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Revitalizacije, konzervacije i restauracije građevina ili jednom riječju obnova, predstavljaju sve aktivnosti i mjere koje se vrše nad konkretnom građevinskom objektu radi (pr)ocjene trenutnog stanja, klasifikacije uzroka oštećenja, davanja prognoze ponašanja u određenom vremenskom periodu te sanacijski zahvat. Pri tome se koriste sva raspoloživa pravila i modeli radi određivanja stanja, s ciljem pravovremenog predviđanja pojave neispravnosti ili uklanjanja istog. Na taj način se povećava pouzdanost, stabilnost, trajnost, sigurnost, raspoloživost i efektivnost građevinskog objekta. Revitalization, conservation and restoration of buildings or in one word renovation, represent all the activities and measures that are carried out on a specific construction object in order to estimate the current state, classify the cause of damage, provide a forecast of behavior in a certain period of time and remedial intervention. In doing so, all available rules and models are used to determine the condition, with the aim of timely predicting the occurrence of malfunctions or removing them. In this way the reliability, stability, durability, safety, availability and effectiveness of the building object are increased.

Existing literature examining youth-police relations has consistently found that willingness to engage with the police is directly influenced by youth attitudes toward the police. Research findings suggest that increasing positive attitudes toward the police among adolescent populations will result in a subsequent increase in behaviours supportive of the police and law enforcement. The current study was a mixed-method evaluation (including survey data and qualitative interviews) of a community policing pilot program designed to increase positive contact between at-risk youth and police officers. The program was effective in positively changing youth attitudes toward the police. Interview results provide evidence of a direct mechanism for increasing trust and cooperation with the police. Survey results indicate that positive contact with the police can shift general attitudes toward the police and reduce perceptions of police discrimination. Further, survey findings support the program as a remedial intervention for youth with previous negative police contact.

Aim: To assess the remedial training intervention on mental alertness, self-esteem, emotional intelligence of underprivileged. Study Design: The present study is experimental design and adopts remedial intervention program. Place and Duration of Study: Underprivileged students of high school (Bidar district of North Karnataka, India). Methodology: Underprivileged students of 9th standard were selected from Government high schools located in Bidar district using the purposive sampling technique and in the first phase, the pre-test was conducted and based on the results the intervention program over a period of six months was conducted. Mental alertness scale developed by Srivastava [1] self-esteem scale developed by Prasad Thakur [2] and emotional intelligence developed by Shettal Prasad [3]. The questionnaires were administered in both phases i.e. pre-test and post-test. Sample: Underprivileged students 120 studying at 9th grade were included both boys and girls. Results: Paired t-test was used for data analysis and it was found that there is a significant difference in mental alertness, self-esteem and emotional intelligence of underprivileged in post-test; this means remedial intervention training has an effect on students learning process. Conclusion: The remedial intervention program has an effect on mental alertness, self-esteem and emotional intelligence. Therefore, underprivileged students’ needs special care and attention for their learning process as they are lack in proper parenting style and hence such remedial program can be planned based upon the students’ academic achievements and this should be the major part of the school curriculum for underprivileged.

Tuberculosis is one of the major public health problems in Kano. With the occurrence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, little is known about the views of health care workers on this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare professionals about prevention and control of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH), Kano, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH), Kano, Nigeria from November, 2018 to December, 2018. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software package (SPSS 16.0). Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. The results of this study indicate that, overall, less than half (68%) of respondents had good level of knowledge of MDR-TB; but the overwhelming majority of them held negative attitude towards patients with MDR-TB. In conclusion, less than half of respondents had good level of knowledge about MDR-TB, but 28.7% of them held negative attitude towards patients suffering from MDR-TB. Although the level of knowledge of MDR-TB was found not to have influenced the attitude of respondents towards patients suffering from MDR-TB; and that their attitude did not influence practices, good level of knowledge was positively associated with safer practices such as using protective masks, educating patients on MDR-TB, and referring to the MDR-TB guidelines manual. An educational remedial intervention and in-service training on the MDR-TB is recommended for all professionals especially primary health care workers. Key words: Multi drug- resistant, extensively drug-resistant, tuberculosis, health care workers

Students entering the doctor of chiropractic program at Northwestern Health Sciences University were offered three adaptive units on chemistry concepts deemed foundational for the two-course biochemistry series offered in the first two terms of the program. The effects of this remedial intervention offered to 3 incoming cohorts were assessed in a retrospective case-control approach by comparing several outcomes with a control group of similar size who started the program before the implementation of the adaptive units. Our calculations suggest that there is a positive effect of these adaptive units, in that the odds ratio for students to end the course with a grade of D or F decreased. The biggest impact on performance among 4 summative exams in the course was observed on the final exam, with an odds ratio of 2.3 to earn an A or B on the final, indicating that students who had access to the adaptive units had a substantially higher chance to earn a good grade. The odds ratio for students to earn an F or D on the final was 0.5, indicating a 50% lower risk for a low or failing score.

The crucial need to develop and implement simple and cost-effective repair and retrofit strategies and solutions for existing structures has been once again emphasized, if at all needed, by the recent catastrophic earthquake events. The significant socio-economic impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes sequence in 2010–2011 as well as of the “series” of independent events within few years in Italy (L’Aquila 2009; Emilia 2012; Central Italy 2016) have triggered a stepchange in the high-level approach towards the implementation of seismic risk reduction, introducing either a mandatory enforcement or significant financial incentives for a national-wide program to assess (and reduce by remedial intervention) the seismic vulnerability/capacity of the whole (non-dwelling) building stock, including safety and expected repairing costs (direct economic losses). This chapter provides an overview of the motivations, challenges and (possible) solutions for such a complex and delicate task with the intent to stimulate awareness, discussion and synergetic actions within the wider international community. Particular focus will be given to the development and on-going continuos refinement of a simplified analytical-mechanical methodology—referred to as SLaMA (Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis) method—as part of a proposed integrated methodology for either pre- and post-earthquake safety evaluation and loss assessment of buildings, in order to support the engineering community and stakeholders through the various steps of the decision making process of risk (assessment and) reduction.

The search for assessment procedures that are more fair and useful have led to the investigation of alternatives to traditional forms of intellectual assessment. This study explored an alternative ...

This article presents an evaluation of a community policing program designed to increase youths’ positive attitudes toward the police. A total of 45 youth attended the program and were surveyed at 3 time points: before program commencement, after program completion, and after a 4-month follow-up time period. Four program outcomes were examined: global attitudes toward the police, perception of the police, distributive justice of the police, and perception of police discrimination. Overall, participation in the program was effective in reducing perceptions of police discrimination and increasing attitudes toward the police among all youth. Findings also support the program as a remedial intervention for youth with past negative encounters with the police. The evaluation is discussed in the context of promoting the successful implementation of future community policing programs targeted toward at-risk youth.

Whether we are passionate about educating students or whether we believe that educating students is a job responsibility, as practicing medical radiation technologists/therapists, we are all clinical role models and clinical teachers. Although the majority of students adapt to the clinical environment and professional culture without too much difficulty, as clinical teachers, we have all encountered the student we felt was a challenge to educate. You may have experienced a student you thought was not motivated, did not effectively communicate, or was just a "problem"! As clinical teachers, we often struggle with how best to educate the student who is experiencing difficulty, which can lead to feeling helpless as to how to assist the student to be successful. Regardless of the time and effort spent with the student, when the student is unsuccessful, the reflective practitioner inevitably feels some responsibility. Before characterizing a student as a "problem," clinical teachers need to consider and recognize the many factors that may influence the poor performance. Using evidence from the literature, this article will describe common causes of difficulty that students may be experiencing, how to recognize the difficulty (including the complex nature of the difficulty), strategies for remedial intervention, and a structured framework for a remediation plan to enable the student to succeed.

Critical errors increase postoperative morbidity and mortality. A trauma readiness index was used to evaluate critical errors in 4 trauma procedures. In comparison to practicing and expert surgeon benchmarks, we hypothesized that pretraining trauma readiness index including both vascular and nonvascular trauma surgical procedures can identify residents who will make critical errors.In a prospective study, trained evaluators used a standardized script to evaluate performance of brachial, axillary, and femoral artery exposure and proximal control and lower-extremity fasciotomy on unpreserved cadavers. Forty residents were evaluated before and immediately after Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma training, and 38 were re-evaluated 14 months later. Residents were compared to 34 practicing surgeons evaluated once 30 months after training, and 10 experts.Resident trauma readiness index increased with training (P.001), remained unchanged 14 month later and was higher, with lower variance than practicing surgeons (P.05). Expert trauma readiness index was higher than residents (P.004) and practicing surgeons (P.001). Resident training decreased critical errors when evaluated immediately and 14 months after Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposure in Trauma training. Practicing surgeons had more critical errors and performance variability than residents or experts. Experts had 5 to 7 times better error recovery than practicing surgeons or residents. Trauma readiness index area under the receiver operating curve with Youden Index0.60 or6 decile in their cohort, predicts a surgeon will make a critical error.Low trauma readiness index was associated with critical errors occurring in all surgeon cohorts and can identify surgeons in need of remedial intervention.

Early math skills are determined by higher cognitive processes that are particularly important for acquiring and developing skills during a child's early education. Such processes could be a critical target for identifying students at risk for math learning difficulties. Few studies have considered the use of a structural equation method to rationalize these relations. Participating in this study were 207 preschool students ages 59 to 72 months, 108 boys and 99 girls. Performance with respect to early math skills, early literacy, general intelligence, working memory, and short-term memory was assessed. A structural equation model explaining 64.3% of the variance in early math skills was applied. Early literacy exhibited the highest statistical significance (β = 0.443, p

The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptual knowledge of the motion of two objects on an inclined and/or horizontal surface, in undergraduate physics students at the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT), Bloemfontein campus. The study was conducted with 103 introductory to physics students in B.Ed. (FET) Natural Science programme in the faculty of Humanities as respondents. A pre-test was administered to test and investigate the students’ existing knowledge and was based on the concept of problem-solving. The results indicated that the majority (more than 80%) of students had major difficulties with where and how to start in order to solve the problems. They lacked basic knowledge of free-body diagram and vector analysis, as a result, they could not apply or deduce equations to solve. A follow-up remedial intervention was conducted to clear up the confusion and to assist them to acquire necessary and basic skills and knowledge of vector analysis, viz., free-body diagram, finding vertical and horizontal components of vectors, equilibrium conditions as well application of Newton’s Second law of motion. With this skill, they were introduced to deriving equations to calculate the acceleration of the objects and the tension of the wire connecting them (mathematical skills). A post-test was administered and the results indicated a great improvement (more than 70%) in the vector analysis and mathematical application of vectors in problem solving. Follow-up interviews indicated deficiencies and confusion from their previous learning, although some students (about 30% of the 70%) indicated that they need to be taught the concept first before the test. Their reasoning was they forgot the concept.

IntroductionUnderperformance by doctors poses a risk to patient safety. Remediation is an intervention designed to remedy underperformance and return a doctor to safe practice. Remediation is widely used across healthcare systems globally, and has clear implications for both patient safety and doctor retention. Yet, there is a poor evidence base to inform remediation programmes. In particular, there is a lack of understanding as to why and how a remedial intervention may work to change a doctor’s practice. The aim of this research is to identify why, how, in what contexts, for whom and to what extent remediation programmes for practising doctors work to support patient safety.Methods and analysisRealist review is an approach to evidence synthesis that seeks to develop programme theories about how an intervention works to produce its effects. The initial search strategy will involve: database and grey literature searching, citation searching and contacting authors. The evidence search will be extended as the review progresses and becomes more focused on the development of specific aspects of the programme theory. The development of the programme theory will involve input from a stakeholder group consisting of professional experts in the remediation process and patient representatives. Evidence synthesis will use a realist logic of analysis to interrogate data in order to develop and refine the initial programme theory into a more definitive realist programme theory of how remediation works. The study will follow and be reported according to Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses—Evolving Standards (RAMESES).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required. Our dissemination strategy will include input from our stakeholder group. Customised outputs will be developed using the knowledge-to-action cycle framework, and will be targeted to: policy-makers; education providers and regulators, the National Health Service, doctors and academics.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018088779.

This paper presents a model for school remedial, focusing on improving the digital materials sharing process for the diversification of tutoring strategies. The model involves the characterization of materials for automatic assessment shared within a community of tutors. The characterization expects materials to be linked with natural language descriptors explicating their intended instructional objectives. The possibility of implementing a recommendation system on the basis of natural language processing techniques is discussed taking in consideration an analysis of the application of the model within a local-scale project. Clustering techniques searching for materials that have the same educational purposes but involve the activation of different cognitive processes are proposed, in order to continuously extend the database of shared materials in favour of the effectiveness of ongoing tutoring actions. The results collected from questionnaires submitted to students, tutors, and teachers involved in the project are shown, and clustering data are discussed highlighting the feasibility of the application of the model.

Some communities in remote Australia represent the most impoverished people in the country, with the problem especially acute amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Effective remedial intervention is often undermined by the absence of democratically elected, local government institutions. Place-shaping as a developmental process enables local people to become agents of change, and thereby self-determine and shape their places for the future. This paper considers the different institutional structures which could underpin place-shaping in remote settlements. Drawing on a range of governance structures, an emphasis on less traditional entities and polity-forming bodies may better serve the interests of remote people.

This study reports on and investigates an institutionalized remedial approach held by an English language institute (ELI) at a Saudi University in order to support foundation year struggling students who often achieve low grades or fail to pass a certain level of the English language program. The study utilizes semi-structured interviews to address three issues: (1) Screening for low-achieving learners; (2) Remedial sessions’ procedure and significance; (3) Learners’ attitudes and conduct during remedial sessions. Thematic analysis of interviews with teachers shows that time limitation and lack of logistical structure lower the effectiveness of remedial sessions in terms of numbers of supported learners and the remedial procedure itself. It was also found that class teachers’ role is often lacking in this case-study. Low-achieving learners are rarely referred by their teachers, but instead come on their own to seek support. However, this optional nature of the process resulted in remedial sessions receiving learners who are self-motivated, have positive attitude, and exhibit different classroom conduct than students in the mainstream classes. Furthermore, the analysis yields other findings related to the usefulness and significance of remedial intervention. Learners were found to seek remedial support for two main reasons: supportive environment and simplified instruction. Much of this can be addressed in regular classrooms. The study concludes with other implications for remedial sessions’ logistics and practices, as well as for the teaching/learning process of low-achievers.

In all well completions (oil and gas fields), effective cement job is necessary for zonal isolation. Failure of cement annulus because of large stresses has been reported in various studies, requiring huge costs in remedial intervention. Swellable packers have emerged as a new manufacturing equipment/technique able to replace conventional cement completion. These packers are custom-manufactured by vulcanizing specially developed swelling elastomer elements onto petroleum pipes. Especially designed and manufactured to suit a particular set of downhole conditions, swell packers are being used in a variety of petroleum applications such as zonal isolation and water shutoff in fractured reservoirs, slimming down of oil wells through replacement of conventional cementing, sand screening, reservoir compartmentalization, etc. Performance analysis and seal design improvement is not possible without reliable information about material response of swelling elastomers. This article summarizes the results of a series...

An attempt was made to examine the relative contribution of sex, caste, parental education, parental occupation, location of prior schooling and Mathematics foundation knowledge towards Mathematics performance in terminal high school examination at the end of Grade 10. The sample consisted of 1731 high school pass outs whose Mathematics score in high school examination was recorded along with information on all the predictor variables. Multiple regression analysis revealed that Mathematics foundation knowledge as assessed at the entry point to secondary stage of education emer ged as the strongest predictor accounting for 46.8 per cent of variance while the rest five predictors explained only 2.1 percent of variance. Since poor Mathematics foundation knowledge substantially increases the risk of failure, it is suggested that early diagnostic assessment and remedial intervention would work out as an effective strategy for reducing the risk of student failure in Mathematics in secondary education.

The outcomes based education (OBE) system is characterised by controversy and the 2008 matric results that rendered admission to an unusually large number of students did nothing to silence critics. The first students who completed their full cycle of school education in the OBE system entered universities in 2009 and their preparedness for university mathematics as well as their performance at university level are important as indicaters for estimating the success or otherwise of the OBE system. In a previous study student performance in mathematics admission tests for 2005-2007 was investigated and it was found that students who had had partial exposure to OBE performed worse than had been the case with their predecessors in the categories of modelling and ratio problems. As a result, this study was conducted to investigate how the 2009 intake of students performed in a modelling course at university level. A report is presented which deals with student performance in the course, problems experienced, the effect of remedial intervention on performance and whether students of the OBE system are adequately prepared for mathematical modelling at university level. This study focuses on performance in a first year course in mathematical modelling at the University of Pretoria. The course is problem based and is technology intensive, requiring use of the software package Matlab. For investigative purposes the papers of semester tests 1 and 2 of 2005 were used unchanged for tests in 2009. Students of 2009 did not have access to the 2005 papers and the same lecturer taught students of both groups. The lecturer also noted personal experiences in respect of students and was able to draw reasonable comparisons between the 2009 students and previous groups because of her years of involvement with the course. The entrance requirement of 60% for matric mathematics in 2005 was increased to 70% in 2009. Results indicate that the pass percentage decreased in both semester tests from 2005 to 2009. The percentage of students with less than 40% also increased in both semester tests from 2005 to 2009. A surprising observation was that the percentage of students who excelled increased remarkably from 2005 to 2009 in both semester tests. Extra assistance was requested by students after the first semester test in 2009 and resulted in a week of intervention during which revision and extra problems were attended to. The results of the two semester tests of 2009 did not live up to expectations of the matric results of the group . Despite the exceptional matric results, performance in the modelling course was decidely poorer. Results indicate that most students were not adequately prepared for the course – as could be predicted from the previous study. The 2009 group was characterised by two aspects – excellent matric results on the one hand and full school education within the OBE system on the other. It is difficult to distinguish between the influence of the two aspects. It would be convenient to blame the substantial size of the “under 40” groups in both semester tests of 2009 on the better than average matric marks. Yet the increased admission requirements should have compensated for the high matric marks. If the matric results are considered to be reliable then the possibility cannot be excluded that the OBE system had had an influence on the underpreparedness of underperforming students in the course. By contrast, in the instance of top achievers if these students had been influenced by the OBE system it had a positive rather than a negative effect on their performance. It would appear that OBE may have had a polarising effect between good and poor students. Good students performed exceptionally well and poor students did worse than expected. It would, however, be unfair to summarily reject the OBE system. Personal impressions of the lecturer include that the OBE-generation asks for assistance when they need it, they are willing to try and use their resources to their own advantage.

Learning difficulties commonly comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by unexpected problems in some children's experiences in the academic performance arena. These problems especially comprise of a variety of disorders, which one of the most well-recognized learning difficulties is reading disability or dyslexia. The aim of this review is to explain the postmortem, structural or functional neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies of human brains in children. The findings about these neuropathological and neurofunctional characteristics of developmental dyslexia, prospective studies beginning early in the life span and studies targeting remedial intervention will help to set the research agendas for future studies to follow.

Children with reading and other education problems present for help to a wide variety of professionals from different disciplines. At present there appears to be a wide gulf between sophisticated assessments and effective remedial intervention. This paper examines some of the issues involed in providing and evaluating remedial education, and the issues of definition, measurement and prevalence; it is concluded that as many as 20 per cent of 10-year-olds in inner cities in the United Kingdom may require extra help with reading. The evidence suggests that, over-all, remedial help is not at present very effective. A concerted research programme is needed to identify effective approaches. Constructive suggestions are advanced whereby such a research programme would make a significant contribution to services for children with educational problems.

First‐year student dropout in the university sector can reach 20% or higher. Over a two‐year period, a simple instrument was developed to identify potential student low performance and withdrawal. It was based on a measure of students’ early expectation of higher education, matched subsequently with their actual experience. The instrument design was based both on the concept of a psychological contract, taken from the field of employment relations, and Seven Principles of good undergraduate teaching. An intervention programme of interviews was instituted with low‐scoring students. Findings, both statistical and qualitative, indicated a potentially useful role for the instrument, and an improvement in student progression and achievement for those receiving remedial intervention.

Background Persistent poor patency rates of arteriovenous fistulae and bridge grafts for dialysis access prompted us to investigate whether flow parameters derived from an initial postconstruction, precannulation duplex study could predict access longevity or direct remedial procedures to salvage nonmaturing conduits. Methods We analyzed 125 consecutive dialysis access conduits (34 forearm fistulae, 53 arm fistulae, 38 prosthetic bridge grafts, 108 patients, 82 male/26 female, average age 58 years) over the past 5 years having early (2 to 8 weeks) duplex scanning done prior to attempted hemodialysis cannulation. Velocity waveforms were recorded in the arterial inflow, arterial and venous anastomoses, mid-conduit, and in the venous outflow with averaging of volume flow rate (product of average velocity and cross-sectional area) measured at 3 mid-conduit sites. Conduits were deemed “adequate” for dialysis cannulation or “nonmaturing” by the presence of detected high-grade stenoses (peak systolic velocity >400cm/s, velocity ratio >3, and minimal diameter Results Average flow rates (forearm fistula 784 ± 623 mL/min, arm fistula 1400 ± 850, bridge graft 1270 ± 604) and mid-conduit peak-systolic velocities (215 ± 214 cm/s forearm fistula vs 312 ± 194 arm fistula) differed between conduit type and location. Remedial interventions were needed in 10 (26%) bridge grafts and 18 (21%) fistulae “nonmaturing” due to occlusive lesions. Conduit flow rates differentiated “nonmaturing” (606 ± 769 mL/min) and “maturing” (1140 ± 857) fistulae ( P = .01). A threshold conduit flow rate of 800 mL/min better discriminated failing and functional fistulae and bridge grafts (accuracy 77%) than a flow rate greater or less than 500 mL/min (accuracy 67%). Remedial interventions doubled average flow rates of “nonmaturing” accesses (from 605 to 1159 mL/min) to values similar to “mature, functional” conduits (1374 mL/min) and facilitated a mean duration of patency (12.9 months) equivalent to conduits not needing remedial interventions (11.5 months). Conclusions Duplex-derived hemodynamic parameters characterized early dialysis access conduit function, prognosticated access patency, guided necessary remedial interventions, and facilitated favorable access longevity.

This paper explores the challenging circumstances when one part of government decides that the performance of a subsidiary part is unacceptable and arranges some kind of remedial intervention. Following the detailed analysis of a series of four central local government interventions we develop a model of the intervention process that combines the type of problem addressed (service-specific and/or corporate) and approach to intervention available (challenging and/or supporting). In addition to extending current conceptual understanding of this under-researched phenomenon, the work generates a number of specific practical insights for future intervention policy.

The ratings given to job applicants in an assessment centre (AC) will be influenced both by an assessor's sensitivity to the evidence of suitability provided by the applicants, and by whether the assessor has a liberal or a conservative rating tendency. In this study we explore the usefulness of signal detection methodology for evaluating and comparing both aspects of performance. A group of eight managerial assessors in a real-world AC rated 195 applicants for retail sales positions. The sensitivity and response bias of assessors was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and their performance was evaluated by means of critical operating characteristic (COC) analyses. RscorePlus software (Harvey, 2002) was used for these purposes. We conclude that, in this and similar organizational contexts, such analyses are potentially useful for estimating and comparing the performances of assessors, thereby highlighting the need for, and subsequently evaluating the effectiveness of, any remedial intervention.

The satisfaction of 400 inpatients with physician services at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh was evaluated. Patient characteristics and ward of admission were collected and a questionnaire based on the st and ardized Likert scale was used. The highest mean satisfaction score was for admission and the lowest for communication. Among service items, the highest mean score was for physicians enquiring about patient conditions and opinions when planning care and the lowest for physicians asking for opinions about care quality and problems. Female and less educated patients were more satisfied with their care than male and educated patients. Male surgical and medical ward patients were the most dissatisfied with physicians’services. These findings offer hospital management information about shortcomings requiring remedial intervention

WITH the growing trend of ‘One Health medicine’ and continued development of antimicrobial resistance (Gibbens 2016), understanding which bacteria are present in the disease process presented to clinicians, and what antibiotics they are sensitive to, are important in aiding accurate and fast treatment. In addition, the conservation of antibiotics is essential where possible, along with understanding long-term trends. This can be done on a case-by-case basis, but may sometimes be prohibited by cost. Therefore, having evidence-based trends can help clinicians decide on the most appropriate antibiotics to use based on a percentage chance of what is most common and what usually works best. Trends also help indicate changes with time if done serially, alerting the veterinary profession to any changes and resistance patterns and, therefore, hopefully allowing for appropriate early remedial intervention. With talk of restrictions on the use of antibiotics by the medical and veterinary professions, understanding which antibiotics currently work and are most effective is essential. This is especially important in certain species …

The article explores contemporary and future options for better personal and societal ageing. The phenomena of significantly more present and projected elders, especially the upcoming diverse American baby boomers, have generated peaked interest in ageing-related issues from academic, practicing professional, business, governmental, and adult constituencies. Although much of ageing-related theory, research, and practice remains discipline-specific, an integration of physical, psychological, and social ageing domains is suggested as a paradigm for personal and societal intervention. The integrative physical, psychological, and social successful ageing paradigm is used to illustrate advantages for the conceptual perspectives of multidimensional, multidirectional adult lifestyles, applied and interdisciplinary research agendas, and intervention strategies for productive ageing. Findings from a number of research programs emphasizing the integrative successful ageing approach are shared. Personal and societal priorities for productive ageing are reviewed. Successful ageing intervention strategies are presented in the context of personal decisions and lifestyles related to societal opportunities and restrictions. Preventive, rather than remedial intervention, is emphasized.

The work completed was a comprehensive approach of understanding and treating formation damage to further redevelop a mature asset through successful remediation operations. The identification of skin was completed with slickline techniques and reservoir and production flow profile monitoring. Primary formation damage mechanisms were naturally occurring scales in the near wellbore, damage caused by water blockages and workover fluids. Redesigned completion fluids, acid pumping and innovative coiled tubing tools were used in the remediation works which were all firsts in the basin. A modified decline curve analysis technique was used to economically justify treatment of nearly all wells in the field and led to substantial production increases. In 2003, an Association was formed to manage a mature Romanian gas field producing since 1970. Production skin was evident and in 2010 a well failed due to halite formation. Consequently, liquid and solid sampling tools were deployed within suspect wellbores. In 2010, a new workover fluid formulation was introduced but despite improvements formation damage was still induced. From 2010 to 2013, there had been an increased focus on understanding and treating calcite, halite and water block damages to boost field-wide productivity. Formation damage was observed as being both naturally occurring and induced in the field. An initial assessment and pilot treatment of 10% of the wells led to a near 40% incremental gain in those wells. After which, the campaigns were further expanded to over 75% of the field. Technically, the investigation into formation damage changed the development plan for the field going forward. Operationally, the intervention procedures introduced were new to the basin and have been adopted by the Association's partners in other assets. A major limit on ultimate recovery from depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs is declining well productivity. Salt formation, scale deposition, and water blockage restricts flow, reducing production rates and ultimate recovery of reserves. Therefore, economic formation damage management is an essential tool for extending field life, increasing profitability, and improving recovery of aging assets. Impressive results led to a strategic shift in local field production management and the techniques are useful worldwide in similar fields.

Analyses have been performed of the potential consequences to the public of hypothetical loss-of-coolant accidents in conceptual fusion power plant designs. In order to establish upper bounds to the consequences of such events, a case has been studied in which total loss of all active cooling has been assumed, with no remedial intervention for the duration of the accident sequence. The analyses are based on three conceptual power plant designs, two of them similar to those assumed in the earlier safety and environmental assessment of fusion power (SEAFP) study (Raeder et al., 1995), with updating of assumed structural materials. The three models studied provide a broad range of design options. In all cases the decay-heat driven temperature transients are well below the level at which structural melting would begin. Based on conservative assumptions, mobilisation, release and dose calculations show that potential maximum doses to the public are very far below the levels at which evacuation might be considered.

This article describes remedial behavior therapy approaches for the treatment of maladaptive behavioral sequelae to an acquired brain injury (ABI). Remedial approaches are sophisticated and nonintrusive treatment strategies that involve teaching the individual skills or capacities to manage difficult life circumstances. Functional equivalence is one major category of remedial intervention and involves the determination of the behavioral function of the problem behavior and the teaching of an adaptive alternative response or skill cluster that provides the individual with efficient access to that function. Errorless remediation is a second category and entails teaching the individual to tolerate situations associated with problem behavior through hierarchical exposure to increasingly difficult conditions and reinforcement for successful management of those conditions.

Deficits in visual processing are common for individuals who have acquired brain injuries (ABI). Using an experimental, matched-groups design, the researchers examined the efficacy of a cognitive rehabilitation treatment focused on instruction in the use of compensatory strategies for deficits in processing of visual information. Participating in the study were 30 adults who were 2 to 12 months post-ABI. Repeated analysis of variance measures demonstrated significant improvements in both the experimental group and the control group on both weekly and pre-test/post-test measures. Auxiliary analyses, however, revealed the use of compensatory strategies by 80% of both the experimental group and the control group, which had received a remedial intervention. Further investigation indicated that the use of compensatory strategies by both groups resulted in improved scores.

Stepping is a prevalent and functional reaction to loss of balance, yet this element of postural control has only recently begun to receive due attention. It is likely that the impaired ability to execute compensatory stepping reactions is an important contributor to the unsteadiness, loss of balance confidence, and risk of falling that is associated with aging and age-related pathology. Even healthy, active older adults appear to experience difficulty in controlling stepping reactions, as evidenced by a tendency to require multiple steps to recover equilibrium. There seems to be a particular problem in controlling lateral stability. When stepping in response to forward or backward loss of balance, older adults often experience difficulty in countering the tendency of the body to fall laterally during the step. When stepping in response to lateral loss of balance, they often have problems controlling movement of the swing foot so as to avoid collision with the stance limb. The problems in controlling late...

In the present article, we argue against the use of psychometric assessment as the primary or sole vehicle for diagnosing specific reading disability. We suggest instead that the diagnostic enterprise should be initiated with early and labor intensive remedial intervention, and that the child’s ability to profit from such intervention should be the most important piece of information in making the diagnosis, notwithstanding the confirmatory value of psychometric assessment in given cases. We support our arguments with selected findings from an intervention study we have recently completed demonstrating that most children who perform poorly in reading can be readily brought to at least an average level of performance if their reading difficulties are addressed at the beginning stage of reading development.

It has been common practice to return Japanese armour to Japan for complete restoration. This case history describes in detail the original textile components of a rare seventeenth‐century armour which has not received such treatment. A decision was made to conserve it for further display with minimum remedial intervention whilst retaining the appearance of traditional display. The application of stitched supports for the degraded braids and fabrics weighed down by the lacquered metal components is given in detail. The means by which a traditional wooden support stand can be adapted to provide additional necessary support is described step‐by‐step.

A scale based on underlying core beliefs generated by the experience of epilepsy was developed. The scale, with measures of coping, adaptability, and knowledge, was used to examine the commonly-reported differences in emotional adjustment between patients (EP) and a non-epileptic population (NEP). The EP had significantly lower perceived self efficacy and was more depressed and anxious than the NEP controls. The NEP showed greater knowledge of medical aspects of epilepsy than the EP. Positive correlations between scale values and measures of mastery, self esteem, affect balance, felt stigma and impact of epilepsy were found. Factor analysis produced a three factor solution of emotion, knowledge and anxiety which explained 61.6% of the variance in scores. Results are discussed in terms of Bandura's theory of self efficacy as the motivating and sustaining force in the ability to change behaviour. Core beliefs are central to both the development and maintenance of anxiety and depression in epilepsy patients and need to be addressed in any attempts at remedial intervention.

The problem of indoor mold infestation is actually of growing concern in the evaluation and sanitation of water damages in buildings. Such damage may be caused by high humidity levels during living, condensation due to insufficient insulation or water penetration by leakages in piping or flooding hazards.

Despite significant financial investment, the effective implementation and sustained use of water and sanitation (WATSAN) technologies remains a chimera, with one billion people using unimproved water facilities and two and a half billion not benefitting from adequate sanitation. The poor success rate of WATSAN interventions results from a predominance of supply-driven approaches which lack recipients’ inputs into planning and implementation to ensure that technologies are fully absorbed and adapted to users’ needs. In the academic literature, users’ feedback and experiences of technologies in the post-implementation phase have received scarce attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate users’ experience of sanitation technologies in the early post-implementation phase, when opportunities for remedial intervention are still available. Fieldwork comprising semi-structured interviews was undertaken with users and potential recipients of three community ablution blocks (CABs) in informal settlements around Durban. Results suggest that non-technical aspects such as affordability or cleanliness of the facilities can affect acceptance among the investigated communities. User training is positively associated with higher levels of facility maintenance as well as satisfaction with its functionality. A comparison between users and potential recipients of CABs shows that perceived health benefits, attitudes in case of problems, and trust are affected by use of the facilities. Conclusions relate to how early post-implementation assessments of users’ experience could enhance the process of acceptance and management of the technology, thereby increasing progress towards achievement of the related Millenium Development Goals. Keywords: Ablution blocks, user acceptance, eThekwini municipality, Durban, sanitation

This study explores the assessment preferences of 453 postgraduate business students in New Zealand, Australia, and Thailand using a survey linking motivational and educational preferences. This study compares the needs of Western students (Australian and New Zealand), Asian (Thai) and international students (predominantly Chinese and Indian students) in Australia and New Zealand (ANZAC). One major finding is that students from these three countries who are socially motivated prefer ‘cooperative learning’. Further, the study specifically shows that students from Thailand are more socially motivated than students from Australia and New Zealand (ANZAC) while International ANZAC students have the greatest desire for cooperative learning. It also shows that group assessment poses quite significant challenges for local ANZAC students and therefore, remedial intervention from universities is essential if group assessments are to remain relevant and useful in achieving meaningful teaching and learning outcomes.

The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe intensive multicomponent reading interventions for use in Response to Intervention (RTI) implementation within elementary and middle schools. In early elementary grades, RTI has a focus on prevention through effective classroom instruction and increasingly powerful early interventions to meet student needs. By contrast, in middle school, the focus of RTI shifts to remediation and the provision of interventions with the power to help more students to be able to read on grade level. First, we provide an overview of RTI and explain the notion of treatment validity within RTI implementation. Next, we describe a kindergarten study that illustrates how the intensity of delivery may impact expected outcomes at Tier 2 and then summarize research on extensive interventions for the primary grades. Then we summarize remedial interventions for older students and examine the percent of older students whose reading could be normalized by focusing on a newly developed intensive middle school remedial intervention that incorporates code- and meaning-focused instruction in a peer-mediated format. Finally, we will discuss RTI challenges and implementation issues.

The relationship between sociometric status and behavior ratings was investigated in a sample of 78 boys in residential treatment. The subjects were classified into sociometric groups based on peer nominations. The Devereaux Child Behavior Rating Scale scores (completed by their child-care workers) of these groups were then compared. Boys of rejected status were rated as having significantly more behavioral problems than boys in the other sociometric groups. It is suggested that rejected boys in residential treatment may constitute a subgroup especially meriting remedial intervention.