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Under conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region, which is characterized with the short cool growing season with unstable mode of moistening, 136 acces-sions of covered oats are studied in 2016-2018 on duration of growing sea-son and productivity for the purpose of specification of their classification by precocity, selection of sources for use in breeding on adaptability. Groups of genotypes are determined by precocity: early - the growing season is 65 - 80 days, mid-season 74-88 days, middle-late - 79-93 days, late-ripening 80-103 days. It is established that duration of period seedlings - wax ripeness is stable in these groups; correlation coefficients in pairs between 2016, 2017 and 2018 years of researches were significant positive (r = 0.60-0.87). The index of productivity was less stable; the dependence of productivity on the growing season varied from weak to average significant (r = 0.25-0.45). The mid-season sources are selected forming stable productivity regardless of a condition of agro-climatic resources: k-3624 II-4032-15C-8C-1C-OC, k-3717 CEV/OBS/PAR, and k-3754 AGA/ESM/SAI//CHI/OBS

Common oat (Avena sativa) is one of the most important cereal crops serving as a valuable source of forage and human food. While reference genomes of many important crops have been generated, such work in oat has lagged behind, primarily owing to its large, repeat-rich, polyploid genome. By using Oxford Nanopore ultralong sequencing and Hi-C technologies, we have generated the first reference-quality genome assembly of hulless common oat with a contig N50 of 93 Mb. We also assembled the genomes of diploid and tetraploid Avena ancestors, which enabled us to identify oat subgenome, large-scale structural rearrangements, and preferential gene loss in the C subgenome after hexaploidization. Phylogenomic analyses of cereal crops indicated that the oat lineage descended before wheat, offering oat as a unique window into the early evolution of polyploid plants. The origin and evolution of hexaploid oat is deduced from whole-genome sequencing, plastid genome and transcriptomes assemblies of numerous Avena species. The high-quality reference genomes of Avena species with different ploidies and the studies of their polyploidization history will facilitate the full use of crop gene resources and provide a reference for the molecular mechanisms underlying the polyploidization of higher plants, helping us to overcome food security challenges.

Intercropping is a sustainable agriculture system that provides an alternative pathway to combat environmental deterioration due to excessively intensive agriculture. However, relay strip intercropping patterns have rarely been practiced in the semi-arid regions of Northeast China. Therefore, two years of field experiments of oat/maize, oat/sunflower, and oat/mung bean relay strip intercropping were conducted to determine the optimal yields and economic patterns. Treatments included sole crops of oat, maize, sunflower and mung bean, as well as three relay strip intercropping patterns consisting of six rows of oat alternating with three rows of maize, sunflower, or mung bean. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercrops varied from 1.10 to 1.14, 1.23 to 1.38, and 1.05 to 1.08 for oat/maize, oat/sunflower, and oat/mung bean, respectively. Relay strip intercropping systems presented distinct yield advantages, especially in oat/sunflower. The net incomes of oat/sunflower intercropping were estimated to be ∼2000 $ ha−1, which were significantly higher than both sole oat and sunflower. In oat/sunflower intercropping, kernel numbers per ear, ear numbers per meter row of oat and the thousand kernel weight of sunflower in border rows were 16–25%, 23–30% and 10–13% higher than inner row, well as thousand kernel weight of sunflower in border row increased 10–13% than inner rows, respectively. However, no positive border row effects were observed in the oat/maize or oat/mung bean intercropping systems. In conclusion, oat/sunflower relay strip intercropping is the most profitable alternative intercropping pattern in the semi-arid regions of Northeast China.

Well-studied initial material is necessary for successful solving of breeding tasks. Complex evaluation of accessions under varying climatic conditions promotes to choice sources having economic-valuable traits for breeding. Sixty-one accessions of naked oats including 18 accessions from China were studied in Kirov in 2010.2016. The most interesting for breeding are accessions having increased yield capacity and productivity: drought resistant accession 1h07 (Russia); high grain quality accessions 15120 Gosha (Belarus), 15192 Mina (Bulgaria); accessions from China k-3897 BYAS-156, k-3893 BYAS-160, k-3894 BYAS-159, k-3895 BYAS-158, k-3899 BYAS-154. Sources are selected having high level of yield structure (number of grains per panicle, grain weight per panicle): 15063 Sibirski golozerny, 15115 Aldan (Russia), 15086 MF 8891-2021(USA), 14937 NO 58-2 (Canada). Recruit of accessions 624h09 m. s., 99 R-27-4 (Russia), and 14851 Numbut (Australia) are urgent for breeding to early maturity. Fifteen sources of high grain quality (increased 1000 grain weight and protein content) are selected including accessions15224 MF 9521-19, 15095 MF 9521-28, 15158 MF 9224-359, 15086 MF 8891-2021, 15094 MF 9521247, 15162 MF 9521-214 (USA), к-2523 PZS-LIM-02 (China) which have others breeding-valuable traits (diseases resistance, low percentage of husked grains, increased oil content). They were recommended to use as paternal parent forms in crossing with high yielding adaptive varieties of local breeding. For breeding to decrease of husked grains percentage accessions k-3892 BYAS-161, k-3896 BYAS-157 (China) are of interest as they had 100% nakedness during all years of study.

Naked oat (＂Avena nuda＂ L.) was originated from China, where soil nitrogen (N) is low availability. The responses of chlorophyll (Chl.) fluorescence parameters and leaf gas exchange to N application were analysed in this study. After the N application rate ranged from 60 to 120 kg ha^(-1), variable fluorescence (F_v), the maximal fluorescence (F_m), the maximal photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), quantum yield (Φ_(PS II)) of the photosynthetic system II (PS II), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) increased with N application level, however, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN) decreased. Moreover, there was no difference in initial fluorescence (F_o) with further more N enhancement. The maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_(max)), apparent dark respiration rate (R_d) and light saturation point (LSP) were improved with 40-56 kg N ha^(-1) as basal fertilizer and 24-40 kg N ha^(-1) as top dressing fertilizer applied at jointing stage. Initial quantum yield (α) was decreased with 24 kg N ha^(-1) as basal fertilizer and 56 kg N ha^(-1) as top dressing fertilizer. Flag-leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was significantly enhanced at the jointing and heading stages with 40-56 kg N ha^(-1) as basal fertilizer; in addition, increased at grain filling stage of naked oat with 40-56 kg N ha^(-1) as top dressing fertilizer. 90 kg N ha^(-1) (50-70% as basal fertilizer and 30-50% as top dressing fertilizer) application is recommended to alleviate photodamage of photosystem and improve the photosynthetic rate in naked oat.

Shanxi aged vinegar differs from other vinegars in that it has a unique thermal process (6 days at 85°C) which creates its typical flavour. The present study evaluated the key aroma compounds of Shanxi aged vinegar made from tartary buckwheat by gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry. The influence of the thermal processing on product aroma was also studied. A total of 45 compounds were detected of which 24 were correctly identified while 21 were tentatively identified: the remaining six were unknown. Of the 45 compounds detected, 13 have not been previously reported in other vinegars. Most of the aroma compounds identified increased significantly during the first 3 days of heating and then decreased from the fourth day onwards. The changes may have resulted from different kinds of reactions, such as the Maillard reaction and other associated reactions such as degradation of amino acids. This study would be helpful for optimizing the processing conditions of Shanxi aged vinegar. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effects of different inactivating treatments including hot air roasting, normal-pressure steaming, high-pressure steaming, infrared roasting, and microwave heating on the storage properties and flavor quality of oats were studied. These methods significantly inactivated the lipase of oats, even if using infrared roasting treatment had a worse inhibition effect of hydrolysis. As a result, the storage properties of oats were improved with different inactivating treatments, except infrared roasting. PCA analysis showed that all the oat flours could be clearly discriminated by the electronic nose. Sensory evaluation showed that the qualities of oat flour were hot air roasting (7.25), infrared toasting (7.17), microwave heating (5.92), high-pressure steaming (5.85), and normal-pressure steaming (5.57). It was concluded that there was a significant relationship between inactivation treatment and oat flavor. That is to say dry heating resulted in more favorable sensory quality of oat flour.

To investigate the primary factors affecting the efficiency of microwave heating pretreatments in inactivating lipase in naked oat kernels, the effects of temperature, duration of heating, moisture content of oat kernels, tempering time and packaging conditions on the inactivation of lipase activities were examined. Microwave heat treatment for 45 s was found to inactivate 98–99% lipase in oat kernels (20 g in polyethylene package) with 11.1% moisture content, thereby stabilizing oat kernels against triglyceride lipolysis. The steam quantity played a crucial role in lipase inactivation. A trend was found: the higher the quantity of steam evaporated, the lower the residual lipase activities remained in whole kernels. Pretreatments, such as vacuum packaging, increasing the moisture content of oat kernels to a range of 17.0–25.0% from 11.1%, and conducting heat treatments as soon as the kernel moisture contents were adjusted, were found to be beneficial in accelerating steam evaporation; the efficiency of microwave heating on lipase inactivation was thereby increased.

Compounds released by mungbean roots potentially represent an enormous source of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in mungbean-oat intercropping systems. In this study, an in situ experiment was conducted using a 15N - 13C double stem-feeding method to measure N and C derived from the rhizodeposition (NdfR and CdfR) of mungbean and their transfer to oats in an intercropping system. Mungbean plants were sole cropped (S) or intercropped (I) with oat. The plants were labeled 5 weeks after planting and were harvested at the beginning of pod setting (Ip and Sp) and at maturity (Im and Sm). More than 60% and 50% of the applied 15N and 13C, respectively, were recovered in each treatment, with 15N and 13C being quite uniformly distributed in the different plant parts. NdfR represented 9.8% (Sp), 9.2% (Ip), 20.1% (Sm), and 21.2% (Im) of total mungbean plant N, whereas CdfR represented 13.3% (Sp), 42.0% (Ip), 15.4% (Sm), and 22.6% (Im) of total mungbean plant C. When considering the part of rhizodeposition transferred to associated oat, intercropping mungbean released more NdfR and CdfR than mungbean alone. About 53.4–83.2% of below-ground plant N (BGP-N) and 58.4–85.9% of BGP-C originated from NdfR and CdfR, respectively. The N in oats derived from mungbean increased from 7.6% at the pod setting stage to 9.7% at maturity, whereas the C in oats increased from 16.2% to 22.0%, respectively. Only a small percentage of rhizodeposition from mungbean was transferred to oats in the intercropping systems, with a large percentage remaining in the soil. This result indicates that mungbean rhizodeposition might contribute to higher N and C availability in the soil for subsequent crops.