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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding oat flour on the characteristics of potato-oat compound dough and determine the appropriate ratio of oat flour and potato. Methods: Five different ratios of oat flour (15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35%) were selected and the color difference, microstructure, textural properties, rheological properties and pasting properties of the oat-potato composite dough were measured and sensory evaluation was carried out. Results: With the increase of oat flour, the color of compound dough gradually changed to red and dark. The internal microstructure of the composite dough was getting closer and closer, and hardness increased gradually; in the dynamic frequency scanning process, the elastic modulus and viscosity modulus of the compound dough with different addition amounts first increased, then decreased and then increased, and the loss factor first increased and then decreased. The initial gelatinization temperature, peak gelatinization temperature and end gelatinization temperature of compound dough decreased first and then increased. The sensory evaluation showed that the overall score of oat flour was higher than that of composite dough with other added amounts in the range of 20% ~ 25%, and it was more acceptable to consumers. Conclusion: The appropriate amount of oat flour to be added was between 20% and 25%.

Shelling rate and kernel breaking rate are the two key indicators of shelled materials, and mechanical shelling is one of the important methods to improve these key indicators. In this paper, the common mechanical shelling methods, mechanical shelling types, mechanical shelling principles and development status of shelling materials were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of mechanical hulling equipment were summarized, and suggestions were made for the problems existing in the current application of mechanical hulling.

Objective： This study aimed to obtain suitable turbulence model for simulation infrared combined spouted bed numerical valued. Methods: Two equation models (SST k-ε and Realizable k-ε) were used for numerical simulation to obtain the performance parameters of the infrared spouted bed and the velocity, temperature and particle concentration distribution of the flow field in the drying chamber under different working conditions. The particle drying experiment of the infrared spouted bed was carried out. Results: When under the working conditions of air inlet velocity of infrared spouted bed drying chamber of 8 m/s and a temperature of 50 ℃, the values obtained by Realizable k-ε simulation are similar to those obtained by SST k-ε. The particle volume fraction distribution, velocity distribution and temperature distribution in the fluid domain of the drying chamber obtained by numerical simulation with the two turbulence models were similar, and the overall effect is good, which showed that the application of the two turbulence models to the equipment is feasible. The turbulence model of Realizable k-ε converged faster, but the stability of SST k-ε was better. Conclusion: The Realizable k-ε turbulence model is more reasonable to describe three-dimensional flow field of infrared spouted bed.

Due to the combined influences such as ore-forming temperature, fluid and metal sources, sphalerite tends to incorporate diverse contents of trace elements during the formation of different types of Lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) deposits. Therefore, trace elements in sphalerite have long been utilized to distinguish Pb-Zn deposit types. However, previous discriminant diagrams usually contain two or three dimensions, which are limited to revealing the complicated interrelations between trace elements of sphalerite and the types of Pb-Zn deposits. In this study, we aim to prove that the sphalerite trace elements can be used to classify the Pb-Zn deposit types and extract key factors from sphalerite trace elements that can discriminate Pb-Zn deposit types using machine learning algorithms. A dataset of nearly 3600 sphalerite spot analyses from 95 Pb-Zn deposits worldwide determined by LA-ICP-MS was compiled from peer-reviewed publications, containing 12 elements (Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ga, Ge, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, and Pb) from 5 types, including Sedimentary Exhalative (SEDEX), Mississippi Valley Type (MVT), Volcanic Massive Sulfide (VMS), skarn, and epithermal deposits. Random Forests (RF) is applied to the data processing and the results show that trace elements of sphalerite can successfully discriminate different types of Pb-Zn deposits except for VMS deposits, most of which are falsely distinguished as skarn and epithermal types. To further discriminate VMS deposits, future studies could focus on enlarging the capacity of VMS deposits in datasets and applying other geological factors along with sphalerite trace elements when constructing the classification model. RF’s feature importance and permutation feature importance were adopted to evaluate the element significance for classification. Besides, a visualized tool, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), was used to verify the results of both classification and evaluation. The results presented here show that Mn, Co, and Ge display significant impacts on classification of Pb-Zn deposits and In, Ga, Sn, Cd, and Fe also have relatively important effects compared to the rest elements, confirming that Pb-Zn deposits discrimination is mainly controlled by multi-elements in sphalerite. Our study hence shows that machine learning algorithm can provide new insights into conventional geochemical analyses, inspiring future research on constructing classification models of mineral deposits using mineral geochemistry data.

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have been frequently observed worldwide, causing devastating impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems, but the trend of MHWs is still unclear in the South China Sea (SCS). Here, the long-term trend and inter-annual variability of the summer SCS MHW events are investigated based on the high-resolution daily satellite data. The results revealed remarkable increases in the duration, intensity, coverage, and severity during 1982–2019, indicating that the SCS MHW events have become more frequent, intense, extensive, and serious. The probability ratio of SCS MHW events is four times during the 2010s of that during the 1980s. The increasing trend can be largely attributed to the long-term increase in the mean SCS temperature. The inter-annual variability of the SCS MHWs is linked closely to the El Niño and Southern Oscillation, with more/less MHW events occurring during the following summer after the El Niño/La Niña events. A diagnosis of synoptic-scale heat budget suggests that the extreme SCS warming can be explained by the combined effects of positive surface heat flux largely due to the enhanced shortwave radiation and convergence of oceanic advection in association with an anomalous upper-ocean anticyclone. The effect of surface heat flux seems to be predominant over the large spatial coverage, whereas oceanic heat transport is also important in some specific regions. The large-scale anticyclonic circulation anomalies over the northwestern Pacific accompanying the westward-extending western Pacific subtropical high during the El Niño decay summers play an essential role in the building-up and persistence of the extreme warming, which has important implications for the prediction of the SCS MHWs.

Objective: This study aimed to develop the application of egg yolk powder in the field of feed, functional food and biopharmaceuticals. Methods: Using fresh eggs as raw materials, yolk powder was prepared by spray drying, and the effects of different parameters on the content of yolk antibody (IgY), protein structure and functional properties of egg yolk powder were analyzed. Results: Considering the antibody content, physicochemical properties and functional properties of egg yolk powder comprehensively, when the inlet air temperature was 140 ℃ and the feed flow rate was 600 mL/h, the IgY content of egg yolk powder was 17.71 mg/g, and the solubility was 61.97% respectively. The powdery rate and water content was 36.46% and 3.8% respectively, and the surface hydrophobicity, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity was 106.67 μg, 3.63 g/g and 3.03 g/g respectively. The emulsifying property was 27.15%, and the emulsifying stability was 24.48%. The overall quality isoptimum. Conclusion: Changing the spray drying parameters can keep the structure of egg yolk powder intact and improve the physicochemical and functional properties of egg yolk powder, as well as ensure the high IgY content.

During a survey of the diversity of lignicolous fungi in Yunnan Province, China, we collected and identified five microfungi species from dead woody litters of Castanopsis trees in terrestrial habitats. Through both morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequences, we identified two taxa as new species and three collections as new host records within Pleosporales. Pseudolophiostoma lincangense sp. nov. is introduced as a sexual morph in Lophiostomataceae, Pleopunctum baoshanense sp. nov. is introduced as a hyphomycetous fungi in Phaeoseptaceae, and Paraphoma aquatica as a first report of sexual morph in Paraphoma. In addition, Occultibambusa kunmingensis and Pleopunctum megalosporum were isolated for the first time from the dead twigs of Castanopsis delavayi and C. calathiformis, respectively. Comprehensive morphological descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results are provided for the above-mentioned species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient thermoelectric power generation requires a large applicable temperature range and correlated materials with outstanding dimensionless figure of merit values. Lead chalcogenides, especially PbTe-based materials, play a pivotal role in building thermoelectric devices for applications at intermediate temperature. However, the use of earth-scarce Te and the obstacles of achieving a high power factor and low thermal conductivity have limited progress in this field. Here, earth-abundant PbSe-based materials have been made by a simultaneous approach of combining self-propagating synthesis (SHS) and SPS techniques with optimized morphology engineering. Based on excess Ag doping and an ultrafast synthesis process, materials with parallel connections arising from enormous Ag2Se nanofibers with high hole mobility and Ag-doped PbSe with a small effective mass have been created, resulting in enhanced electrical properties. Meanwhile, multi-sized pores which modify the morphology have been formed during the reaction, leading to Ag-doped materials with low lattice thermal conductivity by reducing both the sound velocity and phonon mean free paths. Ultimately, a high figure of merit (ZT) of ∼1.2 at 773 K, and an average value of ∼1.1 over a range from 523 K to 823 K have been achieved for the Pb0.99Ag0.01Se sample. These findings, combined with the energy- and time-saving fabrication process, highlight the prospective commercialization of PbSe-based thermoelectric materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South China is a hotspot for fungal diversity. During investigations of saprobic fungi in Yunnan Province, we collected and identified a new species, Queenslandipenidiella lingcangensis, and a new host record of Periconia byssoides from dead woody twigs of Cryptocarya hainanensis and Ehretia acuminata, respectively. Both morphology and multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS and LSU sequence data supported the placement of the new taxa within Queenslandipenidiella with high statistical support. The new taxon is characterised by numerous, erect, hairy, and dark brown to black colonies, macronematous, solitary or gregarious, oblong, dark brown, branching penicillate conidiophores with 5−6-septate, mono- to polyblastic, terminal, narrowly ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, pale brown to brown conidiogenous cells with 1–2-celled, globose to subglobose, aseptate, thick-walled, hyaline greenish-brown to brown conidia. We provide descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses results, and notes discussing the new species and the new record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]