae + (Macropsinae + (Hylicinae + (Coelidiinae +Iassinae)) + (Idiocerinae + (Cicadellinae + (Typhlocybinae + (Mileewinae + (Evacanthinae +Ledrinae)))))))))). Within Coelidiinae, phylogenetic analyses revealed that C. biungulata and C. robusta belong to Coelidiinae and the monophyly of Cladolidia is well supported. In addition, on the basis of complete mitogenome phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of morphological characteristics, we further confirm the genus Olidiana as a paraphyletic group, suggesting that the genus may need taxonomic revisions.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Idioscopus Baker, 1915 from China: I. furcaprocessus sp. nov., I. longiprocessus sp. nov., and I. serratastylus sp. nov. are described and photographed based on specimens collected in Yunnan Province of southern China. These three new species can be recognised mainly by the coloration and male genitalia.

For elucidating phylogenetic relationships among members of the family Cicadellidae, mitogenomes of six members of the subfamily Iassinae, including Batracomorphus lateprocessus, Iassus dorsalis, Krisna concava, Krisna rufimarginata, Gessius rufidorsus, and Trocnadella arisana, were sequenced. The mitogenomes are 14,724-15,356-bp long. Moreover, typical 37 genes in mitogenomes were identified; arrangement of these genes in the studied species was consistent with that in the inferred ancestral insects, except for tRNA genes, with a simple switch between the positions of trnI and trnQ in Trocnadella arisana. Most protein-coding genes in the Iassinae mitogenomes showed typical ATN start codons (ATA/ATT/ATC/ATG) and TAR (TAA/TAG) or an incomplete stop codon T--; ATP8 of all sequenced species showed the start codon TTG. The secondary structures of 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA were predicted. 16S rRNA comprised 6 domains with 43 helices, and 12S rRNA comprised 3 domains with 25 helices. All subfamilies, except Cicadellinae and Evacanthinae, were recovered as monophyletic. As reported previously, treehoppers originated from paraphyletic Cicadellidae. Iassinae and Coelidiinae, Megophthalminae and treehoppers, and Cicadellinae and Evacanthinae were sister groups with high nodal support.

Ledrinae is a unique group of leafhoppers with a distinct appearance. Petalocephala is the largest Ledrinae genus that is difficult to identify except by dissecting the male genitals. To date, research on Ledrinae is relatively less compared with other leafhoppers. Therefore, to better understand this group, we sequenced and analyzed three complete Petalocephala mitochondrial genomes. We comparatively analyzed these general Petalocephala genomic features (including size, AT content, AT/GC skew, 13 protein-coding gene nucleotide compositions, etc.), and predicted 22 transfer RNA secondary structures. We obtained highly consistent phylogenetic results within Cicadellidae based on mitogenomic data using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that all subfamilies were monophyletic and had a high node support rate, and there was a sister group relationship between Ledrinae and all other leafhopper groups. Furthermore, treehoppers were found to originate from leafhoppers and showed sister group relationships with Megophthalminae. Within Ledrinae, all phylogenetic trees supporting phylogenetic relationships were as follows: ([P. dicondylica + P. gongshanensis] + [Tituria pyramidata + [Ledra auditura + P. gongshanensis]]) Based on the complete mitogenome phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of morphological characteristics, we propose that Petalocephala is not monophyletic.

Two new species of leafhoppers: Siniassus gracilitus sp. nov. and S. nigrimaculatus sp. nov., of tribe Hyalojassini, subfamily Iassinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are described and illustrated from China. A key to Siniassus species and updated checklist with distributions are provided.

Two new species of the leafhopper genus

The green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler), is an important rice pest and a vector of the rice dwarf virus in Asia. Here, we produced a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of 753.23 Mb using PacBio (∼110×) and Hi-C data (∼94×). It contained 163 scaffolds and 950 contigs, whose scaffold/contig N50 lengths reached 85.36/2.57 Mb. And 731.19 Mb (97.07%) of the assembly was anchored into eight pseudochromosomes. Genome completeness was attained to 97.0% according to the insect reference Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) gene set (n = 1,367). We masked 347.10 Mb (46.08%) of the genome as repetitive elements. Nine hundred sixty-two noncoding RNAs were identified and 14,337 protein-coding genes were predicted. We also assigned GO term and KEGG pathway annotations for 10,049 and 9,251 genes, respectively. Significantly expanded gene families were primarily involved in immunity, cuticle, digestion, detoxification, and embryonic development. This study provided a crucial genomic resource for better understanding on the biology and evolution in family Cicadellidae.

We sequenced and annotated the first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Ledra auditura (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Ledrinae) and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among 47 species (including 2 outgroup species) on the basis of 3 datasets using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. The complete L. auditura mitogenome (length, 16,094 bp) comprises 37 genes [13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs], 1 control region, and 2 long non-coding regions. The first long non-coding region (length, 211 bp) is located between tRNA-I and tRNA-Q and the second region (length, 994 bp) between tRNA-S2 and ND1. All PCGs show ATN (Met/Ile) as their start codon and TAR as their stop codon. Except tRNA-S1 (AGN), which lacks the dihydrouridine arm, all tRNAs can fold into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure. The complete L. auditura mitogenome shows a base composition bias of 76.3% A + T (A = 29.9%, T = 46.4%, G = 13.3%, and C = 10.5%), negative AT skew of −0.22, and positive GC skew of 0.12. In ML and BI analyses, L. auditura was clustered with Evacanthus heimianus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Evacanthinae) with strong branch support.

A new genus of the leafhopper tribe Idiocerini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae) Longiaedeagus gen. nov. with type species Longiaedeagus flavofasciatus sp. nov. from China is described and illustrated. This new genus can be distinguished from other leafhopper genera by the broad style with truncate apex, and aedeagus with a long, unpaired retrorse preapical process.

Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant are predators of various aphids, such as Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and Sitobion avenae. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of O. sauzeti. Consistent with other mitogenomes of Coleoptera, the circular mitogenome of O. sauzeti consists of 17,630 bp, including 13 PCG genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. The mitogenome differs in 2 long non-coding regions of 1285 bp and 1843 bp. The 22 tRNA genes products are folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except trnS1, which lacks the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm. The base composition is AT-biased (80.1%). The phylogenetic tree confirms monophyly at the genus level within the Coccinellinae and supports O. sauzeti as a sister group to Aiolocaria hexaspilota.

Two new species of the leafhopper genus Calodia Nielson are described and illustrated: C. quadrimaculasp. nov. from Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces and C. zuoaesp. nov. from Yunnan Province, China. A checklist along with distribution and a key to species based on male genitalia of the genus Calodia from China are provided. Olidiana nigritibiana (Li), comb. nov. (earlier in the genus Calodia) is proposed. At present, this genus comprises 45 known species worldwide, of which 19 species are recorded from China.

A new species Reticuluma bipennata sp. nov. from China is described and illustrated, and can be distinguished from other Reticuluma by the aedeagal shaft with a pair of wing-shaped processes on the lateral margin. A key to all species of the genus based on the features of males and a map showing the geographic distribution of the genus are given.

Male and female genitalia of species in the spittlebug genus Kanozata Matsumura, 1940 are described and illustrated. Kanozata contermina (Distant, 1916) is reported from China for the first time. Keys to species and a distribution map are provided.

A new leafhopper species, Japanagallia turriformis sp. n. of the tribe Agalliini of the subfamily Megophthalminae is described and illustrated from Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. Achecklist and key to the species of the genus are given, along with a map showing the geographical distributions of the 22 Chinese species.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Oncopsis: O. graciaedeagus sp. n., O. hailuogouensis sp. n. and O. ludingensis sp. n., from Sichuan Province, Southwestern China are described and illustrated in the current paper along with amap showing the type locality (Hailuogou) of these new species in Sichuan Province, China.

Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) is an important insect pest of stored products worldwide. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable technique commonly used to analyze gene expression across various biological processes. For accurate gene expression analyses using RT-qPCR, selection of stable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data is a prerequisite. However, the lack of studies on validation of reference genes in L. serricorne limits application of RT-qPCR in L. serricorne. In this study, the expression stability of eleven candidate reference genes (Actin, ARF1, β-Tubulin, EF1α, SYN6, TBP1, RPL3, RPL12, RPL13a, RPL32, 18S rRNA using five algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt and RefFinder) in L. serricorne under different experimental and biotic conditions was assessed. The results showed that the best combinations of reference genes that could be used as internal controls in L. serricorne were 18S rRNA and RPL13a for different development stages; 18S rRNA and RPL3 for different larval tissues; RPL3 and RPL13a for different temperatures; RPL32, RPL12 and Actin for starvation. These results provided for the first time a comprehensive list of stable reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR analyses in L. serricorne and will benefit the in-depth molecular biology research in the future.

In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Japanagallia spinosa and Durgades nigropicta (Hemiptera: Megophthalminae). The circular genome were 15,655 bp long in J. spinosa (GenBank: KY123686) and 15,974 bp long in D. nigropicta (GenBank: KY123687). The J. spinosa and D. nigropicta mitogenomes both contained 37 genes and the gene order was similar to that in other leafhoppers. All of the protein-coding genes started with ATN. In the J. spinosa mitogenome, the nad3 , nad4L , and cytb genes used TAG as a stop codon, the atp8 and nad1 genes used TGA, and the cox2 gene used a single T. However, in the D. nigropicta mitogenome, three genes used a single T as the stop codon, whereas the nad3 gene used TAG. We predicted the secondary structures of the rRNAs in J. spinosa and D. nigropicta . The secondary structure of rrnL comprised six domains (domain III is absent in arthropods) with 42 helices and that of rrnS comprised three structural domains with 26 helices. Comparisons of J. spinosa and D. nigropicta detected some differences in H577 and H673. We determined the structural organization of the control regions in the mitogenomes of leafhoppers, where three types of repeat regions were found in most. The phylogenetic relationships between J. spinosa and D. nigropicta with related lineages were reconstructed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. The monophyly of each superfamily considered in this study was confirmed by the clades in the phylogenetic tree. And in this study, Cicadellidae was resolved as monophyletic by the phylogenetic analysis. This mitogenome information for J. spinosa and D. nigropicta could facilitate future studies of mitogenomic diversity and the evolution of related insect lineages.

Acanthoscelides obtectus is a common species of the subfamily Bruchinae and a worldwide-distributed seed-feeding beetle. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. obtectus is 16,130 bp in length with an A + T content of 76.4%. It contains a positive AT skew and a negative GC skew. The mitogenome of A. obtectus contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and a non-coding region (D-loop). All PCGs start with an ATN codon, and seven (ND3, ATP6, COIII, ND3, ND4L, ND6, and Cytb) of them terminate with TAA, while the remaining five (COI, COII, ND1, ND4, and ND5) terminate with a single T, ATP8 terminates with TGA. Except tRNA Ser , the secondary structures of 21 tRNAs that can be folded into a typical clover-leaf structure were identified. The secondary structures of lrRNA and srRNA were also predicted in this study. There are six domains with 48 helices in lrRNA and three domains with 32 helices in srRNA. The control region of A. obtectus is 1354 bp in size with the highest A + T content (83.5%) in a mitochondrial gene. Thirteen PCGs in 19 species have been used to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Our results show that A. obtectus belongs to the family Chrysomelidae (subfamily-Bruchinae). This is the first study on phylogenetic analyses involving the mitochondrial genes of A. obtectus and could provide basic data for future studies of mitochondrial genome diversities and the evolution of related insect lineages.

A new leafhopper species from China, Parabolopona basispina sp. nov., is described and illustrated and Favintiga camphorae (Matsumura, 1912) is reported for the first time from China. A key to the species of Parabolopona Matsumura is provided.

The paper deals with a new leafhopper species from Southern China, Japanagallia confusa sp. nov., previously misidentified as J. hamata Zhang and Li, 1999 by Viraktamath et al., 2012 . The species is described and figured and compared to the similar J. hamata and J. neohamata Li et al. 2014. www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6BABEE67-3F22-4A47-A2C0-27112C6835FA

Wang, Xian-Yi, Fan, Zhi-Hua, Li, Zi-Zhong, Dai, Ren-Huai (2019): Key to genera of Chinese Coelidiinae leafhoppers, with description a new species of the leafhopper genus Baseprocessa (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Zootaxa 4701 (5): 454-460, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4701.5.5

Yu, Zhou, Qu, Ling, Dai, Ren-Huai, Yang, Mao-Fa (2019): Key to species of the leafhopper genus Bhatia Distant, 1908 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Drabescini) with description of a new species from China. Zootaxa 4624 (1): 142-146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.1.11

Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), the white-backed planthopper, is a serious pest insect in rice (Poales: Poaceae) paddy fields in China and elsewhere in Asia, and it is primarily controlled using chemical methods. Triazophos is a broad-spectrum, non-systemic organophosphorus insecticide used for pest control in rice paddy fields. In this paper, we examined the sublethal effects of triazophos on nymphal duration and life table parameters of S. furcifera in the laboratory. The results showed that sublethal concentrations of triazophos could significantly prolong nymphal duration in S. furcifera. Relative to the control, exposure to LC10 and LC25 extended the nymphal period by 0.92 and 3.16 d, respectively. A fitness analysis was performed by constructing a life table in the F1 generation and showed that sublethal concentrations of triazophos could stimulate reproduction in S. furcifera populations. Various life table parameters were depressed under sublethal concentrations of...

Three new species of leafhoppers: Siniassus hamulus sp. nov., Decliviassus sagittatus sp. nov., Krisna quadrimaculosus sp. nov. are described and illustrated from China. An updated checklist and key to 22 of the 24 known Chinese species of these three genera (Siniassus, Decliviassus, Krisna) are provided.

In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of four species of Idiocerinae (Liocratus salicis, Idioscopus myrica, Populicerus populi and Parocerus laurifoliae) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The Idiocerinae mitogenomes ranged in size from 15,287 (Idioscopus nitidulus) to 16,811 bp (Parocerus laurifoliae). The mitogenomes were highly conserved regarding gene content, gene size, gene order, base composition, codon usage of protein-coding genes, and secondary RNA structures, which were similar to those of other leafhoppers. Most protein-coding genes began with ATN and ended with either TAA or TAG. The secondary structure of the 16S RNA contained six domains with 42 helices, and the 12S RNA comprised three domains with 24 helices. Additionally, a multicopy of tRNA-Ile (AAT) (76 bp) was observed in Liocratus salicis, located between the control region and tRNA-I-tRNA-Q-tRNA-M. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each subfamily was recovered as monophyletic within Cicadellidae, and Deltocephalinae species constituted one clade and tended to be placed at the basal position of the tree as the sister group to the other leafhopper subfamilies. The Megophthalminae, Idiocerinae, and the treehoppers always formed a clade with high support values.

In this study, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Sitotroga cerealella, which is 15,312 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control reg...

Four new species of the genus Olidiana are described and illustrated from the southern part of China (Oriental Region): Olidiana clavispinata Fan and Dai, new species, O. dendritica Fan and Dai, new species, O.longa Fan and Dai, new species, O. longiforma Fan and Dai, new species.

Two new leafhopper species, Pediopsoides (Celopsis) rhombica sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, and P. (C.) trifurcata sp. nov. from Hainan Province of China, are described and illustrated. The type specimens examined here are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC). View this article in BioOne