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The Simons Observatory (SO) is a cosmic microwave background survey experiment that includes small-aperture telescopes (SATs) observing from an altitude of 5200 m in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The SO SATs will cover six spectral bands between 27 and 280 GHz to search for primordial B-modes to a sensitivity of σ ( r ) = 0.002, with quantified systematic errors well below this value. Each SAT is a self-contained cryogenic telescope with a 35° field of view, 42 cm diameter optical aperture, 40 K half-wave plate, 1 K refractive optics, and 12,000 transition edge sensor detectors. We describe the nominal design of the SATs and present details about the integration and testing for one operating at 93 and 145 GHz.

We use time-domain simulations of Jupiter observations to test and develop a beam reconstruction pipeline for the Simons Observatory Small Aperture Telescopes. The method relies on a mapmaker that estimates and subtracts correlated atmospheric noise and a beam fitting code designed to compensate for the bias caused by the mapmaker. We test our reconstruction performance for four different frequency bands against various algorithmic parameters, atmospheric conditions, and input beams. We additionally show the reconstruction quality as a function of the number of available observations and investigate how different calibration strategies affect the beam uncertainty. For all of the cases considered, we find good agreement between the fitted results and the input beam model within an ∼1.5% error for a multipole range ℓ = 30–700 and an ∼0.5% error for a multipole range ℓ = 50–200. We conclude by using a harmonic-domain component separation algorithm to verify that the beam reconstruction errors and biases observed in our analysis do not significantly bias the Simons Observatory r -measurement

Shallow water ecosystems such as small streams and lakes often exhibit abrupt thermal fluctuations, and fishes inhabiting these systems must cope with these challenging thermal regimes daily. Presently, both the rate of change of thermal thresholds including the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTmax) within hourly or daily timescales and the thermal performance of mitochondrial energy transduction after acclimation remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term response in CTmax of the green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) while acclimating to a 308C thermal regime, along with assessing mitochondrial energy transduction efficiency after acclimation. Individuals were held at 208C for 60 days, then subjected to a 108C increase in acclimation temperature. CTmax were obtained after 24, 72, 96, 120 and 192h of acclimation. CTmax increased after 96 h of acclimation, from 35.68C at 72h to 36.68C at 96h, however the differences were not statistically significant (p 5 0.059). Oxygen consumption associated to proton conductance across the inner membrane and phosphorylation rates were significantly higher in 208C acclimated specimens, and the reaction norm of both rates were positively correlated to assay temperature. Interestingly, the mitochondrial energy transduction efficiency, calculated as the flux control efficiency ratio, decreased after warm acclimation. The present study shows a decreased respiratory capacity of L. cyanellus mitochondria exposed to summer temperatures. The latter effect likely impinges challenges to energetically expensive processes including somatic growth, locomotion, and reproductive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Askow, AT, Jennings, W, Jagim, AR, Fields, JB, Beaudoin, RG, Sanchez, GM, Weeks, JE, Oliver, JM, and Jones, MT. Athlete external load measures across a competitive season in high school basketball. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2206-2212, 2023--The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to quantify in-season external load and to determine if relationships existed between load metrics and basketball performance. Eleven male high school varsity basketball athletes (n 5 11; mass 80.5 6 9.6 kg, height 190.2 6 9.4 cm, age 17.6 6 0.7 years) were monitored across a season. PlayerLoad (PL), PL per minute (PL·min-1), total jumps, and explosive movements (EMs) were quantified using a commercially available local positioning unit. Basketball-specific performance metrics, including points scored, points allowed, point differentials, and shooting percentages for each quarter and game, were compiled. Data were analyzed using repeated-measure analysis of variance to evaluate differences in load by starting status, session type, game outcome, and game type. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships between load metrics and basketball performance. Statistical significance was set at p,0.05. Themean values across 23 games for PL, PL·min-1, total jumps, and EMs were 4576104 AU, 10.96 1.6 AU, 42.669.6, and 46.767.2, respectively. Relationships were observed (p,0.05) between PL and points scored (r50.38) and free throwpercentage (r50.21). Further relationshipswere observed between PL·min-1 and free throw shooting percentage (r520.27), and between points scored and total jumps (r 5 0.28), and EMs (r 5 0.26). Notable differences in game demands were observed for playing status. Meaningful differences in measures of external load were observed between each quarter of play, with the highest measures evident in quarters 1 and 3.Guards and forwards experienced minimal differences in external load during gameplay, and game outcome did not result in differences. Higher point totals corresponded with higher PL, total jumps, and EM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]