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1. JWST/NIRISS Reveals the Water-rich 'Steam World' Atmosphere of GJ 9827 d

Author

Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Björn Benneke, Michael Radica, Eshan Raul, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Eva-Maria Ahrer, Daria Kubyshkina, Ward S. Howard, Joshua Krissansen-Totton, Ryan J. MacDonald, Pierre-Alexis Roy, Amy Louca, Duncan Christie, Marylou Fournier-Tondreau, Romain Allart, Yamila Miguel, Hilke E. Schlichting, Luis Welbanks, Charles Cadieux, Caroline Dorn, Thomas M. Evans-Soma, Jonathan J. Fortney, Raymond Pierrehumbert, David Lafrenière, Lorena Acuña, Thaddeus Komacek, Hamish Innes, Thomas G. Beatty, Ryan Cloutier, René Doyon, Anna Gagnebin, Cyril Gapp, and Heather A. Knutson

Subjects
Exoplanet atmospheres, Exoplanet atmospheric composition, Exoplanet atmospheric evolution, Exoplanet structure, Planetary atmospheres, Exoplanet astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

With sizable volatile envelopes but smaller radii than the solar system ice giants, sub-Neptunes have been revealed as one of the most common types of planet in the galaxy. While the spectroscopic characterization of larger sub-Neptunes (2.5–4 R _⊕ ) has revealed hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, smaller sub-Neptunes (1.6–2.5 R _⊕ ) could either host thin, rapidly evaporating, hydrogen-rich atmospheres or be stable, metal-rich “water worlds” with high mean molecular weight atmospheres and a fundamentally different formation and evolutionary history. Here, we present the 0.6–2.8 μ m JWST/NIRISS/SOSS transmission spectrum of GJ 9827 d, the smallest (1.98 R _⊕ ) warm ( T _eq,A=0.3 ∼ 620 K) sub-Neptune where atmospheric absorbers have been detected to date. Our two transit observations with NIRISS/SOSS, combined with the existing HST/WFC3 spectrum, enable us to break the clouds–metallicity degeneracy. We detect water in a highly metal-enriched “steam world” atmosphere (O/H of ∼4 by mass and H _2 O found to be the background gas with a volume mixing ratio of >31%). We further show that these results are robust to stellar contamination through the transit light source effect. We do not detect escaping metastable He, which, combined with previous nondetections of escaping He and H, supports the steam atmosphere scenario. In water-rich atmospheres, hydrogen loss driven by water photolysis happens predominantly in the ionized form, which eludes observational constraints. We also detect several flares in the NIRISS/SOSS light curves with far-UV energies of the order of 10 ^30 erg, highlighting the active nature of the star. Further atmospheric characterization of GJ 9827 d probing carbon or sulfur species could reveal the origin of its high metal enrichment.

Published
2024
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2. Transmission Spectroscopy of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet LHS 1140 b with JWST/NIRISS

Author

Charles Cadieux, René Doyon, Ryan J. MacDonald, Martin Turbet, Étienne Artigau, Olivia Lim, Michael Radica, Thomas J. Fauchez, Salma Salhi, Lisa Dang, Loïc Albert, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Nicolas B. Cowan, David Lafrenière, Alexandrine L’Heureux, Caroline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Björn Benneke, Ryan Cloutier, Benjamin Charnay, Neil J. Cook, Marylou Fournier-Tondreau, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, and Diana Valencia

Subjects
Exoplanets, Habitable planets, Planetary atmospheres, Super Earths, Ocean planets, Mini Neptunes, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

LHS 1140 b is the second-closest temperate transiting planet to Earth with an equilibrium temperature low enough to support surface liquid water. At 1.730 ± 0.025 R _⊕ , LHS 1140 b falls within the radius valley separating H _2 -rich mini-Neptunes from rocky super-Earths. Recent mass and radius revisions indicate a bulk density significantly lower than expected for an Earth-like rocky interior, suggesting that LHS 1140 b could be either a mini-Neptune with a small envelope of hydrogen (∼0.1% by mass) or a water world (9%–19% water by mass). Atmospheric characterization through transmission spectroscopy can readily discern between these two scenarios. Here we present two JWST/NIRISS transit observations of LHS 1140 b, one of which captures a serendipitous transit of LHS 1140 c. The combined transmission spectrum of LHS 1140 b shows a telltale spectral signature of unocculted faculae (5.8 σ ), covering ∼20% of the visible stellar surface. Besides faculae, our spectral retrieval analysis reveals tentative evidence of residual spectral features, best fit by Rayleigh scattering from a N _2 -dominated atmosphere (2.3 σ ), irrespective of the consideration of atmospheric hazes. We also show through Global Climate Models (GCMs) that H _2 -rich atmospheres of various compositions (100×, 300×, 1000× solar metallicity) are ruled out to >10 σ . The GCM calculations predict that water clouds form below the transit photosphere, limiting their impact on transmission data. Our observations suggest that LHS 1140 b is either airless or, more likely, surrounded by an atmosphere with a high mean molecular weight. Our tentative evidence of a N _2 -rich atmosphere provides strong motivation for future transmission spectroscopy observations of LHS 1140 b.

Published
2024
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3. Muted Features in the JWST NIRISS Transmission Spectrum of Hot Neptune LTT 9779b

Author

Michael Radica, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Jake Taylor, Loic Albert, Romain Allart, Björn Benneke, Nicolas B. Cowan, Lisa Dang, David Lafrenière, Daniel Thorngren, Étienne Artigau, René Doyon, Laura Flagg, Doug Johnstone, Stefan Pelletier, and Pierre-Alexis Roy

Subjects
Exoplanets, Hot Neptunes, Exoplanet atmospheres, Planetary atmospheres, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

The hot Neptune desert is one of the most sparsely populated regions of the exoplanet parameter space, and atmosphere observations of its few residents can provide insights into how such planets have managed to survive in such an inhospitable environment. Here, we present transmission observations of LTT 9779 b, the only known hot Neptune to have retained a significant H/He-dominated atmosphere, taken with JWST NIRISS/SOSS. The 0.6–2.85 μ m transmission spectrum shows evidence for muted spectral features, rejecting a perfectly flat line at >5 σ . We explore water- and methane-dominated atmosphere scenarios for LTT 9779 b’s terminator, and retrieval analyses reveal a continuum of potential combinations of metallicity and cloudiness. Through comparisons to previous population synthesis works and our own interior structure modeling, we are able to constrain LTT 9779 b’s atmosphere metallicity to 20–850× solar. Within this range of metallicity, our retrieval analyses prefer solutions with clouds at millibar pressures, regardless of whether the atmosphere is water or methane dominated—though cloud-free atmospheres with metallicities >500× solar cannot be entirely ruled out. By comparing self-consistent atmosphere temperature profiles with cloud condensation curves, we find that silicate clouds can readily condense in the terminator region of LTT 9779 b. Advection of these clouds onto the dayside could explain the high dayside albedo previously inferred for this planet and be part of a feedback loop aiding the survival of LTT 9779 b’s atmosphere in the hot Neptune desert.

Published
2024
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4. New Mass and Radius Constraints on the LHS 1140 Planets: LHS 1140 b Is either a Temperate Mini-Neptune or a Water World

Author

Charles Cadieux, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, René Doyon, Diana Valencia, Farbod Jahandar, Lisa Dang, Martin Turbet, Thomas J. Fauchez, Ryan Cloutier, Collin Cherubim, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, Billy Edwards, Tim Hallatt, Benjamin Charnay, François Bouchy, Romain Allart, Lucile Mignon, Frédérique Baron, Susana C. C. Barros, Björn Benneke, B. L. Canto Martins, Nicolas B. Cowan, J. R. De Medeiros, Xavier Delfosse, Elisa Delgado-Mena, Xavier Dumusque, David Ehrenreich, Yolanda G. C. Frensch, J. I. González Hernández, Nathan C. Hara, David Lafrenière, Gaspare Lo Curto, Lison Malo, Claudio Melo, Dany Mounzer, Vera Maria Passeger, Francesco Pepe, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, Nuno C. Santos, Danuta Sosnowska, Alejandro Suárez Mascareño, Simon Thibault, Valentina Vaulato, Gregg A. Wade, and François Wildi

Subjects
Exoplanets, Habitable planets, Super Earths, M dwarf stars, Planetary interior, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

The two-planet transiting system LHS 1140 has been extensively observed since its discovery in 2017, notably with Spitzer, HST, TESS, and ESPRESSO, placing strong constraints on the parameters of the M4.5 host star and its small temperate exoplanets, LHS 1140 b and c. Here, we reanalyze the ESPRESSO observations of LHS 1140 with the novel line-by-line framework designed to fully exploit the radial velocity content of a stellar spectrum while being resilient to outlier measurements. The improved radial velocities, combined with updated stellar parameters, consolidate our knowledge of the mass of LHS 1140 b (5.60 ± 0.19 M _⊕ ) and LHS 1140 c (1.91 ± 0.06 M _⊕ ) with an unprecedented precision of 3%. Transits from Spitzer, HST, and TESS are jointly analyzed for the first time, allowing us to refine the planetary radii of b (1.730 ± 0.025 R _⊕ ) and c (1.272 ± 0.026 R _⊕ ). Stellar abundance measurements of refractory elements (Fe, Mg, and Si) obtained with NIRPS are used to constrain the internal structure of LHS 1140 b. This planet is unlikely to be a rocky super-Earth, as previously reported, but rather a mini-Neptune with a ∼0.1% H/He envelope by mass or a water world with a water-mass fraction between 9% and 19%, depending on the atmospheric composition and relative abundance of Fe and Mg. While the mini-Neptune case would not be habitable, a water-abundant LHS 1140 b potentially has habitable surface conditions according to 3D global climate models, suggesting liquid water at the substellar point for atmospheres with relatively low CO _2 concentration, from Earth-like to a few bars.

Published
2024
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5. The JWST/NIRISS Deep Spectroscopic Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs and Free-floating Planets

Author

Adam B. Langeveld, Aleks Scholz, Koraljka Mužić, Ray Jayawardhana, Daniel Capela, Loïc Albert, René Doyon, Laura Flagg, Matthew de Furio, Doug Johnstone, David Lafrèniere, and Michael Meyer

Subjects
Brown dwarfs, L dwarfs, T dwarfs, Free floating planets, Star formation, Star forming regions, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

The discovery and characterization of free-floating planetary-mass objects (FFPMOs) is fundamental to our understanding of star and planet formation. Here we report results from an extremely deep spectroscopic survey of the young star cluster NGC1333 using Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) wide field slitless spectroscopy on the James Webb Space Telescope. The survey is photometrically complete to K ∼ 21, and includes useful spectra for objects as faint as K ∼ 20.5. The observations cover 19 known brown dwarfs, for most of which we confirm spectral types using NIRISS spectra. We discover six new candidates with L-dwarf spectral types that are plausible planetary-mass members of NGC1333, with estimated masses between 5 and 15 M _Jup . One, at ∼5 M _Jup , shows clear infrared excess emission and is a good candidate to be the lowest-mass object known to have a disk. We do not find any objects later than mid-L spectral type ( M ≲ 4 M _Jup ). The paucity of Jupiter-mass objects, despite the survey’s unprecedented sensitivity, suggests that our observations reach the lowest-mass objects that formed like stars in NGC1333. Our findings put the fraction of FFPMOs in NGC1333 at ∼10% of the number of cluster members, significantly more than expected from the typical log-normal stellar mass function. We also search for wide binaries in our images and report a young brown dwarf with a planetary-mass companion.

Published
2024
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6. Revisiting Physical Parameters of the Benchmark Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C through a Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 Secondary-eclipse Observation

Author

William Frost, Loïc Albert, René Doyon, Jonathan Gagné, Benjamin T. Montet, Clémence Fontanive, Étienne Artigau, John Asher Johnson, Billy Edwards, and Björn Benneke

Subjects
Brown dwarfs, T dwarfs, Time series analysis, Infrared spectroscopy, Fundamental parameters of stars, Hubble Space Telescope, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

The LHS 6343 system consists of a resolved M-dwarf binary with an evolved, negligibly irradiated brown dwarf (BD), LHS 6343 C, orbiting the primary star. Such BD eclipsing binaries present rare and unique opportunities to calibrate substellar evolutionary and atmosphere models since mass, radius, temperature, and luminosity can be directly measured. We update this BD’s mass (62.6 ± 2.2 M _Jup ) and radius (0.788 ± 0.043 R _Jup ) using empirical stellar relations and a Gaia Data Release 3 distance. We use Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) observations of an LHS 6343 C secondary eclipse to obtain a near-IR emission spectrum, which matches to a spectral type of T1.5 ± 1. We combine this spectrum with existing Kepler and Spitzer/IRAC secondary-eclipse photometry to perform atmospheric characterization using the ATMO-2020, Sonora-Bobcat, and BT-Settl model grids. ATMO-2020 models with strong nonequilibrium chemistry yield the best fit to observations across all modeled bandpasses while predicting physical parameters consistent with Gaia-dependent analogs. BT-Settl predicts values slightly more consistent with such analogs but offers a significantly poorer fit to the WFC3 spectrum. Finally, we obtain a semi-empirical measurement of LHS 6343 C’s apparent luminosity by integrating its observed and modeled spectral energy distribution. Applying knowledge of the system’s distance yields a bolometric luminosity of log( L _bol / L _☉ ) = −4.77 ± 0.03 and, applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law for the known radius, an effective temperature of 1303 ± 29 K. We also use the ATMO-2020 and Sonora-Bobcat evolutionary model grids to infer an age for LHS 6343 C of $2.86\hspace{0.08cm}{}_{-0.33}^{+0.40}\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ and $3.11\hspace{0.08cm}{}_{-0.38}^{+0.50}\,\mathrm{Gyr}$ respectively.

Published
2024
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7. Atmospheric Waves Driving Variability and Cloud Modulation on a Planetary-mass Object

Author

Michael K. Plummer, Ji Wang, Étienne Artigau, René Doyon, and Genaro Suárez

Subjects
Brown dwarfs, T dwarfs, Exoplanet atmospheres, Extrasolar gaseous giant planets, Exoplanet atmospheric variability, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Planetary-mass objects and brown dwarfs at the transition ( T _eff ∼ 1300 K) from relatively red L dwarfs to bluer mid-T dwarfs show enhanced spectrophotometric variability. Multiepoch observations support atmospheric planetary-scale (Kelvin or Rossby) waves as the primary source of this variability; however, large spots associated with the precipitation of silicate and metal clouds have also been theorized and suggested by Doppler imaging. We applied both wave and spotted models to fit near-infrared (NIR), multiband ( Y / J / H / K ) photometry of SIMP J013656.5+093347 (hereafter SIMP0136) collected at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope using the Wide-field InfraRed Camera. SIMP0136 is a planetary-mass object (12.7 ± 1.0 M _J ) at the L/T transition (T2 ± 0.5) known to exhibit light-curve evolution over multiple rotational periods. We measure the maximum peak-to-peak variability of 6.17% ± 0.46%, 6.45% ± 0.33%, 6.51% ± 0.42%, and 4.33% ± 0.38% in the Y , J , H , and K bands, respectively, and find evidence that wave models are preferred for all four NIR bands. Furthermore, we determine that the spot size necessary to reproduce the observed variations is larger than the Rossby deformation radius and Rhines scale, which is unphysical. Through the correlation between light curves produced by the waves and associated color variability, we find evidence of planetary-scale, wave-induced cloud modulation and breakup, similar to Jupiter’s atmosphere and supported by general circulation models. We also detect a 93.°8 ± 7.°4 (12.7 σ ) phase shift between the H − K and J − H color time series, providing evidence for complex vertical cloud structure in SIMP0136's atmosphere.

Published
2024
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8. Comprehensive High-resolution Chemical Spectroscopy of Barnard’s Star with SPIRou

Author

Farbod Jahandar, René Doyon, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, Charles Cadieux, David Lafrenière, Thierry Forveille, Jean-François Donati, Pascal Fouqué, Andrés Carmona, Ryan Cloutier, Paul Cristofari, Eric Gaidos, João Gomes da Silva, Lison Malo, Eder Martioli, J.-D. do Nascimento Jr., Stefan Pelletier, Thomas Vandal, and Kim Venn

Subjects
M dwarf stars, Low mass stars, Stellar atmospheres, Chemical abundances, Abundance ratios, Metallicity, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Determination of fundamental parameters of stars impacts all fields of astrophysics, from galaxy evolution to constraining the internal structure of exoplanets. This paper presents a detailed spectroscopic analysis of Barnard’s star (otherwise known as Gl 699) that compares an exceptionally high-quality (an average signal-to-noise ratio of ∼1000 in the entire domain), high-resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectrum taken with Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/SPIRou to PHOENIX-ACES stellar atmosphere models. The observed spectrum shows thousands of lines not identified in the models with a similarly large number of lines present in the model but not in the observed data. We also identify several other caveats, such as continuum mismatch, unresolved contamination, and spectral lines significantly shifted from their expected wavelengths; all of these can be a source of bias for the determination of abundance. Out of >10 ^4 observed lines in the NIR that could be used for chemical spectroscopy, we identify a short list of a few hundred lines that are reliable. We present a novel method for determining the effective temperature ( T _eff ) and overall metallicity of slowly rotating M dwarfs that uses several groups of lines as opposed to bulk spectral fitting methods. With this method, we infer T _eff = 3231 ± 21 K for Barnard's star, consistent with the value of 3238 ± 11 K inferred from the interferometric method. We also provide measurements of the abundance of 15 different elements for Barnard's star, including the abundances of four elements (K, O, Y, Th) never reported before for this star. This work emphasizes the need to improve current atmosphere models to fully exploit the NIR domain for chemical spectroscopy analysis.

Published
2024
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9. Atmospheric Reconnaissance of TRAPPIST-1 b with JWST/NIRISS: Evidence for Strong Stellar Contamination in the Transmission Spectra

Author

Olivia Lim, Björn Benneke, René Doyon, Ryan J. MacDonald, Caroline Piaulet, Étienne Artigau, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Michael Radica, Alexandrine L’Heureux, Loïc Albert, Benjamin V. Rackham, Julien de Wit, Salma Salhi, Pierre-Alexis Roy, Laura Flagg, Marylou Fournier-Tondreau, Jake Taylor, Neil J. Cook, David Lafrenière, Nicolas B. Cowan, Lisa Kaltenegger, Jason F. Rowe, Néstor Espinoza, Lisa Dang, and Antoine Darveau-Bernier

Subjects
Extrasolar rocky planets, Exoplanets, M dwarf stars, Stellar activity, Starspots, Stellar faculae, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

TRAPPIST-1 is a nearby system of seven Earth-sized, temperate, rocky exoplanets transiting a Jupiter-sized M8.5V star, ideally suited for in-depth atmospheric studies. Each TRAPPIST-1 planet has been observed in transmission both from space and from the ground, confidently rejecting cloud-free, hydrogen-rich atmospheres. Secondary eclipse observations of TRAPPIST-1 b with JWST/MIRI are consistent with little to no atmosphere given the lack of heat redistribution. Here we present the first transmission spectra of TRAPPIST-1 b obtained with JWST/NIRISS over two visits. The two transmission spectra show moderate to strong evidence of contamination from unocculted stellar heterogeneities, which dominates the signal in both visits. The transmission spectrum of the first visit is consistent with unocculted starspots and the second visit exhibits signatures of unocculted faculae. Fitting the stellar contamination and planetary atmosphere either sequentially or simultaneously, we confirm the absence of cloud-free, hydrogen-rich atmospheres, but cannot assess the presence of secondary atmospheres. We find that the uncertainties associated with the lack of stellar model fidelity are one order of magnitude above the observation precision of 89 ppm (combining the two visits). Without affecting the conclusion regarding the atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1 b, this highlights an important caveat for future explorations, which calls for additional observations to characterize stellar heterogeneities empirically and/or theoretical works to improve model fidelity for such cool stars. This need is all the more justified as stellar contamination can affect the search for atmospheres around the outer, cooler TRAPPIST-1 planets for which transmission spectroscopy is currently the most efficient technique.

Published
2023
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10. Characterizing the Near-infrared Spectra of Flares from TRAPPIST-1 during JWST Transit Spectroscopy Observations

Author

Ward S. Howard, Adam F. Kowalski, Laura Flagg, Meredith A. MacGregor, Olivia Lim, Michael Radica, Caroline Piaulet, Pierre-Alexis Roy, David Lafrenière, Björn Benneke, Alexander Brown, Néstor Espinoza, René Doyon, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Doug Johnstone, Nicolas B. Cowan, Ray Jayawardhana, Jake D. Turner, and Lisa Dang

Subjects
Flare stars, Exoplanet atmospheres, Near infrared astronomy, Stellar activity, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We present the first analysis of JWST near-infrared spectroscopy of stellar flares from TRAPPIST-1 during transits of rocky exoplanets. Four flares were observed from 0.6–2.8 μ m with the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph and 0.6–3.5 μ m with the Near Infrared Spectrograph during transits of TRAPPIST-1b, f, and g. We discover P α and Br β line emission and characterize flare continuum at wavelengths from 1–3.5 μ m for the first time. Observed lines include H α , P α –P ϵ , Br β , He i λ 0.7062 μ m, two Ca ii infrared triplet (IRT) lines, and the He i IRT. We observe a reversed Paschen decrement from P α –P γ alongside changes in the light-curve shapes of these lines. The continuum of all four flares is well described by blackbody emission with an effective temperature below 5300 K, lower than the temperatures typically observed at optical wavelengths. The 0.6–1 μ m spectra were convolved with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) response, enabling us to measure the flare rate of TRAPPIST-1 in the TESS bandpass. We find flares of 10 ^30 erg, large enough to impact transit spectra occur at a rate of ${3.6}_{-1.3}^{+2.1}$ flare day ^−1 , ∼10× higher than previous predictions from K2. We measure the amount of flare contamination at 2 μ m for the TRAPPIST-1b and f transits to be 500 ± 450 and 2100 ± 400 ppm, respectively. We find up to 80% of flare contamination can be removed, with mitigation most effective from 1.0–2.4 μ m. These results suggest transits affected by flares may still be useful for atmospheric characterization efforts.

Published
2023
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11. A Massive Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich Early M Star Discovered in the TESS Full-frame Images

Author

Tianjun Gan, Charles Cadieux, Farbod Jahandar, Allona Vazan, Sharon X. Wang, Shude Mao, Jaime A. Alvarado-Montes, D. N. C. Lin, Étienne Artigau, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Andrew W. Mann, Keivan G. Stassun, Adam J. Burgasser, Benjamin V. Rackham, Steve B. Howell, Karen A. Collins, Khalid Barkaoui, Avi Shporer, Jerome de Leon, Luc Arnold, George R. Ricker, Roland Vanderspek, David W. Latham, Sara Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Artem Burdanov, David Charbonneau, Georgina Dransfield, Akihiko Fukui, Elise Furlan, Michaël Gillon, Matthew J. Hooton, Hannah M. Lewis, Colin Littlefield, Ismael Mireles, Norio Narita, Chris W. Ormel, Samuel N. Quinn, Ramotholo Sefako, Mathilde Timmermans, Michael Vezie, and Julien de Wit

Subjects
M dwarf stars, Radial velocity, Photometry, M stars, Extrasolar gaseous planets, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

Observations and statistical studies have shown that giant planets are rare around M dwarfs compared with Sun-like stars. The formation mechanism of these extreme systems has remained under debate for decades. With the help of the TESS mission and ground-based follow-up observations, we report the discovery of TOI-4201b, the most massive and densest hot Jupiter around an M dwarf known so far with a radius of 1.22 ± 0.04 R _J and a mass of 2.48 ± 0.09 M _J , about 5 times heavier than most other giant planets around M dwarfs. It also has the highest planet-to-star mass ratio ( q ∼ 4 × 10 ^−3 ) among such systems. The host star is an early M dwarf with a mass of 0.61 ± 0.02 M _⊙ and a radius of 0.63 ± 0.02 R _⊙ . It has significant supersolar iron abundance ([Fe/H] = 0.52 ± 0.08 dex). However, interior structure modeling suggests that its planet TOI-4201b is metal-poor, which challenges the classical core-accretion correlation of stellar−planet metallicity, unless the planet is inflated by additional energy sources. Building on the detection of this planet, we compare the stellar metallicity distribution of four planetary groups: hot/warm Jupiters around G/M dwarfs. We find that hot/warm Jupiters show a similar metallicity dependence around G-type stars. For M-dwarf host stars, the occurrence of hot Jupiters shows a much stronger correlation with iron abundance, while warm Jupiters display a weaker preference, indicating possible different formation histories.

Published
2023
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12. Testing the Interaction between a Substellar Companion and a Debris Disk in the HR 2562 System

Author

Stella Yimiao Zhang, Gaspard Duchêne, Robert J. De Rosa, Megan Ansdell, Quinn Konopacky, Thomas Esposito, Eugene Chiang, Malena Rice, Brenda Matthews, Paul Kalas, Bruce Macintosh, Franck Marchis, Stan Metchev, Jenny Patience, Julien Rameau, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Schuyler Wolff, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Vanessa P. Bailey, Travis S. Barman, Joanna Bulger, Christine H. Chen, Jeffrey K. Chilcotte, Tara Cotten, René Doyon, Katherine B. Follette, Benjamin L. Gerard, Stephen Goodsell, James R. Graham, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Pascale Hibon, Li-Wei Hung, Patrick Ingraham, Jérôme Maire, Mark S. Marley, Christian Marois, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Eric L. Nielsen, Rebecca Oppenheimer, David W. Palmer, Marshall D. Perrin, Lisa A. Poyneer, Laurent Pueyo, Abhijith Rajan, Fredrik T. Rantakyrö, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Dmitry Savransky, Adam C. Schneider, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Inseok Song, Remi Soummer, Sandrine Thomas, Jason J. Wang, and Sloane J. Wiktorowicz

Subjects
Debris disks, Substellar companion stars, Brown dwarfs, Orbit determination, Gravitational interaction, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract

The HR 2562 system is a rare case where a brown dwarf companion resides in a cleared inner hole of a debris disk, offering invaluable opportunities to study the dynamical interaction between a substellar companion and a dusty disk. We present the first ALMA observation of the system as well as the continued Gemini Planet Imager monitoring of the companion’s orbit with six new epochs from 2016 to 2018. We update the orbital fit, and in combination with absolute astrometry from GAIA, place a 3 σ upper limit of 18.5 M _J on the companion’s mass. To interpret the ALMA observations, we used radiative transfer modeling to determine the disk properties. We find that the disk is well resolved and nearly edge-on. While the misalignment angle between the disk and the orbit is weakly constrained, due to the short orbital arc available, the data strongly support a (near) coplanar geometry for the system. Furthermore, we find that the models that describe the ALMA data best have inner radii that are close to the companion’s semimajor axis. Including a posteriori knowledge of the system’s SED further narrows the constraints on the disk’s inner radius and places it at a location that is in reasonable agreement with (possibly interior to) predictions from existing dynamical models of disk truncation by an interior substellar companion. HR 2562 has the potential over the next few years to become a new test bed for dynamical interaction between a debris disk and a substellar companion.

Published
2023
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13. Addressing Systematics in the Traceback Age of the β Pictoris Moving Group

Author

Dominic Couture, Jonathan Gagné, and René Doyon

Subjects
Stellar kinematics, Stellar associations, Stellar ages, Radial velocity, Astrometry, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

We characterize the impact of several sources of systematic errors on the computation of the traceback age of the β Pictoris moving group ( β PMG). We find that uncorrected gravitational redshift and convective blueshift bias absolute radial velocity measurements by ∼0.6 km s ^−1 , which leads to erroneously younger traceback ages by ∼2 Myr. Random errors on parallax, proper motion, and radial velocity measurements lead to an additional bias of ∼0.6 Myr on traceback ages. Contamination of astrometric and kinematic data by kinematic outliers and unresolved multiple systems in the full input sample of 76 members and candidates of β PMG also erroneously lowers traceback ages by ∼3 Myr. We apply our new numerical traceback analysis tool to a core sample of 25 carefully vetted members of β PMG using Gaia Data Release 3 data products and other kinematic surveys. Our method yields a corrected age of 20.4 ± 2.5 Myr, bridging the gap between kinematic ages (11–19 Myr) and other age-dating methods, such as isochrones and lithium depletion boundary (20–26 Myr). We explore several association size metrics that can track the spatial extent of β PMG over time, and we determine that minimizing the variance along the heliocentric curvilinear coordinate ${\xi }^{{\prime} }$ (i.e., toward the Galactic Center) offers the least random and systematic errors, due to the wider UVW space velocity dispersion of members of β PMG along the U -axis, which tends to maximize the spatial growth of the association along the ${\xi }^{{\prime} }$ -axis over time.

Published
2023
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14. The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

Author

Jane Rigby, Marshall D Perrin, Michael W McElwain, Randy A Kimble, Scott Friedman, Matt Lallo, René Doyon, Lee D Feinberg, Pierre Ferruit, Alistair Glasse, Marcia Rieke, George Rieke, Gillian Wright, Chris Willott, Knicole Colon, Stefanie Milam, Susan Neff, Christopher C Stark, Jeff Valenti, Jim Abell, Faith E Abney, Yasin Abul-huda, D. Scott Acton, Evan Adams, David Adler, Jonathan Aguilar, Nasif Ahmed, Loic Albert, Stacey Alberts, David Aldridge, Marsha Allen, Martin Altenburg, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Catarina Alves De Oliveira, Gregory Andersen, Kimberly Banks, Matthew D Bergkoetter, Ray Boucarut, Charles Bowers, Steven Cale, Mark Clampin, Brian Comber, James Cooper, Michael Davis, Bruce Dean, John Durning, David Franz, Jonathan P. Gardner, Paul Geithner, Stuart Glazer, Thomas P Greene, Matthew A Greenhouse, Kong Quy Ha, Joseph M. Howard, Sandra Irish, Amir Jahromi, Bryan James, Alden Jurling, Ritva Keski-kuha, Jon Lawrence, Peiman Maghami, John Mather, Michael Menzel, Gary Mosier, William Ochs, Richard Ottens, Keith Parrish, Bernard Rauscher, Karen Richon, Thomas Roellig, Scott Rohrbach, Evan Sheehan, Erin Smith, Amber Straughn, Shaun Thomson, Julie Van Campen, Paul Whitehouse, and Thomas Zielinski

Subjects
Astronomy, Instrumentation and Photography
Abstract

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.

Published
2023
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15. The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope. III. Single Object Slitless Spectroscopy

Author

Albert, Loïc, primary, Lafrenière, David, additional, René, Doyon,, additional, Artigau, Étienne, additional, Volk, Kevin, additional, Goudfrooij, Paul, additional, Martel, André R., additional, Radica, Michael, additional, Rowe, Jason, additional, Espinoza, Néstor, additional, Roy, Arpita, additional, Filippazzo, Joseph C., additional, Darveau-Bernier, Antoine, additional, Talens, Geert Jan, additional, Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, additional, Willott, Chris J., additional, Fullerton, Alexander W., additional, LaMassa, Stephanie, additional, Hutchings, John B., additional, Rowlands, Neil, additional, Vila, M. Begoña, additional, Zhou, Julia, additional, Aldridge, David, additional, Maszkiewicz, Michael, additional, Beaulieu, Mathilde, additional, Cook, Neil J., additional, Piaulet, Caroline, additional, Roy, Pierre-Alexis, additional, Lamontagne, Pierrot, additional, Morel, Kim, additional, Frost, William, additional, Salhi, Salma, additional, Coulombe, Louis-Philippe, additional, Benneke, Björn, additional, MacDonald, Ryan J., additional, Johnstone, Doug, additional, Turner, Jake D., additional, Fournier-Tondreau, Marylou, additional, Allart, Romain, additional, and Kaltenegger, Lisa, additional

Published
2023
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16. Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets

Author

Steven Giacalone, Courtney D. Dressing, Christina Hedges, Veselin B. Kostov, Karen A. Collins, Eric L. N. Jensen, Daniel A. Yahalomi, Allyson Bieryla, David R. Ciardi, Steve B. Howell, Jorge Lillo-Box, Khalid Barkaoui, Jennifer G. Winters, Elisabeth Matthews, John H. Livingston, Samuel N. Quinn, Boris S. Safonov, Charles Cadieux, E. Furlan, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Avi M. Mandell, Emily A. Gilbert, Ethan Kruse, Elisa V. Quintana, George R. Ricker, S. Seager, Joshua N. Winn, Jon M. Jenkins, Britt Duffy Adkins, David Baker, Thomas Barclay, David Barrado, Natalie M. Batalha, Alexander A. Belinski, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Lars A. Buchhave, Luca Cacciapuoti, David Charbonneau, Ashley Chontos, Jessie L. Christiansen, Ryan Cloutier, Kevin I. Collins, Dennis M. Conti, Neil Cutting, Scott Dixon, René Doyon, Mohammed El Mufti, Emma Esparza-Borges, Zahra Essack, Akihiko Fukui, Tianjun Gan, Kaz Gary, Mourad Ghachoui, Michaël Gillon, Eric Girardin, Ana Glidden, Erica J. Gonzales, Pere Guerra, Elliott P. Horch, Krzysztof G. Hełminiak, Andrew W. Howard, Daniel Huber, Jonathan M. Irwin, Giovanni Isopi, Emmanuël Jehin, Taiki Kagetani, Stephen R. Kane, Kiyoe Kawauchi, John F. Kielkopf, Pablo Lewin, Lindy Luker, Michael B. Lund, Franco Mallia, Shude Mao, Bob Massey, Rachel A. Matson, Ismael Mireles, Mayuko Mori, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Tanner O’Dwyer, Erik A. Petigura, Alex S. Polanski, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Enric Palle, Hannu Parviainen, Peter P. Plavchan, Howard M. Relles, Paul Robertson, Mark E. Rose, Pamela Rowden, Arpita Roy, Arjun B. Savel, Joshua E. Schlieder, Chloe Schnaible, Richard P. Schwarz, Ramatholo Sefako, Aleksandra Selezneva, Brett Skinner, Chris Stockdale, Ivan A. Strakhov, Thiam-Guan Tan, Guillermo Torres, René Tronsgaard, Joseph D. Twicken, David Vermilion, Ian A. Waite, Bradley Walter, Gavin Wang, Carl Ziegler, and Yujie Zou

Published
2022
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17. CO or no CO? Narrowing the CO abundance constraint and recovering the H2O detection in the atmosphere of WASP-127 b using SPIRou

Author

Anne Boucher, David Lafreniére, Stefan Pelletier, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Michael Radica, Romain Allart, Étienne Artigau, Neil J Cook, Florian Debras, René Doyon, Eric Gaidos, Björn Benneke, Charles Cadieux, Andres Carmona, Ryan Cloutier, Pía Cortés-Zuleta, Nicolas B Cowan, Xavier Delfosse, Jean-François Donati, Pascal Fouqué, Thierry Forveille, Konstantin Grankin, Guillaume Hébrard, Jorge H C Martins, Eder Martioli, Adrien Masson, and Sandrine Vinatier

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Precise measurements of chemical abundances in planetary atmospheres are necessary to constrain the formation histories of exoplanets. A recent study of WASP-127b, a close-in puffy sub-Saturn orbiting its solar-type host star in 4.2 d, using HST and Spitzer revealed a feature-rich transmission spectrum with strong excess absorption at 4.5 um. However, the limited spectral resolution and coverage of these instruments could not distinguish between CO and/or CO2 absorption causing this signal, with both low and high C/O ratio scenarios being possible. Here we present near-infrared (0.9--2.5 um) transit observations of WASP-127 b using the high-resolution SPIRou spectrograph, with the goal to disentangle CO from CO2 through the 2.3 um CO band. With SPIRou, we detect H2O at a t-test significance of 5.3 sigma and observe a tentative (3 sigma) signal consistent with OH absorption. From a joint SPIRou + HST + Spitzer retrieval analysis, we rule out a CO-rich scenario by placing an upper limit on the CO abundance of log10[CO], 23 pages, 13 figures, Submitted for publication in the Monthly Notice of the Royal Astronomical Society

Published
2023

18. The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope. I. Instrument Overview and In-flight Performance.

Author

René, Doyon, Willott, Chris J., Hutchings, John B., Sivaramakrishnan, Anand, Albert, Loïc, Lafrenière, David, Rowlands, Neil, Vila, M. Begoña, Martel, André R., LaMassa, Stephanie, Aldridge, David, Artigau, Étienne, Cameron, Peter, Chayer, Pierre, Cook, Neil J., Cooper, Rachel A., Darveau-Bernier, Antoine, Dupuis, Jean, Earnshaw, Colin, and Espinoza, Néstor

Subjects
*SPECTROGRAPHS, *ANGULAR distance, *BINARY stars, *SPACE vehicles, *PHOTOMETRY, *SPECTROMETRY, *SPACE telescopes
Abstract

The Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) is the science module of the Canadian-built Fine Guidance Sensor onboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). NIRISS has four observing modes: (1) broadband imaging featuring seven of the eight NIRCam broadband filters, (2) wide-field slitless spectroscopy at a resolving power of ∼150 between 0.8 and 2.2 μ m, (3) single-object cross-dispersed slitless spectroscopy (SOSS) enabling simultaneous wavelength coverage between 0.6 and 2.8 μ m at R ∼ 700, a mode optimized for exoplanet spectroscopy of relatively bright (J < 6.3) stars and (4) aperture masking interferometry (AMI) between 2.8 and 4.8 μ m enabling high-contrast (∼10−3 − 10−4) imaging at angular separations between 70 and 400 mas for relatively bright (M < 8) sources. This paper presents an overview of the NIRISS instrument, its design, its scientific capabilities, and a summary of in-flight performance. NIRISS shows significantly better response shortward of ∼2.5 μ m resulting in 10%–40% sensitivity improvement for broadband and low-resolution spectroscopy compared to pre-flight predictions. Two time-series observations performed during instrument commissioning in the SOSS mode yield very stable spectro-photometry performance within ∼10% of the expected noise. The first space-based companion detection of the tight binary star AB Dor AC through AMI was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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19. Performance of NIRCam on JWST in Flight

Author

Marcia J. Rieke, Douglas M. Kelly, Karl Misselt, John Stansberry, Martha Boyer, Thomas Beatty, Eiichi Egami, Michael Florian, Thomas P. Greene, Kevin Hainline, Jarron Leisenring, Thomas Roellig, Everett Schlawin, Fengwu Sun, Lee Tinnin, Christina C. Williams, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Debra Wilson, Charles R. Clark, Scott Rohrbach, Brian Brooks, Alicia Canipe, Matteo Correnti, Audrey DiFelice, Mario Gennaro, Julian Girard, George Hartig, Bryan Hilbert, Anton M. Koekemoer, Nikolay K. Nikolov, Norbert Pirzkal, Armin Rest, Massimo Robberto, Ben Sunnquist, Randal Telfer, Chi Rai Wu, Malcolm Ferry, Dan Lewis, Stefi Baum, Charles Beichman, René Doyon, Alan Dressler, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Laura Ferrarese, Klaus Hodapp, Scott Horner, Daniel T. Jaffe, Doug Johnstone, John Krist, Peter Martin, Donald W. McCarthy, Michael Meyer, George H. Rieke, John Trauger, and Erick T. Young

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

The Near Infrared Camera for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is delivering the imagery that astronomers have hoped for ever since JWST was proposed back in the 1990s. In the Commissioning Period that extended from right after launch to early 2022 July, NIRCam has been subjected to a number of performance tests and operational checks. The camera is exceeding prelaunch expectations in virtually all areas, with very few surprises discovered in flight. NIRCam also delivered the imagery needed by the Wavefront Sensing Team for use in aligning the telescope mirror segments.

Published
2023

20. Awesome SOSS: Atmospheric Characterisation of WASP-96 b using the JWST Early Release Observations

Author

Jake Taylor, Michael Radica, Luis Welbanks, Ryan J MacDonald, Jasmina Blecic, Maria Zamyatina, Alexander Roth, Jacob L Bean, Vivien Parmentier, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Adina D Feinstein, Néstor Espinoza, Bjórn Benneke, David Lafrenière, René Doyon, and Eva-Maria Ahrer

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The newly operational JWST offers the potential to study the atmospheres of distant worlds with precision that has not been achieved before. One of the first exoplanets observed by JWST in the summer of 2022 was WASP-96 b, a hot-Saturn orbiting a G8 star. As part of the Early Release Observations program, one transit of WASP-96 b was observed with NIRISS/SOSS to capture its transmission spectrum from 0.6-2.85 microns. In this work, we utilise four retrieval frameworks to report precise and robust measurements of WASP-96 b's atmospheric composition. We constrain the logarithmic volume mixing ratios of multiple chemical species in its atmosphere, including: H$_2$O = $-3.59 ^{+ 0.35 }_{- 0.35 }$, CO$_2$ = $-4.38 ^{+ 0.47 }_{- 0.57 }$ and K = $-8.04 ^{+ 1.22 }_{- 1.71 }$. Notably, our results offer a first abundance constraint on potassium in WASP-96 b's atmosphere, and important inferences on carbon-bearing species such as CO$_2$ and CO. Our short wavelength NIRISS/SOSS data are best explained by the presence of an enhanced Rayleigh scattering slope, despite previous inferences of a clear atmosphere - although we find no evidence for a grey cloud deck. Finally, we explore the data resolution required to appropriately interpret observations using NIRISS/SOSS. We find that our inferences are robust against different binning schemes. That is, from low $R = 125$ to the native resolution of the instrument, the bulk atmospheric properties of the planet are consistent. Our systematic analysis of these exquisite observations demonstrates the power of NIRISS/SOSS to detect and constrain multiple molecular and atomic species in the atmospheres of hot giant planets., Comment: 12 pages, 5 Figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Companion paper to Radica et al., 2023

Published
2023
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21. Revisiting radial velocity measurements of the K2-18 system with the line-by-line framework

Author

Michael Radica, Étienne Artigau, David Lafreniére, Charles Cadieux, Neil J Cook, René Doyon, Pedro J Amado, José A Caballero, Thomas Henning, Andreas Quirrenbach, Ansgar Reiners, Ignasi Ribas, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), and European Commission

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, Techniques: radial velocities, Planets and satellites: individual: K2-18, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planets and satellites: detection, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The cross-correlation function and template matching techniques have dominated the world of precision radial velocities for many years. Recently, a new technique, named line-by-line, has been developed as an outlier resistant way to efficiently extract radial velocity content from high resolution spectra. We apply this new method to archival HARPS and CARMENES data sets of the K2-18 system. After reprocessing the HARPS data set with the line-by-line framework, we are able to replicate the findings of previous studies. Furthermore, by splitting the full wavelength range into sub-domains, we were able to identify a systematic chromatic correlation of the radial velocities in the reprocessed CARMENES data set. After post-processing the radial velocities to remove this correlation, as well as rejecting some outlier nights, we robustly uncover the signal of both K2-18 b and K2-18 c, with masses that agree with those found from our analysis of the HARPS data set. We then combine both the HARPS and CARMENES velocities to refine the parameters of both planets, notably resulting in a revised mass and period for K2-18 c of 6.99+0.96−0.99 M⊕ and 9.2072 ± 0.0065 d, respectively. Our work thoroughly demonstrates the power of the line-by-line technique for the extraction of precision radial velocity information. © 2022 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., MR would like to acknowledge funding from the National Sciences and Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), and the Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanétes (iREx) for support towards his doctoral studies. PJA, JAC, and IR acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (AEI-MCIN) and the European FEDER/ERF funds through projects PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PID2019-109522GB-C51/52/53/54, and the Centre of Excellence ‘Severo Ochoa’ and ‘María de Maeztu’ awards to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), Centro de Astrobiología (MDM-2017-0737), and the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CEX2020-001058-M).

Published
2022

22. The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- IV. Aperture Masking Interferometry

Author

Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Peter Tuthill, James P. Lloyd, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Deepashri Thatte, Rachel A. Cooper, Thomas Vandal, Jens Kammerer, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, Benjamin J. S. Pope, Dori Blakely, Loïc Albert, Neil J. Cook, Doug Johnstone, André R. Martel, Kevin Volk, Anthony Soulain, Étienne Artigau, David Lafrenière, Chris J. Willott, Sébastien Parmentier, K. E. Saavik Ford, Barry McKernan, M. Begoña Vila, Neil Rowlands, René Doyon, Mathilde Beaulieu, Louis Desdoigts, Alexander W. Fullerton, Matthew De Furio, Paul Goudfrooij, Sherie T. Holfeltz, Stephanie LaMassa, Michael Maszkiewicz, Michael R. Meyer, Marshall D. Perrin, Laurent Pueyo, Johannes Sahlmann, Sangmo Tony Sohn, Paula S. Teixeira, and Sheng-hai Zheng

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract

The James Webb Space Telescope's Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (JWST-NIRISS) flies a 7-hole non-redundant mask (NRM), the first such interferometer in space, operating at 3-5 \micron~wavelengths, and a bright limit of $\simeq 4$ magnitudes in W2. We describe the NIRISS Aperture Masking Interferometry (AMI) mode to help potential observers understand its underlying principles, present some sample science cases, explain its operational observing strategies, indicate how AMI proposals can be developed with data simulations, and how AMI data can be analyzed. We also present key results from commissioning AMI. Since the allied Kernel Phase Imaging (KPI) technique benefits from AMI operational strategies, we also cover NIRISS KPI methods and analysis techniques, including a new user-friendly KPI pipeline. The NIRISS KPI bright limit is $\simeq 8$ W2 magnitudes. AMI (and KPI) achieve an inner working angle of $\sim 70$ mas that is well inside the $\sim 400$ mas NIRCam inner working angle for its circular occulter coronagraphs at comparable wavelengths., 30 pages, 10 figures

Published
2022

23. NIRPS back-end: design and performance

Author

Simon Thibault, Denis Brousseau, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, Hugues Auger, Francois Wildi, René Doyon, Vladimir Reshetov, Lison Malo, Frédérique Baron, Philippe Vallée, Jonathan St-Antoine, Étienne Artigau, François Bouchy, Danuta Sosnowska, Michaël Sordet, Alex Segovia, Benjamin Kung, and Olivier Hernandez

Published
2022

26. Fiber-fed high-resolution infrared spectroscopy at the diffraction limit with Keck-HISPEC and TMT-MODHIS: status update

Author

Dimitri . Mawet, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Quinn Konopacky, Nemanja Jovanovic, Ashley Baker, Charles Beichman, Rob Bertz, Richard Dekany, Jason Fucik, Mitsuko Roberts, Michael Porter, Rishi Pahuja, Garreth Ruane, Stephanie D. Leifer, Samuel P. Halverson, Aidan Gibbs, Chris Johnson, Evan Kress, Kenneth Magnone, Ji Man Sohn, Eric Wang, Aaron Brown, Jerome Maire, Ben Sappey, David Andersen, Hiroshi Terada, Marc Kassis, Etienne Artigau, Bjorn Benneke, René Doyon, Takayuki Kotani, Motohide Tamura, Thomas Beatty, Peter Plavchan, Tuan Do, Shogo Nishiyama, Jason Wang, and Ji Wang

Published
2022

27. TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136

Author

Tianjun Gan, Abderahmane Soubkiou, Sharon X Wang, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Shude Mao, Étienne Artigau, Pascal Fouqué, Luc Arnold, Steven Giacalone, Christopher A Theissen, Christian Aganze, Adam Burgasser, Karen A Collins, Avi Shporer, Khalid Barkaoui, Mourad Ghachoui, Steve B Howell, Claire Lamman, Olivier D S Demangeon, Artem Burdanov, Charles Cadieux, Jamila Chouqar, Kevin I Collins, Neil J Cook, Laetitia Delrez, Brice-Olivier Demory, René Doyon, Georgina Dransfield, Courtney D Dressing, Elsa Ducrot, Jiahao Fan, Lionel Garcia, Holden Gill, Michaël Gillon, Crystal L Gnilka, Yilen Gómez Maqueo Chew, Maximilian N Günther, Christopher E Henze, Chelsea X Huang, Emmanuel Jehin, Eric L N Jensen, Zitao Lin, Nadine Manset, James McCormac, Catriona A Murray, Prajwal Niraula, Peter P Pedersen, Francisco J Pozuelos, Didier Queloz, Benjamin V Rackham, Arjun B Savel, Nicole Schanche, Richard P Schwarz, Daniel Sebastian, Samantha Thompson, Mathilde Timmermans, Amaury H M J Triaud, Michael Vezie, Robert D Wells, Julien de Wit, George R Ricker, Roland Vanderspek, David W Latham, Sara Seager, Joshua N Winn, Jon M Jenkins, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), planets and satellites: detection, 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 000 Computer science, knowledge & systems, 500 Science, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, stars: individual: TIC 336128819 - TOI-2136, planetary systems, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, QB
Abstract

We present the discovery of TOI-2136b, a sub-Neptune planet transiting every 7.85 days a nearby M4.5V-type star, identified through photometric measurements from the TESS mission. The host star is located $33$ pc away with a radius of $R_{\ast} = 0.34\pm0.02\ R_{\odot}$, a mass of $0.34\pm0.02\ M_{\odot}$ and an effective temperature of $\rm 3342\pm100\ K$. We estimate its stellar rotation period to be $75\pm5$ days based on archival long-term photometry. We confirm and characterize the planet based on a series of ground-based multi-wavelength photometry, high-angular-resolution imaging observations, and precise radial velocities from CFHT/SPIRou. Our joint analysis reveals that the planet has a radius of $2.19\pm0.17\ R_{\oplus}$, and a mass measurement of $6.4\pm2.4\ M_{\oplus}$. The mass and radius of TOI2136b is consistent with a broad range of compositions, from water-ice to gas-dominated worlds. TOI-2136b falls close to the radius valley for low-mass stars predicted by the thermally driven atmospheric mass loss models, making it an interesting target for future studies of its interior structure and atmospheric properties., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, submitted to MNRAS

Published
2022

28. APPLESOSS: A Producer of ProfiLEs for SOSS. Application to the NIRISS SOSS Mode

Author

Michael Radica, Loïc Albert, Jake Taylor, David Lafrenière, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, René Doyon, Neil Cook, Nicolas Cowan, Néstor Espinoza, Doug Johnstone, Lisa Kaltenegger, Caroline Piaulet, Arpita Roy, and Geert Jan Talens

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The SOSS mode of the NIRISS instrument is poised to be one of the workhorse modes for exoplanet atmosphere observations with the newly launched James Webb Space Telescope. One of the challenges of the SOSS mode, however, is the physical overlap of the first two diffraction orders of the G700XD grism on the detector. Recently, the ATOCA algorithm was developed and implemented as an option in the official JWST pipeline, as a method to extract SOSS spectra by decontaminating the detector -- that is, separating the first and second orders. Here, we present APPLESOSS (A Producer of ProfiLEs for SOSS), which generates the spatial profiles for each diffraction order upon which ATOCA relies. We validate APPLESOSS using simulated SOSS time series observations of WASP-52\,b, and compare it to ATOCA extractions using two other spatial profiles (a best and worst case scenario on-sky), as well as a simple box extraction performed without taking into account the order contamination. We demonstrate that APPLESOSS profiles retain a high degree of fidelity to the true underlying spatial profiles, and therefore yield accurate extracted spectra. We further confirm that the effects of the order contamination for relative measurements (e.g., exoplanet transmission or emission observations) is small -- the transmission spectrum obtained from each of our four tests, including the contaminated box extraction, is consistent at the $\sim$1$\sigma$ level with the atmosphere model input into our noiseless simulations. We further confirm via a retrieval analysis that the atmosphere parameters (metallicity and C/O) obtained from each transmission spectrum are consistent with the true underlying values., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures. Published in PASP

Published
2022

29. Correlated Read Noise Reduction in Infrared Arrays Using Deep Learning

Author

Guillaume Payeur, Étienne Artigau, Laurence Perreault Levasseur, and René Doyon

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract

We present a new procedure rooted in deep learning to construct science images from data cubes collected by astronomical instruments using HxRG detectors in low-flux regimes. It improves on the drawbacks of the conventional algorithms to construct 2D images from multiple readouts by using the readout scheme of the detectors to reduce the impact of correlated readout noise. We train a convolutional recurrent neural network on simulated astrophysical scenes added to laboratory darks to estimate the flux on each pixel of science images. This method achieves a reduction of the noise on constructed science images when compared to standard flux-measurement schemes (correlated double sampling, up-the-ramp sampling), which results in a reduction of the error on the spectrum extracted from these science images. Over simulated data cubes created in a low signal-to-noise ratio regime where this method could have the largest impact, we find that the error on our constructed science images falls faster than a $1/\sqrt{N}$ decay, and that the spectrum extracted from the images has, averaged over a test set of three images, a standard error reduced by a factor of 1.85 in comparison to the standard up-the-ramp pixel sampling scheme. The code used in this project is publicly available on GitHub, 17 pages, 16 figures, To be published in Astronomical Journal (Accepted 2022-04-21)

Published
2022

30. SPIRou: NIR velocimetry and spectropolarimetry at the CFHT

Author

L. Parès, M. J. Hobson, F. Dolon, Marielle Lacombe, C. Moutou, Gregory Barrick, S Macdonald, Tom Ray, Pascal Fouqué, B Dubois, S. H. P. Alencar, Xavier Bonfils, John Pazder, Francois Wildi, Étienne Artigau, J Dunn, E Carrié, M Larrieu, D. Kouach, P. Figueira, Bruno Castilho, Tom Benedict, Y Micheau, Stéphane Udry, Simon Thibault, René Doyon, V. Reshetov, Bruno Chazelas, Eder Martioli, Chi-Hung Yan, Nuno C. Santos, Isabelle Boisse, Oscar F. Hernández, Neil Cook, P. Rabou, François Moreau, C Feugeade, R. Sottile, Tom Vermeulen, Leslie Saddlemyer, François Bouchy, Jerome Bouvier, S. Perruchot, G Gallou, Shiang-Yu Wang, F. Henault, Philippe Vallée, Julien Morin, Sébastien Baratchart, A. Carmona, X. Delfosse, M Dupieux, Nicolas Striebig, Marc Baril, Luc Arnold, Z Challita, Francesco Pepe, I Wevers, J.-F. Donati, Lison Malo, Guillaume Hébrard, C Usher, H Valentin, D Kerley, Tilo Steinmetz, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departement de physique and Observatoire du Mont Megantic, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Département de Physique [Montréal], Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (LUPM), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE31-0019,SPlaSH,Recherche de planètes habitables avec SPIRou(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, Planet, law, techniques: radial velocities, stars: magnetic fields, 0103 physical sciences, planetary systems, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, instrumentation: spectrographs, Physics, stars: formation, instrumentation: polarimeters, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Velocimetry, Planetary system, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Exoplanet, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper presents an overview of SPIRou, the new-generation near-infrared spectropolarimeter / precision velocimeter recently installed on the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Starting from the two main science goals, namely the quest for planetary systems around nearby M dwarfs and the study of magnetized star / planet formation, we outline the instrument concept that was designed to efficiently address these forefront topics, and detail the in-lab and on-sky instrument performances measured throughout the intensive testing phase that SPIRou was submitted to before passing the final acceptance review in early 2019 and initiating science observations. With a central position among the newly started programmes, the SPIRou Legacy Survey (SLS) Large Programme was allocated 300 CFHT nights until at least mid 2022. We also briefly describe a few of the first results obtained in the various science topics that SPIRou started investigating, focusing in particular on planetary systems of nearby M dwarfs, transiting exoplanets and their atmospheres, magnetic fields of young stars, but also on alternate science goals like the atmospheres of M dwarfs and the Earth's atmosphere. We finally conclude on the essential role that SPIRou and the CFHT can play in coordination with forthcoming major facilities like the JWST, the ELTs, PLATO and ARIEL over the decade., Comment: MNRAS, in press (20 pages, 18 figures, 1 table)

Published
2020

31. A Possible Alignment Between the Orbits of Planetary Systems and their Visual Binary Companions

Author

Sam Christian, Andrew Vanderburg, Juliette Becker, Daniel A. Yahalomi, Logan Pearce, George Zhou, Karen A. Collins, Adam L. Kraus, Keivan G. Stassun, Zoe de Beurs, George R. Ricker, Roland K. Vanderspek, David W. Latham, Joshua N. Winn, S. Seager, Jon M. Jenkins, Lyu Abe, Karim Agabi, Pedro J. Amado, David Baker, Khalid Barkaoui, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, Paul Benni, John Berberian, Perry Berlind, Allyson Bieryla, Emma Esparza-Borges, Michael Bowen, Peyton Brown, Lars A. Buchhave, Christopher J. Burke, Marco Buttu, Charles Cadieux, Douglas A. Caldwell, David Charbonneau, Nikita Chazov, Sudhish Chimaladinne, Kevin I. Collins, Deven Combs, Dennis M. Conti, Nicolas Crouzet, Jerome P. de Leon, Shila Deljookorani, Brendan Diamond, René Doyon, Diana Dragomir, Georgina Dransfield, Zahra Essack, Phil Evans, Akihiko Fukui, Tianjun Gan, Gilbert A. Esquerdo, Michaël Gillon, Eric Girardin, Pere Guerra, Tristan Guillot, Eleanor Kate K. Habich, Andreea Henriksen, Nora Hoch, Keisuke I Isogai, Emmanuël Jehin, Eric L. N. Jensen, Marshall C. Johnson, John H. Livingston, John F. Kielkopf, Kingsley Kim, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Vadim Krushinsky, Veronica Kunzle, Didier Laloum, Dominic Leger, Pablo Lewin, Franco Mallia, Bob Massey, Mayuko Mori, Kim K. McLeod, Djamel Mékarnia, Ismael Mireles, Nikolay Mishevskiy, Motohide Tamura, Felipe Murgas, Norio Narita, Ramon Naves, Peter Nelson, Hugh P. Osborn, Enric Palle, Hannu Parviainen, Peter Plavchan, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Markus Rabus, Howard M. Relles, Cristina Rodríguez López, Samuel N. Quinn, Francois-Xavier Schmider, Joshua E. Schlieder, Richard P. Schwarz, Avi Shporer, Laurie Sibbald, Gregor Srdoc, Caitlin Stibbards, Hannah Stickler, Olga Suarez, Chris Stockdale, Thiam-Guan Tan, Yuka Terada, Amaury Triaud, Rene Tronsgaard, William C. Waalkes, Gavin Wang, Noriharu Watanabe, Marie-Sainte Wenceslas, Geof Wingham, Justin Wittrock, Carl Ziegler, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Japan Science and Technology Agency

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Visual binary stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Circumstellar disks, Exoplanet evolution, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Wide binary stars, Star-planet interactions, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Full list of authors: Christian, Sam; Vanderburg, Andrew; Becker, Juliette; Yahalomi, Daniel A.; Pearce, Logan; Zhou, George ; Collins, Karen A.; Kraus, Adam L.; Stassun, Keivan G.; de Beurs, Zoe; Ricker, George R.; Vanderspek, Roland K.; Latham, David W.; Winn, Joshua N.; Seager, S.; Jenkins, Jon M.; Abe, Lyu; Agabi, Karim; Amado, Pedro J.; Baker, David; Barkaoui, Khalid; Benkhaldoun, Zouhair; Benni, Paul; Berberian, John; Berlind, Perry; Bieryla, Allyson; Esparza-Borges, Emma; Bowen, Michael; Brown, Peyton; Buchhave, Lars A.; Burke, Christopher J.; Buttu, Marco; Cadieux, Charles; Caldwell, Douglas A.; Charbonneau, David; Chazov, Nikita; Chimaladinne, Sudhish; Collins, Kevin I.; Combs, Deven; Conti, Dennis M.; Crouzet, Nicolas; de Leon, Jerome P.; Deljookorani, Shila; Diamond, Brendan; Doyon, René; Dragomir, Diana; Dransfield, Georgina; Essack, Zahra; Evans, Phil; Fukui, Akihiko; Gan, Tianjun; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Gillon, Michaël; Girardin, Eric; Guerra, Pere; Guillot, Tristan; K. Habich, Eleanor Kate; Henriksen, Andreea; Hoch, Nora; Isogai, Keisuke I.; Jehin, Emmanuël; Jensen, Eric L. N.; Johnson, Marshall C.; Livingston, John H.; Kielkopf, John F.; Kim, Kingsley; Kawauchi, Kiyoe; Krushinsky, Vadim; Kunzle, Veronica; Laloum, Didier; Leger, Dominic; Lewin, Pablo; Mallia, Franco; Massey, Bob; Mori, Mayuko; McLeod, Kim K.; Mékarnia, Djamel; Mireles, Ismael; Mishevskiy, Nikolay; Tamura, Motohide; Murgas, Felipe; Narita, Norio; Naves, Ramon; Nelson, Peter; Osborn, Hugh P.; Palle, Enric; Parviainen, Hannu; Plavchan, Peter; Pozuelos, Francisco J.; Rabus, Markus; Relles, Howard M.; Rodríguez López, Cristina; Quinn, Samuel N.; Schmider, Francois-Xavier; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Schwarz, Richard P.; Shporer, Avi; Sibbald, Laurie; Srdoc, Gregor; Stibbards, Caitlin; Stickler, Hannah; Suarez, Olga; Stockdale, Chris; Tan, Thiam-Guan; Terada, Yuka; Triaud, Amaury; Tronsgaard, Rene; Waalkes, William C.; Wang, Gavin; Watanabe, Noriharu; Wenceslas, Marie-Sainte; Wingham, Geof; Wittrock, Justin; Ziegler, Carl.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Astronomers do not have a complete picture of the effects of wide-binary companions (semimajor axes greater than 100 au) on the formation and evolution of exoplanets. We investigate these effects using new data from Gaia Early Data Release 3 and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission to characterize wide-binary systems with transiting exoplanets. We identify a sample of 67 systems of transiting exoplanet candidates (with well-determined, edge-on orbital inclinations) that reside in wide visual binary systems. We derive limits on orbital parameters for the wide-binary systems and measure the minimum difference in orbital inclination between the binary and planet orbits. We determine that there is statistically significant difference in the inclination distribution of wide-binary systems with transiting planets compared to a control sample, with the probability that the two distributions are the same being 0.0037. This implies that there is an overabundance of planets in binary systems whose orbits are aligned with those of the binary. The overabundance of aligned systems appears to primarily have semimajor axes less than 700 au. We investigate some effects that could cause the alignment and conclude that a torque caused by a misaligned binary companion on the protoplanetary disk is the most promising explanation. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., The IRSF project is a collaboration between Nagoya University and the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (A) (grant Nos. 10147207 and 10147214) and Optical & Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan and the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. JP18H05439, and JST PRESTO grant No. JPMJPR1775, and a University Research Support Grant from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). This work is partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, grant No. JP20J21872. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. JP17H04574. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. JP20K14518, and by Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006. M.T. is supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos. 18H05442, 15H02063, and 22000005. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. JP21K13955. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant No. 20K14521. C.R.-L. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). M.R. acknowledges support from the Universidad Católica de lo Santísima Concepción grant DI-FIAI 03/2021. P.J.A. acknowledges support from grant AYA2016-79425-C3-3-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the Centre of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). This paper is based on observations made with the T150 telescope at the Sierra Nevada Observatory (Granada, Spain), operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA—CSIC). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPIST is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique, FNRS) under the grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liège (Belgium), in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech (Morocco). D.D. acknowledges support from the TESS Guest Investigator Program grant No. 80NSSC19K1727 and NASA Exoplanet Research Program grant No. 18-2XRP18_2-0136. M.G. and E.J. are F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associates. K.K.M. acknowledges support from the New York Community Trust's Fund for Astrophysical Research. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Published
2022

32. TOI-1452 b: SPIRou and TESS Reveal a Super-Earth in a Temperate Orbit Transiting an M4 Dwarf

Author

Charles Cadieux, René Doyon, Mykhaylo Plotnykov, Guillaume Hébrard, Farbod Jahandar, Étienne Artigau, Diana Valencia, Neil J. Cook, Eder Martioli, Thomas Vandal, Jean-François Donati, Ryan Cloutier, Norio Narita, Akihiko Fukui, Teruyuki Hirano, François Bouchy, Nicolas B. Cowan, Erica J. Gonzales, David R. Ciardi, Keivan G. Stassun, Luc Arnold, Björn Benneke, Isabelle Boisse, Xavier Bonfils, Andrés Carmona, Pía Cortés-Zuleta, Xavier Delfosse, Thierry Forveille, Pascal Fouqué, João Gomes da Silva, Jon M. Jenkins, Flavien Kiefer, Ágnes Kóspál, David Lafrenière, Jorge H. C. Martins, Claire Moutou, J.-D. do Nascimento, Merwan Ould-Elhkim, Stefan Pelletier, Joseph D. Twicken, Luke G. Bouma, Scott Cartwright, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Konstantin Grankin, Masahiro Ikoma, Taiki Kagetani, Kiyoe Kawauchi, Takanori Kodama, Takayuki Kotani, David W. Latham, Kristen Menou, George Ricker, Sara Seager, Motohide Tamura, Roland Vanderspek, Noriharu Watanabe, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, and ANR-18-CE31-0019,SPlaSH,Recherche de planètes habitables avec SPIRou(2018)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Exoplanets, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, M dwarf stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Super Earths, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Exploring the properties of exoplanets near or inside the radius valley provides insights on the transition from the rocky super-Earths to the larger, hydrogen-rich atmosphere mini-Neptunes. Here, we report the discovery of TOI-1452 b, a transiting super-Earth ($R_{\rm p} = 1.67 \pm 0.07$ R$_{\oplus}$) in an 11.1--day temperate orbit ($T_{\rm eq} = 326 \pm 7$ K) around the primary member ($H = 10.0$, $T_{\rm eff} = 3185 \pm 50$ K) of a nearby visual binary M dwarf. The transits were first detected by TESS, then successfully isolated between the two $3.2^{\prime\prime}$ companions with ground-based photometry from OMM and MuSCAT3. The planetary nature of TOI-1452 b was established through high-precision velocimetry with the near-infrared SPIRou spectropolarimeter as part of the ongoing SPIRou Legacy Survey. The measured planetary mass ($4.8 \pm 1.3$ M$_{\oplus}$) and inferred bulk density ($5.6^{+1.8}_{-1.6}$ g/cm$^3$) is suggestive of a rocky core surrounded by a volatile-rich envelope. More quantitatively, the mass and radius of TOI-1452 b, combined with the stellar abundance of refractory elements (Fe, Mg and Si) measured by SPIRou, is consistent with a core mass fraction of $18\pm6$ % and a water mass fraction of $22^{+21}_{-13}$%. The water world candidate TOI-1452 b is a prime target for future atmospheric characterization with JWST, featuring a Transmission Spectroscopy Metric similar to other well-known temperate small planets such as LHS 1140 b and K2-18 b. The system is located near Webb's northern Continuous Viewing Zone, implying that is can be followed at almost any moment of the year., Published in The Astronomical Journal

Published
2022
Full Text
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33. Line-by-line velocity measurements, an outlier-resistant method for precision velocimetry

Author

Étienne Artigau, Charles Cadieux, Neil J. Cook, René Doyon, Thomas Vandal, Jean-François Donati, Claire Moutou, Xavier Delfosse, Pascal Fouqué, Eder Martioli, François Bouchy, Jasmine Parsons, Andres Carmona, Xavier Dumusque, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Xavier Bonfils, Lucille Mignon, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a new algorithm for precision radial velocity (pRV) measurements, a line-by-line (LBL) approach designed to handle outlying spectral information in a simple but efficient manner. The effectiveness of the LBL method is demonstrated on two datasets, one obtained with SPIRou on Barnard's star, and the other with HARPS on Proxima Centauri. In the near-infrared, the LBL provides a framework for m/s-level accuracy in pRV measurements despite the challenges associated with telluric absorption and sky emission lines. We confirm with SPIRou measurements spanning 2.7 years that the candidate super-Earth on a 233-day orbit around Barnard's star is an artifact due to a combination of time-sampling and activity. The LBL analysis of the Proxima Centauri HARPS post-upgrade data alone easily recovers the Proxima b signal and also provides a 2-sigma detection of the recently confirmed 5-day Proxima d planet, but argues against the presence of the candidate Proxima c with a period of 1900 days. We provide evidence that the Proxima c signal is associated with small, unaccounted systematic effects affecting the HARPS-TERRA template matching RV extraction method for long-period signals. Finally, the LBL framework provides a very effective activity indicator, akin to the full width at half maximum derived from the cross-correlation function, from which we infer a rotation period of $92.1^{+4.2}_{-3.5}$ days for Proxima., Accepted for publication in AJ

Published
2022
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34. The James Webb Space Telescope Aperture Masking Interferometer

Author

René Doyon, David Lafrenière, Loic Albert, Peter G. Tuthill, Neil Cook, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, A. Soulain, Kevin Volk, Doug Johnstone, Andre Martel, Rachel Cooper, Deepashri Thatte, and Étienne Artigau

Subjects
Interferometry, Observatory, Computer science, James Webb Space Telescope, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Spectrograph, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract

In less than a year, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will inherit the mantle of being the world's pre-eminent infrared observatory. JWST will carry with it an Aperture Masking Interferometer (AMI) as one of the supported operational modes of the Near-InfraRed Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) instrument. Aboard such a powerful platform, the AMI mode will deliver the most advanced and scientifically capable interferometer ever launched into space, exceeding anything that has gone before it by orders of magnitude in sensitivity. Here we present key aspects of the design and commissioning of this facility: data simulations ($\texttt{ami_sim}$), the extraction of interferometeric observables using two different approaches ($\texttt{IMPLANEIA}$ and $\texttt{AMICAL}$), an updated view of AMI's expected performance, and our reference star vetting programs., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, invited paper conference

Published
2022
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35. The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

Author

Jane Rigby, Marshall Perrin, Michael McElwain, Randy Kimble, Scott Friedman, Matt Lallo, René Doyon, Lee Feinberg, Pierre Ferruit, Alistair Glasse, Marcia Rieke, George Rieke, Gillian Wright, Chris Willott, Knicole Colon, Stefanie Milam, Susan Neff, Christopher Stark, Jeff Valenti, Jim Abell, Faith Abney, Yasin Abul-Huda, D. Scott Acton, Evan Adams, David Adler, Jonathan Aguilar, Nasif Ahmed, Loïc Albert, Stacey Alberts, David Aldridge, Marsha Allen, Martin Altenburg, Javier Álvarez-Márquez, Catarina Alves de Oliveira, Greg Andersen, Harry Anderson, Sara Anderson, Ioannis Argyriou, Amber Armstrong, Santiago Arribas, Etienne Artigau, Amanda Arvai, Charles Atkinson, Gregory Bacon, Thomas Bair, Kimberly Banks, Jaclyn Barrientes, Bruce Barringer, Peter Bartosik, William Bast, Pierre Baudoz, Thomas Beatty, Katie Bechtold, Tracy Beck, Eddie Bergeron, Matthew Bergkoetter, Rachana Bhatawdekar, Stephan Birkmann, Ronald Blazek, Claire Blome, Anthony Boccaletti, Torsten Böker, John Boia, Nina Bonaventura, Nicholas Bond, Kari Bosley, Ray Boucarut, Matthew Bourque, Jeroen Bouwman, Gary Bower, Charles Bowers, Martha Boyer, Larry Bradley, Greg Brady, Hannah Braun, David Breda, Pamela Bresnahan, Stacey Bright, Christopher Britt, Asa Bromenschenkel, Brian Brooks, Keira Brooks, Bob Brown, Matthew Brown, Patricia Brown, Andy Bunker, Matthew Burger, Howard Bushouse, Steven Cale, Alex Cameron, Peter Cameron, Alicia Canipe, James Caplinger, Francis Caputo, Mihai Cara, Larkin Carey, Stefano Carniani, Maria Carrasquilla, Margaret Carruthers, Michael Case, Riggs Catherine, Don Chance, George Chapman, Stéphane Charlot, Brian Charlow, Pierre Chayer, Bin Chen, Brian Cherinka, Sarah Chichester, Zack Chilton, Taylor Chonis, Mark Clampin, Charles Clark, Kerry Clark, Dan Coe, Benee Coleman, Brian Comber, Tom Comeau, Dennis Connolly, James Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Eric Coppock, Matteo Correnti, Christophe Cossou, Alain Coulais, Laura Coyle, Misty Cracraft, Mirko Curti, Steven Cuturic, Katherine Davis, Michael Davis, Bruce Dean, Amy DeLisa, Wim deMeester, Nadia Dencheva, Nadezhda Dencheva, Joseph DePasquale, Jeremy Deschenes, Örs Hunor Detre, Rosa Diaz, Dan Dicken, Audrey DiFelice, Matthew Dillman, William Dixon, Jesse Doggett, Tom Donaldson, Rob Douglas, Kimberly DuPrie, Jean Dupuis, John Durning, Nilufar Easmin, Weston Eck, Chinwe Edeani, Eiichi Egami, Ralf Ehrenwinkler, Jonathan Eisenhamer, Michael Eisenhower, Michelle Elie, James Elliott, Kyle Elliott, Tracy Ellis, Michael Engesser, Nestor Espinoza, Odessa Etienne, Mireya Etxaluze, Patrick Falini, Matthew Feeney, Malcolm Ferry, Joseph Filippazzo, Brian Fincham, Mees Fix, Nicolas Flagey, Michael Florian, Jim Flynn, Erin Fontanella, Terrance Ford, Peter Forshay, Ori Fox, David Franz, Henry Fu, Alexander Fullerton, Sergey Galkin, Anthony Galyer, Macarena García Marín, Jonathan P. Gardner, Lisa Gardner, Dennis Garland, Bruce Garrett, Danny Gasman, Andras Gaspar, Daniel Gaudreau, Peter Gauthier, Vincent Geers, Paul Geithner, Mario Gennaro, Giovanna Giardino, Julien Girard, Mark Giuliano, Kirk Glassmire, Adrian Glauser, Stuart Glazer, John Godfrey, David Golimowski, David Gollnitz, Fan Gong, Shireen Gonzaga, Michael Gordon, Karl Gordon, Paul Goudfrooij, Thomas Greene, Matthew Greenhouse, Stefano Grimaldi, Andrew Groebner, Timothy Grundy, Pierre Guillard, Irvin Gutman, Kong Q. Ha, Peter Haderlein, Andria Hagedorn, Kevin Hainline, Craig Haley, Maryam Hami, Forrest Hamilton, Heidi Hammel, Carl Hansen, Tom Harkins, Michael Harr, Jessica Hart, Quyen Hart, George Hartig, Ryan Hashimoto, Sujee Haskins, William Hathaway, Keith Havey, Brian Hayden, Karen Hecht, Chris Heller-Boyer, Caroline Henriques, Alaina Henry, Karl Hermann, Scarlin Hernandez, Brigette Hesman, Brian Hicks, Bryan Hilbert, Dean Hines, Melissa Hoffman, Sherie Holfeltz, Bryan J. Holler, Jennifer Hoppa, Kyle Hott, Joseph M. Howard, Rick Howard, Alexander Hunter, David Hunter, Brendan Hurst, Bernd Husemann, Leah Hustak, Luminita Ilinca Ignat, Garth Illingworth, Sandra Irish, Wallace Jackson, Amir Jahromi, Peter Jakobsen, LeAndrea James, Bryan James, William Januszewski, Ann Jenkins, Hussein Jirdeh, Phillip Johnson, Timothy Johnson, Vicki Jones, Ron Jones, Danny Jones, Olivia Jones, Ian Jordan, Margaret Jordan, Sarah Jurczyk, Alden Jurling, Catherine Kaleida, Phillip Kalmanson, Jens Kammerer, Huijo Kang, Shaw-Hong Kao, Diane Karakla, Patrick Kavanagh, Doug Kelly, Sarah Kendrew, Herbert Kennedy, Deborah Kenny, Ritva Keski-kuha, Charles Keyes, Richard Kidwell, Wayne Kinzel, Jeff Kirk, Mark Kirkpatrick, Danielle Kirshenblat, Pamela Klaassen, Bryan Knapp, J. Scott Knight, Perry Knollenberg, Robert Koehler, Anton Koekemoer, Aiden Kovacs, Trey Kulp, Nimisha Kumari, Mark Kyprianou, Stephanie La Massa, Aurora Labador, Alvaro Labiano, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Charles-Philippe Lajoie, Matthew Lallo, May Lam, Tracy Lamb, Scott Lambros, Richard Lampenfield, James Langston, Kirsten Larson, David Law, Jon Lawrence, David Lee, Jarron Leisenring, Kelly Lepo, Michael Leveille, Nancy Levenson, Marie Levine, Zena Levy, Dan Lewis, Hannah Lewis, Mattia Libralato, Paul Lightsey, Miranda Link, Lily Liu, Amy Lo, Alexandra Lockwood, Ryan Logue, Chris Long, Douglas Long, Charles Loomis, Marcos Lopez-Caniego, Jose Lorenzo Alvarez, Jennifer Love-Pruitt, Adrian Lucy, Nora Luetzgendorf, Peiman Maghami, Roberto Maiolino, Melissa Major, Sunita Malla, Eliot Malumuth, Elena Manjavacas, Crystal Mannfolk, Amanda Marrione, Anthony Marston, André Martel, Marc Maschmann, Gregory Masci, Michaela Masciarelli, Michael Maszkiewicz, John Mather, Kenny McKenzie, Brian McLean, Matthew McMaster, Katie Melbourne, Marcio Meléndez, Michael Menzel, Kaiya Merz, Michele Meyett, Luis Meza, Cherie Miskey, Karl Misselt, Christopher Moller, Jane Morrison, Ernie Morse, Harvey Moseley, Gary Mosier, Matt Mountain, Julio Mueckay, Michael Mueller, Susan Mullally, Jess Murphy, Katherine Murray, Claire Murray, David Mustelier, James Muzerolle, Matthew Mycroft, Richard Myers, Kaila Myrick, Shashvat Nanavati, Elizabeth Nance, Omnarayani Nayak, Bret Naylor, Edmund Nelan, Bryony Nickson, Alethea Nielson, Maria Nieto-Santisteban, Nikolay Nikolov, Alberto Noriega-Crespo, Brian O’Shaughnessy, Brian O’Sullivan, William Ochs, Patrick Ogle, Brenda Oleszczuk, Joseph Olmsted, Shannon Osborne, Richard Ottens, Beverly Owens, Camilla Pacifici, Alyssa Pagan, James Page, Sang Park, Keith Parrish, Polychronis Patapis, Lee Paul, Tyler Pauly, Cheryl Pavlovsky, Andrew Pedder, Matthew Peek, Maria Pena-Guerrero, Konstantin Penanen, Yesenia Perez, Michele Perna, Beth Perriello, Kevin Phillips, Martin Pietraszkiewicz, Jean-Paul Pinaud, Norbert Pirzkal, Joseph Pitman, Aidan Piwowar, Vera Platais, Danielle Player, Rachel Plesha, Joe Pollizi, Ethan Polster, Klaus Pontoppidan, Blair Porterfield, Charles Proffitt, Laurent Pueyo, Christine Pulliam, Brian Quirt, Irma Quispe Neira, Rafael Ramos Alarcon, Leah Ramsay, Greg Rapp, Robert Rapp, Bernard Rauscher, Swara Ravindranath, Timothy Rawle, Michael Regan, Timothy A. Reichard, Carl Reis, Michael E. Ressler, Armin Rest, Paul Reynolds, Timothy Rhue, Karen Richon, Emily Rickman, Michael Ridgaway, Christine Ritchie, Hans-Walter Rix, Massimo Robberto, Gregory Robinson, Michael Robinson, Orion Robinson, Frank Rock, David Rodriguez, Bruno Rodriguez Del Pino, Thomas Roellig, Scott Rohrbach, Anthony Roman, Fred Romelfanger, Perry Rose, Anthony Roteliuk, Marc Roth, Braden Rothwell, Neil Rowlands, Arpita Roy, Pierre Royer, Patricia Royle, Chunlei Rui, Peter Rumler, Joel Runnels, Melissa Russ, Zafar Rustamkulov, Grant Ryden, Holly Ryer, Modhumita Sabata, Derek Sabatke, Elena Sabbi, Bridget Samuelson, Benjamin Sapp, Bradley Sappington, B. Sargent, Arne Sauer, Silvia Scheithauer, Everett Schlawin, Joseph Schlitz, Tyler Schmitz, Analyn Schneider, Jürgen Schreiber, Vonessa Schulze, Ryan Schwab, John Scott, Kenneth Sembach, Clare Shanahan, Bryan Shaughnessy, Richard Shaw, Nanci Shawger, Christopher Shay, Evan Sheehan, Sharon Shen, Allan Sherman, Bernard Shiao, Hsin-Yi Shih, Irene Shivaei, Matthew Sienkiewicz, David Sing, Marco Sirianni, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Joy Skipper, G. C. Sloan, Christine Slocum, Steven Slowinski, Erin Smith, Eric Smith, Denise Smith, Corbett Smith, Gregory Snyder, Warren Soh, Sangmo Tony Sohn, Christian Soto, Richard Spencer, Scott Stallcup, John Stansberry, Carl Starr, Elysia Starr, Alphonso Stewart, Massimo Stiavelli, Amber Straughn, David Strickland, Jeff Stys, Francis Summers, Fengwu Sun, Ben Sunnquist, Daryl Swade, Michael Swam, Robert Swaters, Robby Swoish, Joanna M. Taylor, Rolanda Taylor, Maurice Te Plate, Mason Tea, Kelly Teague, Randal Telfer, Tea Temim, Deepashri Thatte, Christopher Thompson, Linda Thompson, Shaun Thomson, Tuomo Tikkanen, William Tippet, Connor Todd, Sharon Toolan, Hien Tran, Edwin Trejo, Justin Truong, Chris Tsukamoto, Samuel Tustain, Harrison Tyra, Leonardo Ubeda, Kelli Underwood, Michael Uzzo, Julie Van Campen, Thomas Vandal, Bart Vandenbussche, Begoña Vila, Kevin Volk, Glenn Wahlgren, Mark Waldman, Chanda Walker, Michel Wander, Christine Warfield, Gerald Warner, Matthew Wasiak, Mitchell Watkins, Andrew Weaver, Mark Weilert, Nick Weiser, Ben Weiss, Sarah Weissman, Alan Welty, Garrett West, Lauren Wheate, Elizabeth Wheatley, Thomas Wheeler, Rick White, Kevin Whiteaker, Paul Whitehouse, Jennifer Whiteleather, William Whitman, Christina Williams, Christopher Willmer, Scott Willoughby, Andrew Wilson, Gregory Wirth, Emily Wislowski, Erin Wolf, David Wolfe, Schuyler Wolff, Bill Workman, Ray Wright, Carl Wu, Rai Wu, Kristen Wymer, Kayla Yates, Christopher Yeager, Jared Yeates, Ethan Yerger, Jinmi Yoon, Alice Young, Susan Yu, Dean Zak, Peter Zeidler, Julia Zhou, Thomas Zielinski, Cristian Zincke, Stephanie Zonak, Rigby, J., Perrin, M., Mcelwain, M., Kimble, R., Friedman, S., Lallo, M., Doyon, R., Feinberg, L., Ferruit, P., Glasse, A., Rieke, M., Rieke, G., Wright, G., Willott, C., Colon, K., Milam, S., Neff, S., Stark, C., Valenti, J., Abell, J., Abney, F., Abul-Huda, Y., Scott Acton, D., Adams, E., Adler, D., Aguilar, J., Ahmed, N., Albert, L., Alberts, S., Aldridge, D., Allen, M., Altenburg, M., Alvarez-Marquez, J., Alves de Oliveira, C., Andersen, G., Anderson, H., Anderson, S., Argyriou, I., Armstrong, A., Arribas, S., Artigau, E., Arvai, A., Atkinson, C., Bacon, G., Bair, T., Banks, K., Barrientes, J., Barringer, B., Bartosik, P., Bast, W., Baudoz, P., Beatty, T., Bechtold, K., Beck, T., Bergeron, E., Bergkoetter, M., Bhatawdekar, R., Birkmann, S., Blazek, R., Blome, C., Boccaletti, A., Boker, T., Boia, J., Bonaventura, N., Bond, N., Bosley, K., Boucarut, R., Bourque, M., Bouwman, J., Bower, G., Bowers, C., Boyer, M., Bradley, L., Brady, G., Braun, H., Breda, D., Bresnahan, P., Bright, S., Britt, C., Bromenschenkel, A., Brooks, B., Brooks, K., Brown, B., Brown, M., Brown, P., Bunker, A., Burger, M., Bushouse, H., Cale, S., Cameron, A., Cameron, P., Canipe, A., Caplinger, J., Caputo, F., Cara, M., Carey, L., Carniani, S., Carrasquilla, M., Carruthers, M., Case, M., Catherine, R., Chance, D., Chapman, G., Charlot, S., Charlow, B., Chayer, P., Chen, B., Cherinka, B., Chichester, S., Chilton, Z., Chonis, T., Clampin, M., Clark, C., Clark, K., Coe, D., Coleman, B., Comber, B., Comeau, T., Connolly, D., Cooper, J., Cooper, R., Coppock, E., Correnti, M., Cossou, C., Coulais, A., Coyle, L., Cracraft, M., Curti, M., Cuturic, S., Davis, K., Davis, M., Dean, B., Delisa, A., Demeester, W., Dencheva, N., Depasquale, J., Deschenes, J., Hunor Detre, I., Diaz, R., Dicken, D., Difelice, A., Dillman, M., Dixon, W., Doggett, J., Donaldson, T., Douglas, R., Duprie, K., Dupuis, J., Durning, J., Easmin, N., Eck, W., Edeani, C., Egami, E., Ehrenwinkler, R., Eisenhamer, J., Eisenhower, M., Elie, M., Elliott, J., Elliott, K., Ellis, T., Engesser, M., Espinoza, N., Etienne, O., Etxaluze, M., Falini, P., Feeney, M., Ferry, M., Filippazzo, J., Fincham, B., Fix, M., Flagey, N., Florian, M., Flynn, J., Fontanella, E., Ford, T., Forshay, P., Fox, O., Franz, D., Fu, H., Fullerton, A., Galkin, S., Galyer, A., Garcia Marin, M., Gardner, J. P., Gardner, L., Garland, D., Garrett, B., Gasman, D., Gaspar, A., Gaudreau, D., Gauthier, P., Geers, V., Geithner, P., Gennaro, M., Giardino, G., Girard, J., Giuliano, M., Glassmire, K., Glauser, A., Glazer, S., Godfrey, J., Golimowski, D., Gollnitz, D., Gong, F., Gonzaga, S., Gordon, M., Gordon, K., Goudfrooij, P., Greene, T., Greenhouse, M., Grimaldi, S., Groebner, A., Grundy, T., Guillard, P., Gutman, I., Ha, K. Q., Haderlein, P., Hagedorn, A., Hainline, K., Haley, C., Hami, M., Hamilton, F., Hammel, H., Hansen, C., Harkins, T., Harr, M., Hart, J., Hart, Q., Hartig, G., Hashimoto, R., Haskins, S., Hathaway, W., Havey, K., Hayden, B., Hecht, K., Heller-Boyer, C., Henriques, C., Henry, A., Hermann, K., Hernandez, S., Hesman, B., Hicks, B., Hilbert, B., Hines, D., Hoffman, M., Holfeltz, S., Holler, B. J., Hoppa, J., Hott, K., Howard, J. M., Howard, R., Hunter, A., Hunter, D., Hurst, B., Husemann, B., Hustak, L., Ilinca Ignat, L., Illingworth, G., Irish, S., Jackson, W., Jahromi, A., Jakobsen, P., James, L., James, B., Januszewski, W., Jenkins, A., Jirdeh, H., Johnson, P., Johnson, T., Jones, V., Jones, R., Jones, D., Jones, O., Jordan, I., Jordan, M., Jurczyk, S., Jurling, A., Kaleida, C., Kalmanson, P., Kammerer, J., Kang, H., Kao, S. -H., Karakla, D., Kavanagh, P., Kelly, D., Kendrew, S., Kennedy, H., Kenny, D., Keski-Kuha, R., Keyes, C., Kidwell, R., Kinzel, W., Kirk, J., Kirkpatrick, M., Kirshenblat, D., Klaassen, P., Knapp, B., Scott Knight, J., Knollenberg, P., Koehler, R., Koekemoer, A., Kovacs, A., Kulp, T., Kumari, N., Kyprianou, M., La Massa, S., Labador, A., Labiano, A., Lagage, P. -O., Lajoie, C. -P., Lam, M., Lamb, T., Lambros, S., Lampenfield, R., Langston, J., Larson, K., Law, D., Lawrence, J., Lee, D., Leisenring, J., Lepo, K., Leveille, M., Levenson, N., Levine, M., Levy, Z., Lewis, D., Lewis, H., Libralato, M., Lightsey, P., Link, M., Liu, L., Lo, A., Lockwood, A., Logue, R., Long, C., Long, D., Loomis, C., Lopez-Caniego, M., Lorenzo Alvarez, J., Love-Pruitt, J., Lucy, A., Luetzgendorf, N., Maghami, P., Maiolino, R., Major, M., Malla, S., Malumuth, E., Manjavacas, E., Mannfolk, C., Marrione, A., Marston, A., Martel, A., Maschmann, M., Masci, G., Masciarelli, M., Maszkiewicz, M., Mather, J., Mckenzie, K., Mclean, B., Mcmaster, M., Melbourne, K., Melendez, M., Menzel, M., Merz, K., Meyett, M., Meza, L., Miskey, C., Misselt, K., Moller, C., Morrison, J., Morse, E., Moseley, H., Mosier, G., Mountain, M., Mueckay, J., Mueller, M., Mullally, S., Murphy, J., Murray, K., Murray, C., Mustelier, D., Muzerolle, J., Mycroft, M., Myers, R., Myrick, K., Nanavati, S., Nance, E., Nayak, O., Naylor, B., Nelan, E., Nickson, B., Nielson, A., Nieto-Santisteban, M., Nikolov, N., Noriega-Crespo, A., O'Shaughnessy, B., O'Sullivan, B., Ochs, W., Ogle, P., Oleszczuk, B., Olmsted, J., Osborne, S., Ottens, R., Owens, B., Pacifici, C., Pagan, A., Page, J., Park, S., Parrish, K., Patapis, P., Paul, L., Pauly, T., Pavlovsky, C., Pedder, A., Peek, M., Pena-Guerrero, M., Penanen, K., Perez, Y., Perna, M., Perriello, B., Phillips, K., Pietraszkiewicz, M., Pinaud, J. -P., Pirzkal, N., Pitman, J., Piwowar, A., Platais, V., Player, D., Plesha, R., Pollizi, J., Polster, E., Pontoppidan, K., Porterfield, B., Proffitt, C., Pueyo, L., Pulliam, C., Quirt, B., Quispe Neira, I., Ramos Alarcon, R., Ramsay, L., Rapp, G., Rapp, R., Rauscher, B., Ravindranath, S., Rawle, T., Regan, M., Reichard, T. A., Reis, C., Ressler, M. E., Rest, A., Reynolds, P., Rhue, T., Richon, K., Rickman, E., Ridgaway, M., Ritchie, C., Rix, H. -W., Robberto, M., Robinson, G., Robinson, M., Robinson, O., Rock, F., Rodriguez, D., Rodriguez Del Pino, B., Roellig, T., Rohrbach, S., Roman, A., Romelfanger, F., Rose, P., Roteliuk, A., Roth, M., Rothwell, B., Rowlands, N., Roy, A., Royer, P., Royle, P., Rui, C., Rumler, P., Runnels, J., Russ, M., Rustamkulov, Z., Ryden, G., Ryer, H., Sabata, M., Sabatke, D., Sabbi, E., Samuelson, B., Sapp, B., Sappington, B., Sargent, B., Sauer, A., Scheithauer, S., Schlawin, E., Schlitz, J., Schmitz, T., Schneider, A., Schreiber, J., Schulze, V., Schwab, R., Scott, J., Sembach, K., Shanahan, C., Shaughnessy, B., Shaw, R., Shawger, N., Shay, C., Sheehan, E., Shen, S., Sherman, A., Shiao, B., Shih, H. -Y., Shivaei, I., Sienkiewicz, M., Sing, D., Sirianni, M., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Skipper, J., Sloan, G. C., Slocum, C., Slowinski, S., Smith, E., Smith, D., Smith, C., Snyder, G., Soh, W., Tony Sohn, S., Soto, C., Spencer, R., Stallcup, S., Stansberry, J., Starr, C., Starr, E., Stewart, A., Stiavelli, M., Straughn, A., Strickland, D., Stys, J., Summers, F., Sun, F., Sunnquist, B., Swade, D., Swam, M., Swaters, R., Swoish, R., Taylor, J. M., Taylor, R., Te Plate, M., Tea, M., Teague, K., Telfer, R., Temim, T., Thatte, D., Thompson, C., Thompson, L., Thomson, S., Tikkanen, T., Tippet, W., Todd, C., Toolan, S., Tran, H., Trejo, E., Truong, J., Tsukamoto, C., Tustain, S., Tyra, H., Ubeda, L., Underwood, K., Uzzo, M., Van Campen, J., Vandal, T., Vandenbussche, B., Vila, B., Volk, K., Wahlgren, G., Waldman, M., Walker, C., Wander, M., Warfield, C., Warner, G., Wasiak, M., Watkins, M., Weaver, A., Weilert, M., Weiser, N., Weiss, B., Weissman, S., Welty, A., West, G., Wheate, L., Wheatley, E., Wheeler, T., White, R., Whiteaker, K., Whitehouse, P., Whiteleather, J., Whitman, W., Williams, C., Willmer, C., Willoughby, S., Wilson, A., Wirth, G., Wislowski, E., Wolf, E., Wolfe, D., Wolff, S., Workman, B., Wright, R., Wu, C., Wu, R., Wymer, K., Yates, K., Yeager, C., Yeates, J., Yerger, E., Yoon, J., Young, A., Yu, S., Zak, D., Zeidler, P., Zhou, J., Zielinski, T., Zincke, C., Zonak, S., and bibliotheque, la.

Subjects
Science & Technology, Observatories, Infrared astronomy, Astronomical instrumentation, INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH NIRSPEC, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Abstract

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies., Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb293

Published
2022
Full Text
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36. The T Tauri star V410 Tau in the eyes of SPIRou and TESS

Author

C. Moutou, Pascal Fouqué, L. Lehmann, X. Delfosse, S. H. P. Alencar, B. Finociety, Jerome Bouvier, René Doyon, J.-F. Donati, B. Zaire, L. Yu, Baptiste Klein, Guillaume Hébrard, K. N. Grankin, Francois Menard, Étienne Artigau, Moira Jardine, Ágnes Kóspál, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Brightness, T-NDAS, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, polarimetric [Techniques], 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Photometry (optics), Planet, law, 0103 physical sciences, QB Astronomy, Differential rotation, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, individual: V410 Tau [Stars], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radial velocity, magnetic field [Stars], T Tauri star, QC Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], imaging [Stars], Polar, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, activity [Stars], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We report results of a spectropolarimetric and photometric monitoring of the weak-line T Tauri star V410 Tau based on data collected mostly with SPIRou, the near-infrared (NIR) spectropolarimeter recently installed at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, as part of the SPIRou Legacy Survey large programme, and with TESS between October and December 2019. Using Zeeman-Doppler Imaging (ZDI), we obtained the first maps of photospheric brightness and large-scale magnetic field at the surface of this young star derived from NIR spectropolarimetric data. For the first time, ZDI is also simultaneously applied to high-resolution spectropolarimetric data and very-high-precision photometry. V410 Tau hosts both dark and bright surface features and magnetic regions similar to those previously imaged with ZDI from optical data, except for the absence of a prominent dark polar spot. The brightness distribution is significantly less contrasted than its optical equivalent, as expected from the difference in wavelength. The large-scale magnetic field (~410 G), found to be mainly poloidal, features a dipole of ~390 G, again compatible with previous studies at optical wavelengths. NIR data yield a surface differential rotation slightly weaker than that estimated in the optical at previous epochs. Finally, we measured the radial velocity of the star and filtered out the stellar activity jitter using both ZDI and Gaussian Process Regression down to a precision of ~0.15 and 0.08 $\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ RMS, respectively, confirming the previously published upper limit on the mass of a potential close-in massive planet around V410 Tau., 19 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2021

37. GJ 367b: A dense, ultrashort-period sub-Earth planet transiting a nearby red dwarf star

Author

Jeffrey C. Smith, Philipp Eigmüller, Edward H. Morgan, Sebastiano Padovan, Massimiliano Esposito, Felipe Murgas, Robert L. Morris, Jessie L. Christiansen, Jan Subjak, Alexander Chaushev, Rafael Luque, William D. Cochran, Iskra Georgieva, Nuno C. Santos, Enric Palle, Damien Ségransan, Malcolm Fridlund, George R. Ricker, René Doyon, Priyanka Chaturvedi, Samuel N. Quinn, Vincent Van Eylen, Judith Korth, Marshall C. Johnson, Guillaume Gaisné, Hannah L. M. Osborne, Michel Mayor, Eike W. Guenther, Pablo Lewin, Joshua E. Schlieder, Norio Narita, Oscar Barragán, Etienne Artigau, Thierry Forveille, Roland Vanderspek, Joshua N. Winn, Simon Albrecht, Artie P. Hatzes, Juan Cabrera, E. Goffo, Jack J. Lissauer, Steve B. Howell, P. Figueira, José R. De Meideiros, Joseph D. Twicken, David Charbonneau, Szilard Csizmadia, Savita Mathur, Alexis M. S. Smith, Seth Redfield, Sascha Grziwa, Luisa M. Serrano, Xavier Delfosse, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Fei Dai, Rafael A. García, Stéphane Udry, Jon M. Jenkins, Petr Kabath, Emil Knudstrup, Kristine W F Lam, Francesco Pepe, François Bouchy, Coel Hellier, Carina M. Persson, Davide Gandolfi, Jose M Almenara, Sara Seager, Karen A. Collins, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Heike Rauer, David W. Latham, Teruyuki Hirano, Michael Vezie, John H. Livingston, Claudio Melo, Christophe Lovis, and X. Bonfils

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Multidisciplinary, Red dwarf, Astronomy, ASTRONOMY, FOS: Physical sciences, Star (graph theory), Sub-Earth, Planet, QB460, Period (geology), Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, PLANET SCI, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology, QB600, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, QB, QB799
Abstract

Ultra-short-period (USP) exoplanets have orbital periods shorter than one day. Precise masses and radii of USPs could provide constraints on their unknown formation and evolution processes. We report the detection and characterization of the USP planet GJ 367b using high precision photometry and radial velocity observations. GJ 367b orbits a bright (V-band magnitude = 10.2), nearby, red (M-type) dwarf star every 7.7 hours. GJ 367b has a radius of $0.718 \pm 0.054$ Earth-radii, a mass of $0.546 \pm 0.078$ Earth-masses, making it a sub-Earth. The corresponding bulk density is $8.106 \pm 2.165$ g cm$^-3$, close to that of iron. An interior structure model predicts the planet has an iron core radius fraction of $86 \pm 5\%$, similar to Mercury's interior., Comment: Note: "This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science , (2021-12-03), doi: 10.1126/science.aay3253"

Published
2021

38. Characterizing Exoplanetary Atmospheres at High Resolution with SPIRou: Detection of Water on HD 189733 b

Author

Ray Jayawardhana, Pascal Fouqué, Romain Allart, Claire Moutou, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Michael Radica, David Lafrenière, Baptiste Klein, J. H. C. Martins, Nuno C. Santos, Ryan Cloutier, João Gomes da Silva, Emily Deibert, Vincent Bourrier, Christophe Lovis, Étienne Artigau, Pedro Figueira, Jean-François Donati, Anne Boucher, Xavier Bonfils, Björn Benneke, Eder Martioli, René Doyon, Xavier Delfosse, Thierry Forveille, Jonathan Gagné, Stefan Pelletier, Guillaume Hébrard, Luc Arnold, Eric Gaidos, David Ehrenreich, Neil Cook, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE31-0019,SPlaSH,Recherche de planètes habitables avec SPIRou(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Atmosphere, Telescope, Planet, law, 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, Mixing ratio, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Transit (astronomy), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Bar (unit)
Abstract

We present the first exoplanet atmosphere detection made as part of the SPIRou Legacy Survey, a Large Observing Program of 300 nights exploiting the capabilities of SPIRou, the new near-infrared high-resolution (R ~ 70 000) spectro-polarimeter installed on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT; 3.6-m). We observed two transits of HD 189733, an extensively studied hot Jupiter that is known to show prominent water vapor absorption in its transmission spectrum. When combining the two transits, we successfully detect the planet's water vapor absorption at 5.9 sigma using a cross-correlation t-test, or with a Delta BIC >10 using a log-likelihood calculation. Using a Bayesian retrieval framework assuming a parametrized T-P profile atmosphere models, we constrain the planet atmosphere parameters, in the region probed by our transmission spectrum, to the following values: VMR[H2O] = -4.4^{+0.4}_{-0.4}, and P_cloud >~ 0.2 bar (grey clouds), both of which are consistent with previous studies of this planet. Our retrieved water volume mixing ratio is slightly sub-solar although, combining it with the previously retrieved super-solar CO abundances from other studies would imply super-solar C/O ratio. We furthermore measure a net blue shift of the planet signal of -4.62^{+0.46}_{-0.44} km s-1, which is somewhat larger than many previous measurements and unlikely to result solely from winds in the planet's atmosphere, although it could possibly be explained by a transit signal dominated by the trailing limb of the planet. This large blue shift is observed in all the different detection/retrieval methods that were performed and in each of the two transits independently., 24 pages, 12 figures; accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Published
2021

39. Masses and compositions of three small planets orbiting the nearby M dwarf L231-32 (TOI-270) and the M dwarf radius valley

Author

V. Van Eylen, M. Esposito, D. A. Caldwell, Sara Seager, David Charbonneau, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, René Doyon, K. W. F. Lam, J. R. De Medeiros, Xavier Bonfils, Carina M. Persson, Nuno C. Santos, Judith Korth, A. Suárez Mascareño, Fei Dai, Teriyuki Hirano, C. Lovis, Enric Palle, Norio Narita, Francesco Pepe, A. P. Hatzes, Jon M. Jenkins, Hannah L. M. Osborne, Anders Bo Justesen, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Felipe Murgas, J. Cabrera, Iskra Georgieva, Davide Gandolfi, Savita Mathur, Grzegorz Nowak, Gábor Fűrész, E. Goffo, X. Delfosse, Eike W. Guenther, David W. Latham, François Bouchy, Baptiste Lavie, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Étienne Artigau, C. S. K. Ho, Ronald E. Mennickent, Stéphane Udry, Petr Kabath, John H. Livingston, T. Forveille, Roland Vanderspek, George R. Ricker, James E. Owen, Seth Redfield, J. D. Twicken, B. Campos Estrada, J. Šubjak, William D. Cochran, Mario Damasso, Daniel Foreman-Mackey, Simon Albrecht, S. Grziwa, Jose-Manuel Almenara, Joshua N. Winn, Susan E. Mullally, L. M. Serrano, P. Figueira, Alexis M. S. Smith, M. Fridlund, Oscar Barragán, S. C. C. Barros, Rafael Luque, Szilard Csizmadia, Emil Knudstrup, Priyanka Chaturvedi, University College of London [London] (UCL), Universidad de Concepción [Chile], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Children's Hospital of Leeds, Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], University of Warwick [Coventry], Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, The Royal Society, and Commission of the European Communities

Subjects
Fundamental Parameters, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, planets and satellites: individual, Formation, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, planets and satellites: formation, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, composition [planets and satellites], 10. No inequality, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, individual: L231-32 [planets and satellites], Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), STAR, planets and satellites: composition, Planets and Satellites, formation [planets and satellites], Radius, Orbital period, Photoevaporation, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, EVAPORATION, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physical Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Composition, EXOPLANET, Outer planets, KEPLER, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Individual, SUPER-EARTH, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, planets and satellites: individual: L231-32, fundamental parameters [planets and satellites], SEARCH, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, SURFACE ROTATION, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Science & Technology, ERROR-CORRECTION, Astronomy and Astrophysics, VELOCITY, STELLAR, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, L231-32, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on precise Doppler measurements of L231-32 (TOI-270), a nearby M dwarf ($d=22$ pc, $M_\star = 0.39$ M$_\odot$, $R_\star = 0.38$ R$_\odot$), which hosts three transiting planets that were recently discovered using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The three planets are 1.2, 2.4, and 2.1 times the size of Earth and have orbital periods of 3.4, 5.7, and 11.4 days. We obtained 29 high-resolution optical spectra with the newly commissioned Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) and 58 spectra using the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS). From these observations, we find the masses of the planets to be $1.58 \pm 0.26$, $6.15 \pm 0.37$, and $4.78 \pm 0.43$ M$_\oplus$, respectively. The combination of radius and mass measurements suggests that the innermost planet has a rocky composition similar to that of Earth, while the outer two planets have lower densities. Thus, the inner planet and the outer planets are on opposite sides of the `radius valley' -- a region in the radius-period diagram with relatively few members, which has been interpreted as a consequence of atmospheric photo-evaporation. We place these findings into the context of other small close-in planets orbiting M dwarf stars, and use support vector machines to determine the location and slope of the M dwarf ($T_\mathrm{eff} < 4000$ K) radius valley as a function of orbital period. We compare the location of the M dwarf radius valley to the radius valley observed for FGK stars, and find that its location is a good match to photo-evaporation and core-powered mass loss models. Finally, we show that planets below the M dwarf radius valley have compositions consistent with stripped rocky cores, whereas most planets above have a lower density consistent with the presence of a H-He atmosphere., Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2021

40. TOI-674b: An oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf

Author

Xavier Bonfils, Michael W. Werner, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Jon M. Jenkins, George R. Ricker, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Eric L. N. Jensen, David R. Ciardi, Emmanuel Jehin, Judith Korth, David W. Latham, Farisa Y. Morales, Ismael Mireles, Keivan G. Stassun, Étienne Artigau, Rodrigo F. Díaz, J. Orell-Miquel, Pedro Figueira, Stéphane Udry, René Doyon, X. Delfosse, Jack J. Lissauer, Francesco Pepe, Damien Ségransan, Nuno C. Santos, Christophe Lovis, Peter Tenenbaum, Elisa V. Quintana, Björn Benneke, Rachel A. Matson, Jose-Manuel Almenara, Felipe Murgas, Douglas A. Caldwell, Kevin I. Collins, Phil Evans, C. E. Brasseur, Stephen R. Kane, François Bouchy, David Charbonneau, G. Morello, Roland Vanderspek, Charles Beichman, Elisabeth Matthews, T. Forveille, Khalid Barkaoui, Sara Seager, Diana Dragomir, Erica J. Gonzales, Robert F. Goeke, G. Gaisne, Joshua E. Schlieder, John H. Livingston, Natalia Guerrero, Claudio Melo, Alan M. Levine, Joshua N. Winn, Steve B. Howell, Michaël Gillon, Francisco J. Pozuelos, Jason D. Eastman, Varoujan Gorjian, Karen A. Collins, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Departamento de Matemática y Fı́sica Aplicadas [Concepcion] (DMFA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Children's Hospital of Leeds

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, GASEOUS PLANETS [PLANETS AND SATELLITES], FOS: Physical sciences, RADIAL VELOCITIES [TECHNIQUES], Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Planet, 0103 physical sciences, GENERAL [PLANETS AND SATELLITES], PLANETARY SYSTEMS, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, INDIVIDUAL: TOI-674 [STARS], Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Orbital elements, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], PHOTOMETRIC [TECHNIQUES], Light curve, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Planetary mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We use TESS, Spitzer, ground-based light curves and HARPS spectrograph radial velocity measurements to establish the physical properties of the transiting exoplanet candidate TOI-674b. We perform a joint fit of the light curves and radial velocity time series to measure the mass, radius, and orbital parameters of the candidate. We confirm and characterize TOI-674b, a low-density super-Neptune transiting a nearby M dwarf. The host star (TIC 158588995, $V = 14.2$ mag, $J = 10.3$ mag) is characterized by its M2V spectral type with $\mathrm{M}_\star=0.420\pm 0.010$ M$_\odot$, $\mathrm{R}_\star = 0.420\pm 0.013$ R$_\odot$, and $\mathrm{T}_{\mathrm{eff}} = 3514\pm 57$ K, and is located at a distance $d=46.16 \pm 0.03$ pc. Combining the available transit light curves plus radial velocity measurements and jointly fitting a circular orbit model, we find an orbital period of $1.977143 \pm 3\times 10^{-6}$ days, a planetary radius of $5.25 \pm 0.17$ $\mathrm{R}_\oplus$, and a mass of $23.6 \pm 3.3$ $\mathrm{M}_\oplus$ implying a mean density of $\rho_\mathrm{p} = 0.91 \pm 0.15$ [g cm$^{-3}$]. A non-circular orbit model fit delivers similar planetary mass and radius values within the uncertainties. Given the measured planetary radius and mass, TOI-674b is one of the largest and most massive super-Neptune class planets discovered around an M type star to date. It is also a resident of the so-called Neptunian desert and a promising candidate for atmospheric characterisation using the James Webb Space Telescope., Comment: 22 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021

41. APERO: A PipelinE to Reduce Observations—Demonstration with SPIRou

Author

Neil James Cook, Étienne Artigau, René Doyon, Melissa Hobson, Eder Martioli, François Bouchy, Claire Moutou, Andres Carmona, Chris Usher, Pascal Fouqué, Luc Arnold, Xavier Delfosse, Isabelle Boisse, Charles Cadieux, Thomas Vandal, Jean-François Donati, Ariane Deslières, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Radial velocity, Near infrared astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomy data reduction, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Calibration, Spectropolarimetry, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Spectroscopy, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

With the maturation of near-infrared high-resolution spectroscopy, especially when used for precision radial velocity, data reduction has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of how one goes from raw data to calibrated, extracted, and corrected data with required precisions of thousandths of a pixel. Here we present APERO (A PipelinE to Reduce Observations), specifically focused on SPIRou, the near-infrared spectropolarimeter on the Canada--France--Hawaii Telescope (SPectropolarim\`etre InfraROUge, CFHT). In this paper, we give an overview of APERO and detail the reduction procedure for SPIRou. APERO delivers telluric-corrected 2D and 1D spectra as well as polarimetry products. APERO enables precise stable radial velocity measurements on sky (via the LBL algorithm), good to at least ~2 m/s over the current 5-year lifetime of SPIRou., Comment: Accepted for publication in PASP. 55 pages, 29 figures, 10 pages of Appendices

Published
2022

42. The Sparkler: Evolved High-redshift Globular Cluster Candidates Captured by JWST

Author

Lamiya Mowla, Kartheik G. Iyer, Guillaume Desprez, Vicente Estrada-Carpenter, Nicholas S. Martis, Gaël Noirot, Ghassan T. Sarrouh, Victoria Strait, Yoshihisa Asada, Roberto G. Abraham, Gabriel Brammer, Marcin Sawicki, Chris J. Willott, Marusa Bradac, René Doyon, Adam Muzzin, Camilla Pacifici, Swara Ravindranath, and Johannes Zabl

Subjects
GALAXIES, SPECTROSCOPY, STAR, Space and Planetary Science, LARGE-MAGELLANIC-CLOUD, Astronomy and Astrophysics, PROPAGATION, KINEMATICS, MASS, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION, EVOLUTION, UNCERTAINTIES
Abstract

Using data from JWST, we analyse the compact sources (“sparkles”) located around a remarkable z spec = 1.378 galaxy (the ‘Sparkler) that is strongly gravitationally lensed by the z = 0.39 galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3-7327. Several of these compact sources can be cross-identified in multiple images, making it clear that they are associated with the host galaxy. Combining data from JWSTs Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) with archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we perform 0.4–4.4 μm photometry on these objects, finding several of them to be very red and consistent with the colors of quenched, old stellar systems. Morphological fits confirm that these red sources are spatially unresolved even in the strongly magnified JWST/NIRCam images, while the JWST/NIRISS spectra show [Oiii] λ5007 emission in the body of the Sparkler but no indication of star formation in the red compact sparkles. The most natural interpretation of these compact red companions to the Sparkler is that they are evolved globular clusters seen at z = 1.378. Applying Dense Basis spectral energy distribution fitting to the sample, we infer formation redshifts of z form ∼ 7–11 for these globular cluster candidates, corresponding to ages of ∼3.9–4.1 Gyr at the epoch of observation and a formation time just ∼0.5 Gyr after the Big Bang. If confirmed with additional spectroscopy, these red, compact sparkles represent the first evolved globular clusters found at high redshift, which could be among the earliest observed objects to have quenched their star formation in the universe, and may open a new window into understanding globular cluster formation. Data and code to reproduce our results will be made available at http://canucs-jwst.com/sparkler.html.

Published
2022

43. ATOCA: an Algorithm to Treat Order Contamination. Application to the NIRISS SOSS Mode

Author

Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Loïc Albert, Geert Jan Talens, David Lafrenière, Michael Radica, René Doyon, Neil J. Cook, Jason F. Rowe, Romain Allart, Étienne Artigau, Björn Benneke, Nicolas Cowan, Lisa Dang, Néstor Espinoza, Doug Johnstone, Lisa Kaltenegger, Olivia Lim, Tyler Pauly, Stefan Pelletier, Caroline Piaulet, Arpita Roy, Pierre-Alexis Roy, Jared Splinter, Jake Taylor, and Jake D. Turner

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

After a successful launch, the James Webb Space Telescope is preparing to undertake one of its principal missions, the characterization of the atmospheres of exoplanets. The Single Object Slitless Spectroscopy (SOSS) mode of the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) is the only observing mode that has been specifically designed for this objective. It features a wide simultaneous spectral range (0.6--2.8\,\micron) through two spectral diffraction orders. However, due to mechanical constraints, these two orders overlap slightly over a short range, potentially introducing a ``contamination'' signal in the extracted spectrum. We show that for a typical box extraction, this contaminating signal amounts to 1\% or less over the 1.6--2.8\,\micron\ range (order 1), and up to 1\% over the 0.85--0.95\,\micron\ range (order 2). For observations of exoplanet atmospheres (transits, eclipses or phase curves) where only temporal variations in flux matter, the contamination signal typically biases the results by order of 1\% of the planetary atmosphere spectral features strength. To address this problem, we developed the Algorithm to Treat Order ContAmination (ATOCA). By constructing a linear model of each pixel on the detector, treating the underlying incident spectrum as a free variable, ATOCA is able to perform a simultaneous extraction of both orders. We show that, given appropriate estimates of the spatial trace profiles, the throughputs, the wavelength solutions, as well as the spectral resolution kernels for each order, it is possible to obtain an extracted spectrum accurate to within 10\,ppm over the full spectral range., Comment: Submitted to PASP. 22 pages, 12 figures

Published
2022

44. Where Is the Water? Jupiter-like C/H Ratio but Strong H 2 O Depletion Found on τ Boötis b Using SPIRou

Author

Neil Cook, Charles Cadieux, Claire Moutou, David Lafrenière, J. H. C. Martins, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, Guillaume Hébrard, Stefan Pelletier, Simon Delisle, Romain Allart, Pascal Fouqué, Jean-François Donati, Björn Benneke, Caroline Piaulet, Anne Boucher, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Étienne Artigau, René Doyon, Thomas Vandal, Eder Martioli, Xavier Delfosse, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-18-CE31-0019,SPlaSH,Recherche de planètes habitables avec SPIRou(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Molecular spectroscopy, 01 natural sciences, Astronomical instrumentation, Jupiter, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The present-day envelope of gaseous planets is a relic of how these giant planets originated and evolved. Measuring their elemental composition therefore presents a powerful opportunity to answer long-standing questions regarding planet formation. Obtaining precise observational constraints on the elemental inventory of giant exoplanets has, however, remained challenging due to the limited simultaneous wavelength coverage of current space-based instruments. Here, we present thermal emission observations of the non-transiting hot Jupiter $\tau$ Boo b using the new wide wavelength coverage (0.95$-$2.50$\,\mu$m) and high spectral resolution ($R=70\,000$) SPIRou spectrograph. By combining a total of 20 hours of SPIRou data obtained over five nights in a full atmospheric retrieval framework designed for high-resolution data, we constrain the abundances of all the major oxygen- and carbon-bearing molecules and recover a non-inverted temperature structure using a new free-shape, nonparametric TP profile retrieval approach. We find a volume mixing ratio of log(CO)$\,\,=-2.46_{-0.29}^{+0.25}$ and a highly depleted water abundance of less than $0.0072$ times the value expected for a solar composition envelope. Combined with upper limits on the abundances of CH$_4$, CO$_2$, HCN, TiO, and C$_2$H$_2$, this results in a gas-phase C/H ratio of 5.85$_{-2.82}^{+4.44}\times\,$solar, consistent with the value of Jupiter, and an envelope C/O ratio robustly greater than 0.60, even when taking into account the oxygen that may be sequestered out of the gas-phase. Combined, the inferred super-solar C/H, O/H, and C/O ratios on $\tau$ Boo b support a formation scenario beyond the water snowline in a disk enriched in CO due to pebble drift., Comment: 27 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal

Published
2021

45. NIRPS: the Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher joining HARPS on the 3.6-m

Author

Nolan Grieves, François Bouchy, René Doyon, Etienne Artigau, Lison Malo, Danuta Sosnowska, François Wildi, Nicolas Blind, Michael Sordet, and Alex Segovia

Abstract

The Near-InfraRed Planet Searcher (NIRPS) is designed to be an ultra-stable infrared spectrograph to be installed on ESO’s 3.6 m Telescope in La Silla, Chile. NIRPS is an adaptive optics (AO) fiber-fed spectrograph operating from 0.98 to 1.8 μm and will be operated simultaneously with the optical high-resolution spectrograph HARPS. NIRPS can operate in two modes fed by two different fiber links permanently mounted at the Cassegrain focus that use either 0.4 arcsecond-fibers for the High Accuracy Mode (HAM) or 0.9 arcsecond-fibers for the High Efficiency Mode (HEM). The wavelength range of NIRPS is optimal for low-mass M dwarfs and the simultaneous NIRPS and HARPS observations will improve stellar activity filtering methods given their different wavelength coverages. The NIRPS front-end and AO system were already tested on-sky at La Silla. The spectrograph and back-end is being shipped to La Silla and installed in Summer/Fall 2021. Already we have adapted the state-of-the-art ESPRESSO data reduction pipeline for NIRPS, obtained accurate wavelength solutions with a Uranium Neon lamp, and obtained drift stability results below 50 cm/s with a Fabry–Pérot etalon. We discuss the current and expected instrument performance and the expected results of NIRPS.

Published
2021

46. An ultra-short-period transiting super-Earth orbiting the M3 dwarf TOI-1685

Author

Diana Kossakowski, Roland Vanderspek, Norio Narita, Martin Kürster, E. González-Álvarez, A. P. Hatzes, Felipe Murgas, V. M. Passegger, John F. Kielkopf, David Lafrenière, Eric L. N. Jensen, P. Bluhm, R. Cloutier, Adrian Kaminski, Enric Palle, George R. Ricker, Stefan Dreizler, Víctor J. S. Béjar, Jorge Lillo-Box, P. Schöfer, K. I. Collins, S. V. Jeffers, D. Montes, Pedro J. Amado, S. Stock, A. Fukui, Motohide Tamura, Sabine Reffert, Peyton Brown, Rafael Luque, Charles Cadieux, Juan Carlos Morales, J. Kemmer, Karan Molaverdikhani, Jon M. Jenkins, Karen A. Collins, Trifon Trifonov, M. G. Soto, N. Kusakabe, René Doyon, Ansgar Reiners, Sara Seager, Jose A. Caballero, Keith Horne, Andreas Schweitzer, Mathias Zechmeister, Andreas Quirrenbach, Richard P. Schwarz, Néstor Espinoza, Joshua N. Winn, Ignasi Ribas, Th. Henning, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, M. Cortés-Contreras, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Science & Technology Facilities Council, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, and University of St Andrews. St Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science

Subjects
Astrofísica, Population, individual: TOI-1685 [Stars], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Stars: late-type, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, QB Astronomy, Transit (astronomy), education, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, education.field_of_study, Super-Earth, radial velocities [Techniques], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, photometric [Techniques], Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3rd-DAS, Planetary system, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, Astronomía, QC Physics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, late-type [Stars], Techniques: radial velocities, Techniques: photometric, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Stars: individual: TOI-1685
Abstract

Full list of authors: Bluhm, P.; Pallé, E.; Molaverdikhani, K.; Kemmer, J.; Hatzes, A. P.; Kossakowski, D.; Stock, S.; Caballero, J. A.; Lillo-Box, J.; Béjar, V. J. S.; Soto, M. G.; Amado, P. J.; Brown, P.; Cadieux, C.; Cloutier, R.; Collins, K. A.; Collins, K. I.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Doyon, R.; Dreizler, S.; Espinoza, N.; Fukui, A.; González-Álvarez, E.; Henning, Th.; Horne, K.; Jeffers, S. V.; Jenkins, J. M.; Jensen, E. L. N.; Kaminski, A.; Kielkopf, J. F.; Kusakabe, N.; Kürster, M.; Lafrenière, D.; Luque, R.; Murgas, F.; Montes, D.; Morales, J. C.; Narita, N.; Passegger, V. M.; Quirrenbach, A.; Schöfer, P.; Reffert, S.; Reiners, A.; Ribas, I.; Ricker, G. R.; Seager, S.; Schweitzer, A.; Schwarz, R. P.; Tamura, M.; Trifonov, T.; Vanderspek, R.; Winn, J.; Zechmeister, M.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Dynamical histories of planetary systems, as well as the atmospheric evolution of highly irradiated planets, can be studied by characterizing the ultra-short-period planet population, which the TESS mission is particularly well suited to discover. Here, we report on the follow-up of a transit signal detected in the TESS sector 19 photometric time series of the M3.0 V star TOI-1685 (2MASS J04342248+4302148). We confirm the planetary nature of the transit signal, which has a period of Pb = 0.6691403-0.0000021+0.0000023 d, using precise radial velocity measurements taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. From the joint photometry and radial velocity analysis, we estimate the following parameters for TOI-1685 b: a mass of Mb = 3.78-0.63+0.63 M? , a radius of Rb = 1.70-0.07+0.07 R? , which together result in a bulk density of ρb = 4.21-0.82+0.95 g cm-3, and an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 1069-16+16 K. TOI-1685 b is the least dense ultra-short-period planet around an M dwarf known to date. TOI-1685 b is also one of the hottest transiting super-Earth planets with accurate dynamical mass measurements, which makes it a particularly attractive target for thermal emission spectroscopy. Additionally, we report with moderate evidence an additional non-transiting planet candidate in the system, TOI-1685 [c], which has an orbital period of Pc = 9.02-0.12+0.10 d. © ESO 2021., CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almería, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andalucía and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC). CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Landessternwarte Königstuhl, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, Institut für Astrophysik Göttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Cen tro de Astrobiología and Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Württemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucía. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and the ERDF through projects PID2019-109522GB- C5[1:4]/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, and the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” and “María de Maeztu” awards to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (SEV-2015-0548), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), and Centro de Astro biología (MDM-2017-0737), the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme,“la Caixa” Foundation (100010434), European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agree ment No. 847 648 (LCF/BQ/PI20/11760023), a University Research Support Grant from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, JSPS KAKENHI (JP15H02063, JP18H01265, JP18H05439, JP18H05442, and JP22000005), JST PRESTO (JPMJPR1775), UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/R000824/1), and NASA (NNX17AG24G) This article is based on obser vations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, at Telescopio Carlos Sánchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide, with the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, financed by Université de Montréal, Université Laval, the National Sciences and Engineer ing Council of Canada, the Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la Nature et les technologies, and the Canada Economic Development program, and with the LCOGT network. LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program , which is funded by NSF. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronau tics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This research also made use of AstroImageJ, and TAPIR, and the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.

Published
2021

47. TOI-269 b: an eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA

Author

Sara Seager, Eric B. Ting, Felipe Murgas, Nicholas M. Law, D. Maurel, S. Curaba, Tianjun Gan, S. Rochat, Richard G. West, George R. Ricker, Francesco Pepe, René Doyon, P. Kern, Coel Hellier, Jon M. Jenkins, Thibaut Moulin, I. C. Leão, G. Gaisne, Caroline Dorn, Xavier Bonfils, Laurent Jocou, Yves Magnard, J.-J. Correia, Eric Stadler, P. Rabou, C. Melo, Joshua N. Winn, C. Ziegler, J. D. Twicken, C. Lovis, Karen A. Collins, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, B. L. Canto Martins, Aurélien Wyttenbach, X. Delfosse, Alain Roux, Kevin I. Collins, Alain Delboulbé, J. F. Otegi, David R. Anderson, Jose-Manuel Almenara, William Waalkes, Ravit Helled, Marion Cointepas, François Bouchy, J. R. De Medeiros, Roland Vanderspek, Étienne Artigau, David Charbonneau, Pedro Figueira, T. Forveille, David W. Latham, L. Gluck, David R. Rodriguez, Andrew W. Mann, A. Wunsche, S. Lafrasse, Nuno C. Santos, Damien Ségransan, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Stéphane Udry, Philippe Feautrier, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Departamento de Matemática y Fı́sica Aplicadas [Concepcion] (DMFA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Université de Montréal (UdeM)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transmission spectroscopy, Photometry (optics), Neptune, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Eccentricity (behavior), Spectroscopy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the confirmation of a new sub-Neptune close to the transition between super-Earths and sub-Neptunes transiting the M2 dwarf TOI- 269 (TIC 220479565, V = 14.4 mag, J = 10.9 mag, Rstar = 0.40 Rsun, Mstar = 0.39 Msun, d = 57 pc). The exoplanet candidate has been identified in multiple TESS sectors, and validated with high-precision spectroscopy from HARPS and ground-based photometric follow-up from ExTrA and LCO-CTIO. We determined mass, radius, and bulk density of the exoplanet by jointly modeling both photometry and radial velocities with juliet. The transiting exoplanet has an orbital period of P = 3.6977104 +- 0.0000037 days, a radius of 2.77 +- 0.12 Rearth, and a mass of 8.8 +- 1.4 Mearth. Since TOI-269 b lies among the best targets of its category for atmospheric characterization, it would be interesting to probe the atmosphere of this exoplanet with transmission spectroscopy in order to compare it to other sub-Neptunes. With an eccentricity e = 0.425+0.082-0.086, TOI-269 b has one of the highest eccentricities of the exoplanets with periods less than 10 days. The star being likely a few Gyr old, this system does not appear to be dynamically young. We surmise TOI-269 b may have acquired its high eccentricity as it migrated inward through planet-planet interactions., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021

48. Investigating the young AU Mic system with SPIRou: stellar magnetic field and close-in planet mass

Author

Baptiste Klein, Jean-François Donati, Claire Moutou, Xavier Delfosse, Xavier Bonfils, Eder Martioli, Pascal Fouqué, Ryan Cloutier, Etienne Artigau, René Doyon, Guillaume Hébrard, Julien Morin, Julien rameau, Peter Plavchan, and Eric Gaidos

Subjects
Young stars, 13. Climate action, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Measuring the mean densities of close-in planets orbiting pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars is crucially needed by planet formation and evolution models. However, PMS stars exhibit intense magnetic activity inducing fluctuations in both photometric and RV curves that overshadow planet signatures. As a result, no close-in planet younger than 25 Myr has a well-constrained bulk density. In this study, we present a spectropolarimetric and velocimetric analysis of 27 near-infrared observations of the nearby active 22 Myr-old red dwarf AU Microscopii collected with SPIRou at the end of the year 2019. We jointly model the planet and stellar activity RV components, resulting in a 3.9σσ-detection of the recently-discovered close-in Neptune-sized planet AU Mic b, with an estimated mass of 17.1+4.7−4.5−4.5+4.7M⊕⊕, implying a Neptune-like density for the planet. A consistent detection of the planet is independently obtained by simultaneously reconstructing the surface distribution of bright and dark inhomogeneities and estimating the planet parameters using Doppler imaging (DI). Using Zeeman-Doppler Imaging, we invert our time-series of intensity and circularly-polarized line profiles into distributions of brightness and large-scale magnetic field at the surface of the star and explore how these distributions are sheared by latitudinal differential rotation. Finally, we investigate the magnetic activity of AU Mic by computing various indicators and found that the disk-integrated magnetic flux density correlates best with the stellar activity RV signal, in line with recent solar observations.

Published
2021
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49. NIRPS: status updates and project overview

Author

Mathieu Ouellet, Francois Wildi, Claudio Melo, Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, Denis Brousseau, Étienne Artigau, David Lafrenière, François Bouchy, I. C. Leão, Isabelle Boisse, Allan de Meideros Martins, Stéphane Udry, José Renan de Medeiros, Simon Thibault, Bruno L. Canto Martins, Nuno C. Santos, Rafael Rebolo, Andrew Cumming, Xavier Delfosse, Nicolas Blind, Francesco Pepe, M. Sordet, René Doyon, P. Figueira, Jonay I. González-Hernández, U. Conod, Vladimir Reshetov, Neil Cook, Christophe Lovis, Philippe Vallée, and Lison Malo

Subjects
Telescope, Radial velocity, Planet, law, Computer science, Software deployment, Astronomy, Transit (satellite), Circumstellar habitable zone, Spectrograph, Exoplanet, law.invention
Abstract

NIRPS is a near-infrared (YJH bands), fiber-fed, high-resolution precision radial velocity (pRV) spectrograph currently under construction for deployment at the ESO 3.6-m telescope in La Silla, Chile. Through the use of a dichroic, NIRPS will be operated simultaneously with the optical HARPS pRV spectrograph and will be used to conduct ambitious planet-search and characterization surveys through a 720-night of guaranteed time allocation. NIRPS aims at detecting and characterizing Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of low-mass dwarfs and obtain high-accuracy transit spectroscopy of exoplanets. Here we present a summary of the full performances obtained in laboratory tests conducted at Universite Laval (Canada), and the first results of the on-going on-sky commissioning of the front-end. Science operations of NIRPS is expected to start in late-2020, enabling significant synergies with major space and ground instruments such as the JWST, TESS, ALMA, PLATO and the ELT.

Published
2020

50. On the Effect of Stellar Activity on Low-resolution Transit Spectroscopy and the use of High Resolution as Mitigation

Author

Frédéric Genest, David Lafrenière, Anne Boucher, Antoine Darveau-Bernier, René Doyon, Étienne Artigau, and Neil Cook

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present models designed to quantify the effects of stellar activity on exoplanet transit spectroscopy and atmospheric characterization at low (R = 100) and high (R = 100,000) spectral resolution. We study three model classes mirroring planetary system archetypes: a hot Jupiter around an early-K star (HD 189733 b); a mini-Neptune around an early-M dwarf (K2-18 b); and terrestrial planets around a late M dwarf (TRAPPIST-1). We map photospheres with temperatures and radial velocities (RV) and integrate specific intensity stellar models. We obtain transit spectra affected by stellar contamination, the Rossiter--McLaughlin effect (RME), and center-to-limb variations (CLV). We find that, at low resolution, for later-type stars, planetary water features become difficult to distinguish from contamination. Many distributions of unocculted active regions can induce planetary-like features of similar amplitudes in the case of a late M dwarf. Atmospheric characterization of planets around late-type stars will likely continue to suffer from degeneracy with stellar activity unless active regions' parameters can be constrained using additional information. For the early-K star, stellar contamination mostly manifests itself through a slope at optical wavelengths similar to Rayleigh scattering. In all cases, contamination induces offsets in measured planet radii. At high resolution, we show that we can determine the origin of $\text{H}_2$O and CO detection signals and lift the degeneracy observed at low resolution, provided sufficient planet RV variation during transit and adequate correction for the RME and CLV when required. High-resolution spectroscopy may therefore help resolve issues arising from stellar contamination for favorable systems., 27 pages, 18 figures. Published in The Astronomical Journal

Published
2022

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