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Tarp Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Livonijos politiniai ir prekybiniai ryšiai suaktyvėjo tik nuo XVI a. II pusės. Tačiau piniginiams ryšiams įtakos turėjo kitos priežastys. Jau XVI a. I pusėje tiek Livonijoje, tiek ir LDK cirkuliavo kaimyninės šalies monetos. Šių monetų cirkuliaciją lėmė ne prekybiniai ryšiai, o tam tikrų nominalų monetų trūkumai vietinėse apyvartose. Vėliau, sustiprėjus prekybiniams ryšiams, pinigų apyvarta buvo nulemta monetų verčių panašumų ir skirtumų. In the 16th–18th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Livonia were linked by close political and trade-economic relations. For some time, part of Livonia was included in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The port of Riga was the gateway to trade GDL with Western Europe. However, despite the close relationship, the circulation of coins becomes similar only from the 17th century. Monetary system of the Livonian Order and GDL were completely different. As a result, the coins of any country did not spread over the territory of another country. Still, there were exceptions. In the first half of the 16th century, pennies of GDL Alexander (1492–1506) and the half pennies of Sigismund II Augustus (1544–1572) spread in Livonia. These coins corresponded to local pfennig and were used to compensate for the lack of local coins. In the years 1530–1545, the shillings of the Livonian Order spread to the northern part of Lithuania. They were used here instead of the half-groats GDL. These coins were put into circulation due to a lack of coins when the Vilnius Mint was closed at that time. In the second half of the 16th century, the coins of the neighboring countries reappear in the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Livonia. In Livonia, coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were half-groats and 3 groats. Their spread was influenced by the creation of military brigades of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but the most important was the similarity of these coins with local shillings and ferding, as well as a greater amount of silver in them. The circulation of coins GDL abundantly joined the 2 pennies of 1578–1579 Courland and Semigallia. The distribution of one and other coins was determined not by trade relations, but by political, individual decisions. During trade relations, shillings of Gotthard Kettler (1562–1587) Courland and Semigallia, as well as the Free City of Riga and the Estonian Principality shilling got into the GDL, but due to the low cost of these coins they did not spread to the GDL territory. Some of these coins, before 1580, could have been treated as fake. After the monetary system unified in 1580 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated Riga in 1581, the coins of this city gradually increased in circulation of coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The article deals with issues of interwar badges of the Lithuanian scout organisation and presents data on the variety of badges produced: scouts, female scouts, younger scouts, sea scouts, scouts rovers (vyčių), student scouts, air and firefighter scout friends, different camps. More than twenty different metal badges (not including variants of metals and manufacturers) and three amber badges are mentioned. Based on archival sources, attempts are made to establish the dating of various badges, their designers, manufacturers, and circulations of some of the badges. The article also dwells on the wearers of badges made of different sorts of metal. Unfortunately, no archival data from 1918 to 129 and from 1939 to 1940 on the badges have survived. That is why we have no answers to all questions that arise. From the establishment of scouts in Lithuania in 1918 until 1929–1930, Lithuanina scouts used the badge on the international scout organisation - a lily supplemented with a double-cross and a wolf-head badge for all young scouts. At that time, only the scout chiefs' emblem of a double-cross with the scout lily and the badge of the sea scouts were exclusive. Later on, only badges characteristic of Lithuanian scouts were designed: the "rūtelė" (rue) for female scouts in 1929, the bird-tulip for younger scouts in 1935, the stylised lily for scouts rovers in 1930, and the badges for sea scouts (1931) and the camps of 1933 and 1938.

In 1925, the Ateitininkai student organisation established the Temperance Corporation in the University of Lithuania in Kaunas. In 1926, this corporation introduced its distinctive marks - a cap and a sash, and established a badge of three classes - custom, silver and gold. The badge was awarded to the members of the corporation for their contribution to promoting temperance. The initiator and designer of the badge was the Reverend Aleksandras Lėvanas (1905-1978), a teacher and doctor of theology. Badges were awarded to distinguished members and patrons of the corporation from 1926 to 1929. Six pieces of first-class badges, twenty pieces of second-class badges and seventy-two pieces of third-class badges were produced. The surviving lists of the awarded persons show that part of the badges were never awarded.

The article presents dog registration tags in Lithuania. The aim of dog registration was a campaign against stray dogs and the spread of rabies. The first dog registration tags in Lithuania were introduced in Vilnius at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century. General dog registration was first introduced in Lithuania in the period of German occupation in 1916-1918. After the reestablishment of independent Lithuania, the first dog registration tags appeared in Kaunas in 1922. In 1929, by the order of the minister of home affairs, there was an unsuccessful attempt to introduce general registration of dogs held in Lithuania from 1930. Another attempt was made in 1935, but only separate cities or counties managed to implement it. In 1939, when the capital Vilnius was returned to Lithuania, Lithuanian dog registration tags were introduced there as well in 1940-1941.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama 1925 m. laidos Lietuvos Respublikos monetų kūrimo ir kaldinimo problematika. Remiantis archyvo duomenimis, tarpukario Lietuvos periodine spauda ir kitais šaltiniais, pirmą kartą išsamiau aptariamas 1923 m. surengtas monetų projektų konkursas, tikslinama projektų autorystė, nustatomos skulptoriaus Juozo Zikaro parengtų monetų modelių datos. Aiškinamasi, kodėl monetas kaldinti buvo pavesta Anglijos bendrovėms ir kodėl centų monetas pasirinkta kaldinti iš aliumininės bronzos. Nagrinėjama, kodėl apyvartoje trūko 1 cento monetų ir kaip ši problema buvo sprendžiama. Taip atskleidžiamos to meto monetų kūrimą ir kaldinimą lėmusios aplinkybės. Much has been written about Lithuania’s interwar coins; however, this has been mainly confined to just a few known facts: a statement that the coins were designed by Juozas Zikaras, a description of the coins’ denominations and appearance, as well as naming of the mints that minted the coins, and the coin mintages. Coin minting in that period has not been researched in sufficient detail. There is more than one question to which no answer has been given. Literature contains some hints about the competition for the creation of coin designs, but no one gives a more comprehensive account of this competition. The Ministry of Finance, Trade and Industry announced this competition on 12 October 1923, and on 17 November the Competition Commission awarded bonuses to Bernardas Bučas for the denomination sides of the 5 centas and 10 centas coins. The Commission also acquired the designs for 1 litas by B. Bučas, 50 centas by Juozas Kaminskas, and 3 litas by Balys Buračas. Despite organising the competition for the designs of the coins, the Ministry of Finance, Trade and Industry mandated the sculptor Juozas Zikaras with the creation of coin designs and plaster models. Under the contract concluded in 1924, for LTL 11,000, J. Zikaras designed the plaster models for 11 coins: the denomination sides and the coat-of-arms side for the 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 centas coins and the 1, 2, 5, 10 litas coins. In 1925, new plaster models for the 2 litas and 5 litas were designed without concluding a contract, and in 1926 - two models for gold coins. Another question yet to be answered is why were English companies chosen in 1925 for the minting of the coins? Especially considering that, in the competition for the minting of silver coins, an English company offered the highest price. As seen from the research, the decisions at that time were determined by political and economic circumstances. The executor of the coin minting was foreseen as early as prior to the competition being organised. In order for the English company to win, Lithuania’s Ministry of Finance and the Minister, Vytautas Petrulis, prepared in advance and passed the Law on Coins, favouring that company, and prepared complimentary regulations of the competition. The article also tries to uncover the reason behind the lack of 1 centas coins of 1925 issue and the refusal to mint an additional mintage of the coin in 1928 and 1931. The question is also raised as to why Lithuania chose to mint all centas coins from aluminium bronze and why from only one metal, when the majority of other European states minted such coins from two different metals.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama tarpukario Lietuvoje įsteigto Valstybės teatro garbės ženklo istorija. Nors apie šį ženklą buvo ne kartą rašyta, taip pat jis įkomponuotas ir į Auksinį scenos kryžių (teikiamas nuo 2004 m.), tačiau žinių apie jį buvo labai mažai. Straipsnyje atskleista šio ženklo įsteigimo data, jo dailininkas, pateikiamas apdovanotų asmenų sąrašas bei kita su juo sietina informacija. The article is presenting the history of the inter-war Lithuanian State Theatre Badge of Honour. The badge was designed by Balys Lukošius, who was an actor and the Director of the Lithuanian State Theatre. The badge was firstly presented on the Lithuanian Independence Day, 16 February 1937. The first person awarded the honorary badge of the Lithuanian State Theatre was the President of Lithuania Antanas Smetona. The first theatre artists awarded this badge were from Latvia, they were decorated on 25 February 1937. There were two kinds of the Badge of Honour – Class I (gold) and Class II (silver). In the period of 16 February 1937 to 16 February 1939, 68 individuals were awarded this badge: 56 from Lithuania, 8 from Latvia, 4 from Estonia. The ceremony of decoration with the State Theatre Badge of Honour planned for 16 February 1940 did not take place – possibly because Viktoras Žadeika, who was the Director and Chairman of the Board of the Lithuanian State Theatre, resigned from his position on 1 May 1939.

Pirmasis monetų kompleksas (1940/2009). 2009 m. gruodžio 22 d. tvarkant sudegusios Labanoro (Švenčionių raj.) bažnyčios griuvėsius prie buvusio didžiojo altoriaus, po priešais jį buvusios pakylos grindimis buvo rasta 1029 monetos. Ankstyviausia moneta - Rusijos Imperijos 1820 m. 2 kapeikos, vėliausios - SSRS 1940 m. 3 ir 5 kapeikos. Šį kompleksą daugiausia sudaro monetos, datuojamos iki 1918 m. – 1007 vnt. (97,8 %). Monetų kompleksas, matyt, sukauptas iki 1922 metų ir paslėptas Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais. Komplekso piniginė vertė nedidelė; galima manyti, kad tai yra bažnyčioje surinktos aukos. Antrasis monetų kompleksas (2010). 2010 m. balandžio 17 d. smėlio sluoksnyje po buvusios bažnyčios grindimis metalo detektoriumi buvo rastos monetos, nukaldintos laikotarpiu nuo XVII a. pradžios iki XXI a. Taip pat buvo rasta 13 religinių medaliukų ir 2 kryželiai. The 1st complex of coins (1940/2009): On 22 December 2009, during the works in the ruins of the burned Labanoras church (Švenčionys district), 1,029 coins were found near the former high altar, under the floor of a platform in front of the altar (Fig. 1). The earliest coin is 2 kopecks of the Russian Empire of 1820, the latest - 3 and 5 kopecks of the USSR of 1940. The largest part consists of coins dated before 1918 - 1,007 items (97.8 percent). The complex of coins may have been accumulated before 1922 and hidden in the years of World War II. The monetary value of this complex is small; it is thought that it might have been donations collected for the church. The 2nd complex of coins (2010): On 17 April 2010,55 coins minted in the period from the early 17th c. until the 21st c. were collected in the layer of sand under the church floor using a metal detector (Fig. 2 - 3 ). This complex also included 13 religious medals and 2 crosses.

Straipsnio autorius aptaria numizmatikos radinius, rastus archeologinių kasinėjimų Lietuvoje metu 2008-2009 m. 2008 m. buvo ištirta apie 100 (2009 m. - apie 76) įvairių objektų (senkapių, pilių, kaimaviečių ir dvarviečių, bažnyčių ir vienuolynų, senamiesčių), kuriuose galėjo būti numizmatinių radinių; be to, dar atlikta įvairių archeologinių žvalgymų. Tačiau peržvelgę leidiniuose „Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2008 metais“ ir „Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2009 metais“ pateiktas tyrimų apžvalgas, randame žinių, kad numizmatinių radinių buvo rasta tik trečdalyje objektų. Neabejotina, kad minėtose vietose buvo galima rasti daugiau monetų, bet dauguma archeologų, vadovaujančių kasinėjimams, nenaudoja metalo detektorių arba naudojasi neprofesionaliai, taip sumažindami galimų radinių kiekį. Iš archeologų pateikiamos informacijos ne visada aišku, kiek ir kokių radinių buvo rasta. 2008-2009 m., kaip ir visada, daugiausiai buvo rasta XVII a. monetų. Be to, rastas Romos Imperijos sestercijus, penki XIII-XIV a. lietuviški pusapvalės lazdelės formos sidabro lydinių gabaliukai ir keletas XVI a. pab.-XX a. monetų. The author of the paper discusses the numismatic finds discovered during the excavations in Lithuania in 2008-2009. In 2008, excavations were carried out in ca. 100 (in 2009 - ca. 76) various locations (old cemeteries, castles, village and manor sites, churches and monasteries, old towns), which may possibly have contained numismatic finds; in addition, various scouting expeditions were performed. However, according to the survey of research presented in the publications "Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2008 metais" (Vilnius, 2009) and "Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2009 metais" (Vilnius, 2010), only one third of the locations contained numismatic finds. Undoubtedly, many more coins might have been found in these locations; however, a large part of the archaeologists conducting research on monuments either do not use metal detectors or use them unprofessionally, thus a great deal of numismatic finds remain undiscovered. It is not always clear from the information supplied by archaeologists how many and what finds were discovered. In 2008-2009, like always, the major part of the finds consisted of coins from the 17th c. In addition, a Roman sesterce, five pieces of Lithuanian silver bars from the 13-14th c., and several coins from the end of the 16th-20th c. were found.

Straipsnyje aptariama Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Jogailos monetos su liūtu (leopardu) ir dvigubu kryžiumi skyde. Pirmiausiai teigta, kad šio tipo monetose pavaizduota suriesta žuvis, o ne liūtas. Ne visi numizmatai pritarė tokiai nuomonei. Kiti specialistai įžvelgė slibiną arba drakoną. Naujausi tokio tipo monetų radiniai ir žinomi liūto simbolio analogai patvirtina, kad Jogailos monetose pavaizduotas liūtas (leopardas). Liūto simbolis nėra Rusios ar valdovo simbolis, kaip buvo teigiama anksčiau. Liūto simbolis turi siejamas su krikštu ir yra Jėzaus Kristaus simbolis. Naujausi monetų radiniai leido nustatyti, kad aplink liūtą užrašyta lotyniška legenda. Vienas iš įrašo žodžių yra valdovo titulas – karalius (REX). Kitas žodis neidentifikuotas, bet pagal kitų monetų analogus žinoma, jog tai turėtų būti valdovo vardas. Dvigubas kryžius reverse rodo, kad tas vardas turėtų būti Jogaila. Tačiau, nėra aišku, kaip monetose užrašytas vardas: pagoniškas Jogaila ar krikščioniškas Vladislaus (Ladislaus). Dabartiniu metu yra žinomos 33 tokio tipo monetos. Monetų spaudų analizė parodė, kad 33 monetos yra nukaldintos naudojant 25 aversų (liūtas) ir 22 reversų (dvigubas kryžius) spaudus. Iš jų 17 monetų, arba 51 %, yra kaldintos susijungiančiais spaudais. Dar keturios iš 33 monetų yra nukaldintos dviem spaudų poromis. Naujausi monetų radiniai patvirtino, kad aptariamo tipo monetos buvo kaldintos po portretinių monetų, bet prieš monetas su raiteliu. Tai galėjo įvykti po Lietuvos krikšto – apie 1387-1388 metus. Didelis susijungiančių spaudų skaičius rodo, kad monetos buvo kaldintos labai trumpai – vos kelis mėnesius ar dar trumpesnį laiko tarpą. Pirmiausia buvo kaldintos monetos su pynutės apvadu, po to su taškiniu apvadu ir vėliausiai monetos su aiškiai matomu liūtu (leopardu). Metrologiniai tyrimai rodo, kad monetų skersmuo svyruoja nuo 11 iki 16,4 mm, vidurkis – apie 13 mm. Geriausiai išlikusių monetų masė svyruoja nuo 0,4 iki 0,615 g. Tikėtina, kad šio tipo monetų masės vidurkis galėjo būti apie 0,45-0,5 g. Vienintelės prabuotos monetos iš Mitkiškių lobio praba yra gerokai žemesnė nei kitų to laikotarpio žinomų monetų – apie 10 lotų (604). The author of the paper discusses the type of Jogaila's coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania bearing a lion (leopard) and a double cross on the shield. Upon announcing this type of coins for the first time, an opinion was voiced that it was actually a bent fish rather than a lion (Fig. 1). This opinion was not unanimously accepted by numismatists. Later two more opinions appeared that a lion (Fig. 2) or a dragon (Fig. 3) was represented on the coins. The most recent finds of this type of coins and the known analogues of the symbol of a lion on other types of coins confirm that a lion (leopard) is represented on these coins. The symbol of a lion is not a symbol of Rus or a ruler, as was asserted by researchers before. The lion on the coins is a symbol of Christianity and stands for Jesus Christ. The newest finds of coins helped to establish that the legend inscribed around the lion is in Latin. One of the words in the inscription is the ruler's title - king (REX) (Fig. 5). The other word of the inscription has not been identified, but it is clear from the analogues of other coins that it must be the rulers name. A double cross represented on the reverse shows that this name should be Jogaila. However, it is not clear if the coins bear Jogaila's pagan name or his Christian name Vladislaus (Ladislaus). At the present time, 33 coins of the type under discussion are known. The analysis of the dies of coins revealed that 33 coins were minted using 25 dies of obverses (the lion) and 22 dies of reverses (the double cross). Among them 17 coins, or 51 %, are minted using die chains (Fig. 6). Four out of 33 coins are minted using two pairs of dies. The most recent finds of coins confirmed that the coins of the type under discussion were minted later than the portrait coins, but prior to the coins with the knight. This may have happened after Lithuania's Christianization - ca. 1387/1388. Today, a rather small known number of these coins and quite a large amount of die chains shows that these coins were minted during a very short period - several months or even less. First, coins with plaits were minted, followed by coins with a pellet border, and finally - coins with a clearly visible lion (leopard) (Fig. 4). The metrological research shows that the diameter of the coins fluctuates from 11 to 16.4 mm, with the average of ca. 13 mm. The weight of the coins is from 0.4 to 0.615 g. It is possible that the average weight of this type of coins is ca. 0.45-0.5 g. The hallmark of the sole assayed coin from the Mitkiškės hoard is much smaller than that of other known coins from that period - ca. 10 loths (604).

Straipsnyje rašoma apie popierinių pinigų – ostpinigių, dolerių ir litų – klastojimą bei platinimą Lietuvos nepriklausomybės laikotarpiu (1918–1940 m.) ir litų klastojimą valstybėse kaimynėse. Minimi tokie šių pinigų klastojimo centrai, kaip Jaunjelgava, Berlynas, Miunchenas, Tilžė, Vilniaus spaustuvės. Remiantis įvairiais to laiko spaudos pranešimais, atskleidžiami banknotų klastojimo ir platinimo mastai, būdai, nominalų įvairovė, klastotojų ir platintojų tautybė, profesija, išsilavinimas, už pinigų klastojimą ir platinimą skiriamų nuobaudų dydžiai, kita su pinigų klastojimu susijusi informacija. Paper deals with counterfeiting and distribution of paper money — “Ost money”, dollars and litas — in Independent Lithuania (1918-1940) as well as counterfeiting of litas in the neighbouring countries. Based on various press statements of that time, the scope and ways of banknote counterfeiting and distribution, denominations, locations, persons, fines and other information related to money counterfeiting are revealed. Before 1 October 1922, until Lithuania’s own currency — the litas — was introduced, money counterfeiting was treated very leniently. While there are very few press statements on counterfeited Ostrubles and Ostmarks in circulation, isolated articles suggest that the number of counterfeits in circulation was large, but the militia did not have an order to fight holders of such money. Along with Ost money, an abundance of US dollars also circulated in Lithuania up to the 1930s. This money was not ignored by counterfeiters either, and was counterfeited in two ways. The first way — counterfeit banknotes were brought from abroad. The other, much more popular way, was when local counterfeiters used to turn 1 USD or 2 USD banknotes into 10, 50 or 100 USD banknotes. Once the litas was introduced on 1 October 1922, the first counterfeits also appeared. Banknotes from 50 cents to 100 litas were counterfeited. Only small change and the highest denomination banknotes — 500 and 1,000 litas — avoided counterfeiting. Banknote counterfeiting was both of high quality, done at printing houses or using clichés, and rather primitive — drawn by hand. Litas banknotes counterfeited at legal printing houses were produced in Berlin, Munich, Tilsit; illegally — in Vilnius, Jaunjelgava (Latvia) and using clichés produced by individuals in Lithuania or abroad. Money counterfeiters and distributors were varied. They included Lithuanians, Jews, Romany and foreign citizens — Poles, Latvians, Germans. Lithuanians distinguished themselves in the distribution of banknotes of lower denominations, whereas persons of Jewish nationality only distributed banknotes of higher value, and distributed their counterfeits in a much wider territory than Lithuanians. The age of money counterfeiters ranged from secondary school students to 60 year-olds, while 20 to 40 year-olds represented the majority. These persons were mainly engaged in agriculture and trading, but there were also unemployed or officials. They could be uneducated persons and with more than one education. Mainly men engaged in money counterfeiting; however, there were also women who more often played the role of distributors. The activity of money counterfeiters was widespread in Lithuania, however certain regions in particular were characterised by this. Statistically, the country’s capital city, Kaunas held first place. A lot of counterfeits spread also in the northern part of Lithuania — on the Latvian border and in the environs of Panevėžys and Šiauliai, Central Lithuania and West Lithuania — in the environs of Klaipėda, Šilutė, Tauragė. The fight of police officers against counterfeits and their distributors after the introduction of the litas was usually very successful. Both distributors and counterfeiters used to be cleared up relatively fast, because money counterfeiters distributed mostly close to their place of residence. Investigations when counterfeited banknotes were brought from abroad used to take much longer.[...]

Straipsnyje aptariamas didžiausias kada nors rastas XVI a. monetų lobis Lietuvoje. Šis lobis yra didžiausias tiek monetų skaičiumi, tiek ir mase. Palyginti su kitais lobiais, Merkinės lobyje buvo rasta ir daugiausia denarų. Dalis lobio pateko į Senienų muziejų. Įsigijimui pateiktame lobio apraše yra nurodyta monetų priklausomybė – miestas arba valstybė ir valdovas, taip pat datuotų monetų datos ir jų vienetų skaičius. Gaila, tačiau išlikusiame apraše yra ir netikslumų bei klaidų. Straipsnyje tikslinama šio lobio sudėtis, tiksliau datuojamos kai kurios monetos, aiškinama jų priklausomybė. Taip pat nustatinėjama lobio vertė, remiantis to meto kainomis. Labai gaila, kad didžiausias kada nors Lietuvoje rastas XVI a. lobis nebuvo išsaugotas mokslo labui. Merkinės lobio monetos pateko į įvairius privačius rinkinius, iš kur vėliau jos pateko ir į muziejus. Todėl ir šiandien ne viename kolekcininkų ir muziejų rinkinyje yra Merkinės lobio monetų, ir ypač tai pasakytina apie Žygimanto Augusto denarus. The subject of the paper is the hoard of coins from the 16th c. found in Merkinė (Varėna district) in 1861. The hoard was presented to the Vilnius Archaeological Commission, which described the coins contained in the hoard. The description is held in the Manuscript Department of Vilnius University. In total, the Merkinė hoard contained ca. 3,500 coins. The larger part of them consisted of half-groats and groats of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The hoard also contained some coins of the vassal Prussia. 29 coins of the hoard were given to the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, and the bulk of the coins - to the Vilnius antiquary Lucyan Moraczewski. It is possible that the coins of this hoard later found their way to various private collections. The Merkinė hoard is given a brief mention in scholarly literature and has not been included in any lists of hoards. However, this hoard is of great significance to Lithuanian numismatics, as by the number of coins it is the largest hoard from the 16th c. found in the territory of Lithuania. Compared with other hoards, it contains the largest amount of Sigismund Augusts pennies

Remiantis monetų lobiais ir pavieniais radiniais, straipsnyje aptariama XVII a. vidurio ir antrosios pusės monetų apyvarta dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Svarstoma, kokia galėjo būti monetų kalybos apimtis, analizuojami monetų cirkuliacijos trukmės, jos ypatumų klausimai, aptariamos įvežtinės užsienio monetos, jų įvežimo priežastys ir vaidmuo. Taip pat svarstomas to meto pinigų vertės klausimas. In the middle and the latter half of the 17th century coin circulation on the territory of present-day Lithuania was evidently different from that in the first half of the 17th century. The changes were driven by the 1654–1667 War which severely devastated the country and by failure in the 1600–1629 War with Sweden. After these wars, the Common State of Poland and of the GDL not only found itself in a serious demographic and economic but also financial crisis. In the aftermath of the war with Sweden, low value coins of Livonia under the Swedish rule flooded the country. In addition, large numbers of low value coins of other territories – mainly counterfeits from Sucheava – were brought into the country. To self-protect against their invasion, own coinage was undertaken. In the GDL in 1652–1653, shillings were struck at the Mint of Vilnius in the largest amounts totalling 9 to 12 million. It was, however, just a minor counterbalance, as it only made up 1/100 of the amount struck at the Mints of Riga and Livonia under the Swedish rule. The Baltic mints of Sweden and Sucheava inflicted harm to Poland and the GDL which amounted to around 26 million zloty or the Commonwealth of the Two Nations’ budget revenue of about two years. An outbreak of a new war made look for new budget revenue to settle with the Army. With this aim in view, it was decided to start minting copper shillings. In addition, new coins – zloty of a lower value (30 groats) began to be minted in 1663, actually worth just 12–18 groats. At first, the minting of copper shillings justified itself. However, the State sought to receive still more revenue from coinage, thus instead of 180 million 1.5 billion copper shillings were minted. Another 120–150 million shillings were produced by different counterfeiters. All these coins for five decades became the dominant coin which ousted all alien small coins and remained in circulation for 100 years. Apart from copper shillings, from the latter half of the 17th century a larger amount of medium value coins – Polish 6-groats, orts and zloty were also in circulation. In 1664–1666, 6-groats were minted in the largest amount at the Mint of Vilnius, but the amount was very little – just around 550 thousand pieces. Along with local coins, there circulated almost the same amount of coins of the same denominations of neighbouring Prussia too. Among the highest value coins, thalers minted in the United Netherlands and gold ducats dominated the circulation in 1650–1668. There were few of the latter, yet their amount in circulation increased markedly from previous periods. However, already in the last quarter of the 17th century pathagons of the Spanish Netherlands and their halves and quarters began dominating the thalers, while gold coins almost disappeared from circulation. Scottish copper pence, Russian kopeks, Swedish 2-Mark coins, Austrian and Hungarian coins of different denominations, thalers of the Bishopric of Liège and French thalers and their halves (the largest ever amount of French coins that had appeared in circulation in Poland or the GDL), as well as a tiny amount of other coins appeared in circulation during the period under review. Foreign coins were imported due to a shortage of own ones, however only coins with their value closest to local coins basically used to appear in local circulation. Coins were imported for fraud and gain purposes as well. Due to currency depreciation, in the mid-17th century the Lithuanian population held many more coins than previously but their monetary value was markedly lower than in the first half of the 17th century. Towards the end of the 17th century, as discovered hoards suggest, the population had already accumulated larger amounts of money, yet its purchasing power remained similar on account of inflation.

Remiantis pavieniais monetų radiniais ir monetų lobiais, straipsnyje aptariama XVII a. pirmosios pusės monetų apyvarta dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Svarstoma, koks galėjo bûti monetų emisijos dydis, analizuojami monetų cirkuliacijos trukmės ir jos ypatumų, palyginti su monetų cirkuliacija Lenkijoje ir pietinėse LDK žemėse, klausimai, nagrinėjamos užsienio monetų atsiradimo dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje priežastys ir šių monetų vaidmuo. The article reviews circulation of coins in the territory of nowadays Lithuania in the first half of the 17th century resting both on single finds of coins and coin hoards. It also analyses the probable amount of coin emission, duration of coin circulation and specificity of this circulation in Poland and southern lands of GDL, reasons of emergence of coins of foreign countries and the role thereof, as well as the value of the currency. Circulation of the coins in the territory of nowadays Lithuania in the first half of the 17th century (the period of the reign of Sigismund III Vasa (from 1587 to 1632) and Wladyslaw IV (from 1632 to 1648)) was similar to that in the entire commonwealth of Poland and GDL, however, it had its own specific features which were determined by the fact that the territory of Lithuania fell under the trading influence of Riga. From 1602 to 1622 (the period of the reign of Sigismund III Vasa), the biggest proportion of coins consisted of shillings (minted mostly in Riga) and 1.5-groat coins while doubledenarii and shillings predominated in the emission of the Vilnius Mint. From 1623 to 1627 the situation changed only slightly. Mostly double-denarii and 1.5-groat coins were continued to be minted, however, the amounts of their emissions slightly changed. Instead of shillings, now the biggest part of the emission consisted of 1.5-groat coins. The amount of minted groats and orts (18 groats) also grew. During that period, the biggest amount of coins minted by the Vilnius Mint consisted of shillings and groats. Hypothetical calculations of probable amount of minted 1.5-groat and 6-groat coins were made in Poland. It was determined that 763 million of 1.5-groat coins might be minted in the Bydgoscz Mint from 1623 to 1627 while 13.2 million of sixgroats were minted in Cracow from 1623 to 1627. Huge amounts of coins of foreign countries started to inflow under Sigismund III Vasa. The commonwealth of Poland and GDL tried to solve that problem by imposing prohibitions. However, it did not stop the outflow of own coins from the country and inflow of the coins from abroad. Coins of different countries and of different denominations circulated in the entire commonwealth including Lithuania. The coins of Austria, Bohemia, Denmark, Spain, Spain Netherlands, Coronia, New Spain (Mexico and Bolivia), the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, Silesia, Sweden, cantons and towns of Switzerland, Hungary, and lands and towns of Germany circulated along with the coins minted at the Vilnius Mint and at the mints of Poland. Some of the coins minted in foreign countries plaid an important role in the coin circulation in Poland and GDL while some of them were brought in just accidentally together with ample inflows of other coins. Coins of Prussia (particularly shillings, 1.5-groat coins and orts) were most frequent in the coin circulation in Poland and GDL. This was determined by monetary system of Prussia which was identical to that of Poland. Until the 20s of the 17th century, denarii of Hungary, which were equal to shillings, were continuously brought in to Poland and GDL. In the first decade of the 17th century the kopeks of Russia appeared in the GDL, which were specific for GDL since they were not typical for Poland in that time. Import of the coins from both Hungary and Russia was a profitable business for those who imported them. Since the 20s of the 17th century, the coins (mostly shillings) from the Baltic territories which were occupied by Sweden were started to be brought in to Poland and GDL. Other small denomination coins that exerted strong influence were groats and 3-kreuzer coins of Holy Roman Empire (different lands and towns of Germany). Those coins were imported to Lithuania not directly from lands and towns of Germany but from Poland and Riga. Until the 17th century, currency circulation in the commonwealth of Poland and GDL consisted mostly of the thalers of the Holy Roman Empire while in the first half of the 17th century the main thaler coins became half-thalers and thalers minted in the Netherlands. According to the data obtained on the basis of hoards found in Lithuania, the inflow of Spain Netherlands patagons was very small during the first three decades of the 17th century. Together with those large denomination coins, a number of the most exotic coins over the entire history of Lithuania and GDL were imported. These include 1-real, 2-real, 4-real and 8-real silver coins of Spain and its colonies from the periods of the reign of Philip III (1598–1621) and Philip IV (1621–1665) referred to as realowe in the written sources. We have little knowledge about the circulation of ducats – coins of even higher value – in Lithuania, still, the number of gold coins in circulation grew considerably since the 17th century. The latter were already used not just by the nobles or merchants, they were also widely used by burghers. Since the 17th century, ducats minted in the United Provinces of the Netherlands started to predominate in the circulation. Apart from all the coins mentioned above, from the end of the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century, a minor role was plaid by coins from other countries (Prague groats minted in Bohemia, 15th century shillings of German order which were imported together with Polish half-groats and coins of Coronia the mintage of which was rather limited.

Svarbu žinoti, kokios auksinės monetos, jų apyvarta buvo dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje nuo seniausių laikų iki XX a. Atliekant tokią analizę, remtasi pavieniais monetų radiniais, monetų lobiais ir rašytiniais šaltiniais. Aiškintasi, kokį vaidmenį auksinės monetos vaidino vienu ar kitu laikotarpiu, kokios priežastys lemia jų patekimą į Lietuvos teritoriją. Analizuojama, koks tokių monetų kiekis patenka į Lietuvą, kokia auksinių monetų cirkuliacijos trukmė ir specifika. Anksčiau publikuotuose šia tema darbuose apsiribojama auksinių monetų suradimo faktu ir publikacijos neatspindi monetų apyvartos. Straipsnyje apibendrinamos turimos žinios: apžvelgiami žinomi auksinių monetų radiniai, analizuojami rašytinių šaltinių duomenys, nustatomas monetų vaidmuo Lietuvoje vienu ar kitu laikotarpiu ir kt. Įdomu pastebėti, kad pirmosios auksinės monetos į Lietuvą pateko pirmaisiais mūsų eros amžiais. Straipsnyje pristatoma auksinių monetų apyvartos ir cirkuliacijos istorija Lietuvoje ir kitose šalyse nuo seniausių laikų iki XX a. Atkreipiamas dėmesys, jog iki XV a. Lietuvoje pagrindiniu stambiausiu piniginiu vienetu buvo sidabro lydiniai. Didžiausias monetų kiekis XV–XVI a. buvo kaupiamas valstybės ižde, o kaip turtas – įtakingiausių asmenų, bažnyčių, pirklių. 1547–1666 m. LDK buvo kaldinamos reprezentacinės monetos, o XVII a. monetos dalyvauja vietinėje apyvartoje. Plačiausiai paplitusios monetos buvo dukatai. Pažymima tai, jog ilgalaikėmis apyvartoje dalyvavusiomis monetomis ir tapusiomis gyventojų turto sankaupomis XIX a. pab.– XX a. pr. buvo Rusijos imperijos auksinės monetos. It is important to know what kind of golden coins were used in the nowadays territory of Lithuania from the old ages until the 20th c. and what was their circulation. An analysis was based on individual findings of coins, coins treasures and written sources. Also, a role of golden coins during one or another time period, the reasons of their appearance in Lithuanian territory, an amount of coins which appeared in Lithuania and the period of circulation and specifics of golden coins were analysed. The works which were published earlier were limited to the fact of appearance of golden coins. The publications did not reflect their circulation. The article generalises the accumulated knowledge: it reviews known findings of golden coins, analyses the data of written sources, determines a role of coins in Lithuania during one or another period of time and etc. It should be noticed that the first golden coins appeared in Lithuania in the first centuries of anno Domini. The article presents the history of circulation of golden coins in Lithuania and other countries from the old times until the 20th c. Attention is paid that until the 15th c. the main and the largest monetary unit was a silver alloy in Lithuania. The hugest amount of coins was stored in the state's treasury in the 15th–16th c. As a capital it was accumulated by the most influential people, churches and tradesmen. In 1547–1666, representative coins were made in the GDL. In the 17th c., the coins were introduced to local circulation. The most spread coins were ducats. It is noted that golden coins of the Russian Empire were used in a long-term circulation and were accumulated by people as a capital at the end of the 19th c.–beg. of the 20th c.

Mokslinėje literatūroje ir diskusijose nuo XIX a. net iki XX a. devintojo dešimtmečio vyravo nuomonė, kad pirmosios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (LDK) monetos buvo keturių tipų, skiriamų pagal monetų averse ir reverse pavaizduotus ženklus: 1) ietigalis su kryžiumi ir įrašas PEČAT; 2) stulpai ir ietigalis su kryžiumi; 3) raitelis ir stulpai; 4) raitelis ir dvigubas kryžius skyde. Tačiau naujausi monetų radiniai ir jau turimų duomenų analizė nebeleidžia remtis tokiu glaustu pirmųjų lietuviškų monetų grupavimu. Straipsnyje rašoma apie labai retas Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės monetas su liūtu ir mazgo simboliu averse ir įrašu PEČAT reverse. Remiantis naujausiais monetų radiniais, archeologiniais, istoriniais, sfragistiniais ir numizmatiniais duomenimis, daroma išvada, kad šias monetas apie 1392–1393 m. Vilniuje kaldino Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis Vytautas. Starting from the 19th century till the eighties of the 20th century in the scientific literature and discussions there prevailed the opinion that the first coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were of four types, distinguished according to the signs, presented on the averse and the reverse of the coins: 1) the spearhead with the cross and the inscription PECHAT; 2) pillars and the spearhead with the cross; 3) the equestrian and the pillars; 4) the equestrian with the double cross on the shield. However the latest coin findings and the analysis of the already available data does not allow for referring to such a brief grouping of the first Lithuanian coins. The article provides information on very rare coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the symbol of the lion on the averse and the inscription PECHAT on the reverse. Referring to the latest coin findings, as well as the archeological, historical, sphragistic and numismatic data the conclusion is drawn that the coins were made in Vilnius under the rule of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas Magnus approximately in 1392–1393.

Straipsnyje pristatomos LDK monetos, kaldintos 1652-1653 m. Vilniaus monetų kalykloje. Aptariamos monetų kaldinimo priežastys, nustatinėjama monetų kalyklos buvimo vieta, monetų emisijos dydis, supažindinama su kaldintų monetų nominalais, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant nepripažintam monetų nominalui - 2 denarams, ir nagrinėjamos monetų kaldinimo nutraukimo priežastys. LDK monetų kaldinimo atnaujinimą 1652 m. lėmė finansinė krizė: didelis antplūdis žemos prabos svetimų monetų, ypač iš švedų valdyto Pabaltijo; gero sidabro išvežimas į užsienį ir vis didėjančios kainos; labai maži lenkiškų monetų, pradėtų kaldinti 1650 m., kiekiai; pinigų samdytai kariuomenei išlaikyti trūkumas. Monetų kalykla veikė ne vienoje vietoje — dk pilies malūne (karališkajame), kur buvo gaminama valcuota skarda, ir arba Valdovų rūmuose (ar jų aplinkoje), arba senoje monetų kalykloje Vokiečių gatvėje. Vilniaus monetų kalykla 1652 m. kaldino 6 nominalų monetas — dvidenarius, šilingus, grašius, pusantrokus, 3 grašius ir 6 grašius. Monetų kiekiai, išskyrus šilingus, buvo nedideli: šilingų galėjo būti nukaldinta nuo 9 iki 12 mln. vienetų (1652 m. - apie 7-9 mln., 1653 m. - apie 1,75-2,25 mln.); dvidenarių ir grašiųgalėjo būti nukaldinta po 250—350 tūkst. vienetų; pusantrokų - 125-175 tūkst. vienetų; 6 grašių — apie 50 tūkst. vienetų; 3 grašių — mažiau nei 50 tūkst. vienetų. Monetų kalykla buvo uždaryta 1653 m.pr. dėl Vilniuje prasidėjusios maro epidemijos. Atnaujinti monetų kaldinimą sutrukdė padidėjusi konkurencija su kaimyninių kraštų monetomis ir, svarbiausia, 1654—1655 m. prasidėję karai su Rusija ir Švedija. The article writes about coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that were struck at the Vilnius mint during 1652-1653. It discusses the reasons for beginning to mint coins, establishes the mint's location and the size of the coin issues, introduces the denominations of the minted coins, paying special attention to a long unrecognised coin denomination, the 2 denarii coin, and examines the reasons for discontinuing the minting of coins. The author draws the conclusion that the minting of coins occurred In 1652 due to a deep financial crisis in the country when the country was inundated by a big flow of foreign coins, there was a lack of silver and the silver that existed was being sent to foreign countries, the production of Polish coins, which had begun in 1650, was limited, and the treasury lacked the funds for maintaining the mercenary army. During 1652-1653 the Vilnius mint was established at two locations: In the mill of the grand duke's castle where rolled sheet metal was produced and perhaps on the grounds of the Royal Palace, in the approaches to it, or at the location of the old mint on Vokiečių Street. The Vilnius mint during 1652-1653 struck 6 rather than 5 denominations of coins. Coins with the number 360 that were struck at the mint must be called 2 denarii coins rather than shillings. […] The Vilnius mint was closed in early 1653 due to a plague epidemic that started in Vilnius rather than due to a violation of the 'denomination' norms for coins. After the epidemic the mint's work was not renewed due to economic reasons, increased competition, and especially the war with Russia and Sweden that began In 1654-1655.

2005 m. vasario 3-4 d. Vilniaus žemutinės pilies teritorijoje buvo rastas XIV a. pabaigos - XV a. pradžios monetų kompleksas. Kompleksą sudaro 13 monetų: du Čekijos Vaclovo IV (1378-1419) Prahos grašiai, iš kurių vienas - klastotė, ir vienuolika Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės monetų - šešios Jogailos (1377-1392) monetos su raiteliu averse ir dvigubu kryžiumi skyde reverse, keturios Jogailos/Vytauto (1392-1430) monetos su dvigubu kryžiumi skyde averse ir ietigaliu su kryžiumi reverse, taip pat Vytauto moneta, kaldinta Smolenske (stulpai dviguba linija/liūtas). Pagal skirtingų monetų kiekį šis kompleksas yra antras tarp visų Lietuvoje rastų XIV a. pabaigos - XV a. pradžios lobių. Straipsnyje detaliai analizuojamos radimo aplinkybės bei komplekse rastos monetos, pagrindinį dėmesį skiriant LDK monetoms. Remiantis rastomis monetomis bandoma paneigti arba patvirtinti anksčiau įvairių autorių išsakytas mintis apie šių monetų priklausomybę, datavimą, kaldinimo vietą. This article details the coin complex found in the territory of the Lower Vilnius Castle in 2005. The complex consists of 13 coins of four different varieties - one Czech Wenceslaus IV (1387-1419) Prague groat, one Czech Wenceslaus IV Prague groat copper counterfeit, six Grand Duchy of Lithuania pennies with the knight/double cross shield, minted around 1388-1392, four Grand Duchy Jogaila/Vytautas pennies with double cross shield/spear head with cross, minted around 1392, and one noteworthy Grand Duchy Vytautas penny, minted in Smolensk around 1401, of which there is only one previously know example. This is the second most diverse hoard discovered in Lithuanian of coins from end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. Only the Lower Castle hoard found in 2002 surpasses it. The circumstances of this find - which was found in an undisturbed layer - assisted with dating of these coins and it was determined that they were minted in very small quantities and only for a short period of time

Šiame straipsnyje yra atsakoma į Stanislovo Sajausko recenzijoje knygai Vilniaus žemutinės pilies pinigų lobis. (XIV a. pabaiga)" autoriui pateiktas pastabas. Straipsnyje yra nagrinėjama ankstyviausių LDK monetų problematika - priskyrimas, datavimas, monetose esančių simbolių aiškinimas ir kiti klausimai. Pagrindinis dėmesys yra skirtas aštuonioms pastaboms. Straipsnyje yra paaiškinama, kodėl recenzijos autoriaus pateikti įrodinėjimai dėl galimai kitokio monetų atributavimo ir datavimo yra negalimi. This article is a reply to the references made to the author in the review by Stanislovas Sajauskas of the book “The Money Treasure of Vilnius Lower Castle (End of the 14th c.) (Vilniaus žemutinės pilies pinigų lobis (XIV a. pabaiga). The topic of the earliest coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is analysed in the article ‒ assigning, dating, the explanation of symbols on coins and other issues. The main attention is paid to eight notes. It is explained in the article why the proofs made by the author of the review of potentially other attributes and dating of coins are not possible.

Straipsnyje rašoma apie Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės monetas, kurių averse – stulpai, reverse – ietigalis su kryžiumi (nuo 1949 m. jos dar gavo sąlyginį II tipo pavadinimą). Šios monetos žinomos nuo 1841 m., o mokslinėje literatūroje nuo 1850 m. Jos buvo minimos daugelio autorių, tačiau jų priklausomybė bei datavimas labai įvairavo. Vieni šias monetas skyrė pagoniškosios LDK laikotarpiui (iki 1386–1387 m.), o kiti monetas siejo tik su katalikišku kraštu. Monetos buvo skiriamos nuo Ldk Gedimino iki Jogailos ir Vytauto bei datuojamos nuo XIV a. iki XV a. Paskutiniaisiais metais monetos buvo skiriamos arba kunigaikščiui Kęstučiui, arba Ldk Vytautui. Straipsnyje pateikiami seniau žinomi bei nauji šių monetų radiniai (Lietuvoje rastos monetos pateiktos priede). Remiantis naujausiais archeologijos (lobių, senkapių ir pavienių radinių), heraldikos ir sfragistikos, istorijos, metrologijos ir technologijos bei numizmatikos duomenimis paneigiamas monetų priskyrimas kunigaikščiui Kęstučiui bei pagrindžiamas monetų priskyrimas Ldk Vytautui bei jų galimas datavimas apie 1411–1430 m. Monetoje pavaizduoti simboliai, remiantis sfragistikos ir Ldk Vytauto titulatūros duomenimis, identifikuojami kaip Vytautas (stulpai) – Trakų (ietigalis) ir Lucko (kryžius) kunigaikštis. Monetų vidutinė masė yra 0,25–0,30 g, jos kaldintos iš 7–8 lotų sidabro. Monetos savo verte galėjo prilygti 1/12 Prahos grašio. Sąlyginai ši moneta vadinama denaru. Monetų kaldinimui pirmą kartą LDK panaudota nauja technika – monetų spaudai gaminti puansonais. Monetų kaldinimo vieta neabejotinai buvo tik LDK sostinė Vilnius. The article writes about coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania whose front face bears the pillars and the reverse represents the spearhead with a cross (since 1949 they have been given a relative name of type II). These coins have been known since 1841 and in scientific literature – since 1850. They were mentioned by many authors but their dependence and dating varied greatly. Some authors attributed these coins to the period of the pagan GDL (until 1386–1387) others related the coins to the Catholic country only. Coins were divided from Grand Duke Gediminas to Jogaila and Vytautas and dated from the 14th to the 15th century. Of late the coins were attributed to Duke Kęstutis or Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas. The article presents the already known and new findings of these coins (coins found in Lithuania are presented in the annex). On the basis of the latest data of archaeology, heraldry, history, metrology and technology, as well as numismatics, attribution of the coins to Duke Kęstutis is denied. And their attribution to Grand Duke Vytautas and their possible dating around 1411–1430 are substantiated. Symbols represented in the coin are identified as Vytautas (Pillars), the Duke of Trakai (a spearhead) and Lutsk (a cross). The inner mass of the coins is 0,25–0,30 g, they were made of silver. Vilnius, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, undoubtedly was the place of minting the coins.

Straipsnyje yra pristatomi duomenys apie portretines Jogailos monetas. Apie tokias monetas buvo rašyta 1981 m. Tada buvo žinomos keturios tokios monetos. Per kitus du dešimtmečius buvo naujai sužinota tik apie vieną portretinę monetą. Kai metalinių daiktų paieškai buvo pradėta naudoti moderni technika tokių monetų buvo randama vis daugiau. Įdomu pastebėti tai, kad 2002 m., vykstant Vilniaus žemutinės pilies teritorijoje archeologiniams tyrimams, čia buvo rastas XIV a. pabaigos lobis, kuriame buvo 18 portretinių monetų, o tais pačiais metais toje pačioje teritorijoje buvo rasta dar viena tokia moneta. 2003–2004 m. atliktų tyrimų metu dar buvo rastos kelios portretinės monetos. Yra nustatyta, kad tokios portretinės monetos yra LDK ir nukaldintos Jogailos apie 1386–1387 m. Taip pat straipsnyje nurodoma literatūra, kurioje buvo analizuojamos tokios monetos. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į šių monetų radimo aplinkybes, atliktus spaudų ir metrologinius tyrimus. Be šių tyrimų buvo atlikti monetų legendų tyrimai. Buvo nustatytas monetų amžius, o seniausios ir labiausiai sunykusios iš jų yra rastos Vilniaus žemutinėje pilyje. Šios monetos buvo kaldintos skirtingais spaudais. Straipsnyje yra aiškinami monetų reversų simboliai. Vienoje straipsnio išvadų yra teigiama, kad portretinės monetos priklauso Lietuvos didžiajam kunigaikščiui Jogailai. Svarbu pažymėti tai, kad portretinės Jogailos monetos atitiko to meto kitų Europos karalysčių monetas. Įdomu tai, kad dėl jų kaldinimo ant atkirptų sidabro gabaliukų, Jogailos portretinės monetos užima svarbią vietą numizmatikos istorijoje. The article describes the portrait coins of Jogaila, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, minted in Vilnius c. 1386-1387. Until recently, only twenty three units of coinage featuring the monarch’s portrait on one side and a lion with a decorative cord of Tatar design on the other have been known. The article aims to describe seven new portrait coins found in 2002-2004. These finds allow to confirm that the coins belonged to Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania; they also allow to fully identify the legend, depicted on the obverse of the coins (MAGNA REGIHA=King Jogaila the Great). The newly found coins showed many identical or overlapping die images what allows to conclude that in coin minting the bottom die used to contain a portrait while the upper die would feature a lion and a cord. The images of a lion and of a Tatar cord on the reverse side of the coins imply Jogaila’s claims to all Russian principalities, including those subjugated by the Holden Horde. The use of these images can be viewed as a proclamation dedicated to the Grand Duke of Moscovy and the Khan of the Golden Horde. In terms of design and decoration Jogaila’s portrait coins matched the coinage of other European kingdoms of those times.

1401 m. kovo 11 d. Vilniaus-Radomo sutartimi patvirtinus LDK savarankiškumą ir Vytautą oficialiai pripažinus didžiuoju kunigaikščiu, pradėtos kaldinti monetos su raiteliu (valdovo atvaizdas) averse ir dvigubais stulpais (Vytauto asmeninis ženklas) reverse. Monetos galėjo būti kaldinamos tik nuo 1401 m. pavasario iki 1402 m. karo įvykių. Monetų masės vidurkis - apie 0,23-0,25 g (vidutinis skersmuo - apie 12 mm). Jos gamintos iš ne žemesnės nei 14 lotų prabos sidabro. Kaldinant monetas, orientuotasi į Čekijos grašį - jos sudarė dešimtąją Čekijos grašio dalį. Todėl šios monetos vadintinos denarais. LDK monetos su dvigubais stulpais averse ir liūtu arba dviem leopardais reverse, taip pat monetos su liūtu ir ženklu, panašiu į raidę Ю, kaldintos Smolenske ne anksčiau kaip 1401 m. 1401 m. rudenį įvykusio sukilimo išvakarėse savo padėčiai Smolenske sutvirtinti Vytautas kaldino LDK srities monetas su asmeniniu ženklu - dvigubais stulpais averse ir liūtu reverse. Apie 1404-1405 m. Vytautas, siekdamas patvirtinti savo pergalę ir galutinį Smolensko prijungimą prie LDK, Smolenske vėl kaldino srities monetas su asmeniniu ženklu - dvigubais stulpais averse ir dviem leopardais reverse. LDK monetos, kaldintos Smolenske, vadintinos ne kunomis ar denarais, o pusdengėmis. Monetas su ženklu, panašiu į kirilicos raidę Ю, 1401 m. Smolenske galėjo kaldinti po sukilimo laikinai perėmęs valdžią Jurijus Sviatoslavičius. Monetų reverse liko liūto simbolis, o averse, matyt, buvo vaizduojamas Jurijaus Sviatoslavičiaus ženklas. Šių monetų laikyti LDK srities monetomis kol kas negalime, jų atribucija kol kas tiksliai nenustatyta. The article deals with the coins of the Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania the obverse of which features a rider and the reverse – double, the so-called Gediminian columns. The article also discusses the coins close to this type – GDL territorial coins with double columns on the one side and a lion or two leopards on the other. The seven coins described in the article bearing a rider and double columns portray a concrete overlord, Vytautas. Such coins could only be struck by an overlord of state. Vytautas came to power in the GDL in 1392, yet he was just a vicegerent of Jogaila's at the time. On 11 March 1401, in the Acts of Vilnius and Radom, the self-dependence of the GDL was approved and Vytautas was officially recognised as grand duke. Vytautas was entitled to ruling the GDL self-dependently until death. The appearance of the coins with a rider and double columns could have been inspired by namely this event. Vytautas could already show his position openly. We are unable to say whether these coins were originally designated just for propaganda but the small amount of the coins we are aware of today suggests they were struck for a very short period of time. Supposedly, the coins with a rider on the obverse and double columns on the reverse could only be struck between the spring of 1401 and the war of 1402. The dies for all the seven coins were produced by one and the same master, yet all the coins known were struck using different dies. Below the rider, all the coins bear a trefoil, which, in heraldry, is the symbol of the lily, and above the rider, near his head, a quadri-foil is featured, obviously, symbolising a cross (except in one coin). So Vytautas, as in his earlier coins, took over the picturing of a cross (to show his and the state's confessional position) and started picturing a lily, the symbol of overlord, at the same time. The average size of the coins is 12 mm and their average weight is about0.23-0.25 g. The coins were made of silver not lower than 14 lot. In striking the coins it was orientated towards the Czech groat, so the coins made up the 10th part of the groat. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to call these coins denari. The GDL territorial coins could not be struck before 1401, when Vytautas was officially recognised as the Grand Duke of Lithuania. This shows in the insignia of the self-dependent overlord, a lily, used in all the coins. The very small amounts of these coins known show their propagandistic nature. After 1401, the most acute problem in Vytautas' eastern policy was only the control over Smolensk land, which separated from the GDL in 1401. Thus the striking of the territorial coins should only be linked to the latter town. It might be that on the eve of the rebellion which took place in the autumn of 1401 Vytautas struck the coins with his personal insignia, columns on the obverse and a lion on the reverse, to strengthen his position in Smolensk. This conclusion would be in no conflict to the fact that both the denari that were struck in 1401-1402 in Vilnius and the coins featuring a lion are very similar in appearance and the dies for them could have been produced by one and the same master. […]

Straipsnyje rašoma apie naują seniausių Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės monetų tipą kurio vienoje pusėje yra dvigubas kryžius skyde (LDk Jogailos asmeninis ženklas), o kitoje - ietigalis su kryžiumi (LDk Vytauto ankstyvasis ženklas). Šiai dienai žinomos dvi tokios monetos. Abi rastos Vilniuje (1992 ir 2002 m.). Pirmą kartą šis monetų tipas buvo aprašytas tik 2002 m. Monetų masės vidurkis galėtų būti apie 0,45 g. Manoma, kad pastarojo tipo monetos pasirodymą galima sieti su 1392 m. pasirašyta Astravos sutartimi, kai Vytautas tampa Lenkijos karaliaus Jogailos vietininku LDK. Kam priskirti šią monetą nėra aišku, nes ji nukaldinta kaip ir Jogailos monetos, bet ietigalio panaudojimas rodytų jos priklausomybę Vytautui. Atsakymą ateityje gal būt pateiks monetoje esančios legendos, kurių šiandien matomi tik fragmentai. Kol kas gi šio tipo monetą galime laikyti tiek paskutiniąją Jogailos LDK moneta, tiek ir pirmąja Vytauto moneta kaldinta Vilniuje 1392 m. The article describes the new type of the oldest coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where a double cross on the shield (the personal sign of Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania) is displayed on one side and a spearhead with a cross (the sign of Vytautas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania) – on the other side. Two coins of this type are known today. Both of them were found in Vilnius. It is considered that the appearance of a coin of this type can be associated with the Astrava Treaty signed in 1392, under which Vytautas became Jogaila‘s, the King of Poland, vicegerant in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It is not clear whom this coin should be attributed to – it is minted in the style of Jogaila‘s coins, yet the spearhead tends to testify its belonging to Vytautas. The answer may be hidden in the legends inside the coin, of which only fragments are left. So far, this coin can be considered both the last coin of Jogaila in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the first coin of Vytautas, made in Vilnius in 1392.

Vilniaus senienų muziejus įkurtas 1855 m. žinomo Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės istorijos tyrinėtojo ir kolekcininko Eustachijaus Tiškevičiaus (1814-1873) iniciatyva. Muziejaus pagrindą ir sudarė E. Tiškevičiaus kolekcija, kurioje būta ir monetų bei medalių. Po 1863 m. sukilimo dalis eksponatų buvo išsiųsta į Maskvą, o Senienų muziejus prijungtas prie viešosios bibliotekos. Prasidėjus Pirmajam pasauliniam karui muziejus buvo uždarytas (1915 m.), o dauguma eksponatų išvežta į Maskvą, dalis jų pradingo vokiečių okupacijos metais. Susipažinus su Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriuje bei Lietuvos mokslų akademijos bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriuje saugomu Senienų muziejaus archyvu, pavyko rasti informacijos apie lobius, apie kuriuos iki šiol nebuvo žinoma (literatūroje neminėti 24 lobiai). Publikacijoje pateikiamas 78 lobių sąrašas. Svarbiausi jų: 1866 m. ir 1869 m. Vilniuje surastų lobių aprašai (žr. Nr. 26, 30) bei Lošnicos lobio aprašas (žr. Nr. 54). Sąraše pateiktos ir lobių patekimo į muziejų datos bei aplinkybės. Dauguma 1855-1915 m. į Senienų muziejų patekusių lobių buvo rasta Vilniaus gubernijoje (30 vnt.). Nemažai lobių į muziejų pateko iš Gardino (10 vnt.), Kauno (5 vnt.), Minsko (7 vnt.), Mogiliovo (8 vnt.) ir Vitebsko (12 vnt.) gubernijų. Taigi muziejuje buvo saugomi lobiai, rasti dabartinės Baltarusijos, Latvijos, Lenkijos, Lietuvos ir Rusijos teritorijose. Lietuvos teritorijoje rastų lobių muziejuje buvo 24 (12 pateko iki 1865 m.). Daugiausia jų buvo iš Rytų Lietuvos. Šeši lobiai rasti Vilniuje. Lobiai kildinami iš skirtingų laikotarpių, daugiausia iš XVII a. Vilnius Antiquity Museum was established in 1855 by the initiative of Eustachijus Tiškevičius (1814-1873), the well-known collector and historian of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The majority of the exhibits were from Tiškevičius collection, with include coins and medals. After 1863 uprising some of the exhibits were sent to Moscow and the Antiquity Museum attached to the public library. After the First World War started the Museum was closed (1915) and the majority of exhibits transported to Moscow, some part of them disappeared during the Nazi occupation. In the archive of the Antiquity Museum kept in Manuscript division of the library of Vilnius University and Manuscript division of the library of Lithuanian Science Academy, there are information about treasures which were previously unknown (the literature mentions 24 treasures). The publication provides with the treasure list of 78 items. The most important are: description of treasures found in Vilnius in 1866 and 1869 (see No 26, 30) and description of Lošnica treasure (see No 54). The list also provides with dates and circumstances upon which the treasures arrived at the museum. The majority of treasures witch arrived at the Antiquity Museum in 1855-1915 were found in Vilnius governorate (30 units). Quite a few treasures were found in Grodno (10 units), Kaunas (5 units), Minsk (7 units.), Mogilev (8 units) and Vitebsk (12 units.) governorates. So, the Museum exhibited treasures which were found in current territories of Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Lithuania and Russia. 24 treasures found in the territory of Lithuania (12 arrived earlier to 1865). The majority of them were from Eastern Lithuania. Six treasures were found in Vilnius. The treasures are from different periods, majority of them are of the 17th c.

Straipsnyje aptariama monetų apyvarta dabartinėje Lietuvos teritorijoje XVI a. Remiamasi pavieniais monetų radiniais ir monetų lobiais. Analizuojama monetų emisija ir monetų cirkuliacijos trukmė. Apie Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valstybėje kaldintas monetas rašyta, tačiau vis dar beveik nenagrinėta monetų struktūra. Per visą XVI a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje (LDK) apyvartoje daugiausia būta LDK ir Lenkijos monetų, tačiau vyravo Vilniaus monetų kalykloje (veikė nuo 1495 m.) kaldintos monetos. XVI a. monetų apyvartoje galima skirti tris laikotarpius, atitinkamai tris pagrindines monetų emisijas: 1) XV a. pab.-1544 m.; 2) 1545-1575 m.; 3) 1576-XVI a. pab. Pirmuoju laikotarpiu be Vilniaus kalyklos monetų apyvartoje daugiausia būta Lenkijos, Prūsijos, Silezijos monetų bei Čekijos Prahos grašių. Trečiojo laikotarpio pradžioje iš užsienietiškų daugiausia būta Rygos trečiokų, bet vėliau juos pakeitė lenkiškų kasyklų trečiokai. Šilingų daugiausia kaldino Rygos monetų kalykla. Straipsnyje pateikta ir stambesnių nominalų monetų cirkuliacijos analizė. The article discusses the turnover of coins on the present territory of Lithuania in the 16th century referring to individual coin findings and treasures and analyzes the emission of coins and the duration of circulation of coins. There have been certain writings on the coins, made in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth however the structure of coins remains virtually unstudied. Throughout the 16th century mostly coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland were in turnover in the Grand Duchy however the coins, made in Vilnius coin making shop (which operated from 1495) prevailed. In the coins turnover of the 16th century three periods could be distinguished, which correspond to three main emissions of coins: 1) the end of the 15th century – 1544; 2) 1545 – 1575; 3) 1576 – the end of the 16th century. During the first period, apart from the coins, made in Vilnius coin making shop, Polish, Prussian and Silesian and Czech Prague coins mostly were in the turnover. At the beginning of the twenties Riga coins were most frequent among the foreign ones, however later they were replaced by Polish ones. The Riga coin making shop mostly made shillings. The article also provides an analysis of circulation of coins of bigger nominal values.

Straipsnyje rašoma apie Vilniuje, Valdovų rūmų teritorijoje 2001 m. rastą varinę Aukso ordos monetą – Džanibeko (1342–1357) anoniminį 752 m. (1350/1351 m.) pulą, kaldintą Sarajaus al-Džadido kalykloje. Aptariama Aukso ordos piniginė sistema iki 1380 m. Tochtamyšo (1379–1395) įvykdytos piniginės-svorio reformos, varinių monetų kaldinimo problema, taip pat Ordos monetų radiniai Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje. Daroma išvada, kad Aukso ordos moneta į Lietuvą pateko Lietuvos Didžiojo kunigaikščio Algirdo valdymo metais iki 1377 m., greičiausiai iš pietinės Ukrainos teritorijos, kaip karo grobis, kartu su Aukso ordos gyventojais ar prekybos keliais. The article describes the Golden Horde’s copper coin found in the Rulers’ Palace in Vilnius. The anonymous 752-year pul belonged to Janybek (1342-1357) and was forged in the Saray al-Jadida mint. The paper discusses the monetary system of the Golden Horde up to 1380 when Tokhtamysh (1379-1395) carried out monetary reform. It deals with the problems of forgery of copper coins and with the finds of the Golden Horde in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the GDL). A conclusion is drawn that coins of the Golden Horde reached Lithuania up to 1377, during the rule of Algirdas, Grand Duke of the GDL. The coins must have arrived here from the southern territory of Ukraine.

Straipsnyje apžvelgiami Vilniaus žemutinės pilies Valdovų rūmų teritorijoje rasti Jono Kazimiero variniai šilingai ir pateikiama palyginamoji analizė. Nuo 1987 iki 1996 metų, tyrinėjant Lietuvos valdovų rūmų teritoriją, buvo aptikti 174 variniai Jono Kazimiero šilingai - 95 lietuviški ir 52 lenkiški, o 27 monetų valstybinė priklausomybė nenustatyta. Jie leido atskleisti, kurių šilingų tipų Vilniaus rinkoje buvo daugiausia ir kurių mažiausia. Esami duomenys leido patvirtinti arba paneigti turimus duomenis apie vienų ar kitų šilingų tipų retumą. Daugiausia buvo rasta Vilniaus kalyklos šilingų (52). Rasti aštuoni Kauno kalyklos šilingai liudija apie glaudžius dviejų miestų ryšius, kadangi šių šilingų buvo nukaldinta mažiausiai. Kitų šilingų mažas kiekis (5 Ujazdovo, 4 Olivos ir nė vieno Marienburgo) patvirtino faktą, kad jų buvo nukaldinta palyginti nedaug. Lietuvos Brastos monetų Valdovų rūmų teritorijoje rasta net keturis kartus mažiau nei Vilniaus kalyklos šilingų, nors nukaldinta jų buvo tik perpus mažiau negu Vilniaus kalykloje. Peržvelgus visus Valdovų rūmuose rastus Jono Kazimiero varinius šilingus, pastebėta įvairių monetų atmainų, apie kurias niekas plačiau nerašė. Anksčiau kiek plačiau buvo aprašytos monetų legendų atmainos, bet nebuvo plačiau pažvelgta į Vyčio bei LDK žemės iždininkų ženklų vaizdavimo skirtumus. Pagal šiuos skirtumus buvo nustatytas naujas lietuviškų šilingų, rastų Valdovų rūmų teritorijoje, atmainų kiekis. Nurodomi penki požymiai, pagal kuriuos siūloma lietuviškus varinius Jono Kazimiero šilingus skirstyti ateityje. The article reviews the copper shillings of Jonas Kazimieras that were found in the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius Lower Castle and presents a comparative analysis. Between 1987 and 1996, while investigating the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, 174 copper shillings of Jonas Kazimieras were found - 95 Lithuanian, 52 Polish, and 27 with no clear state dependence. They allowed to reveal which types of shillings were most common and which were the rarest in the Vilnius market. The existing data allowed to either confirm or deny the available data on the rarity of certain types of shillings. Most of the shillings were from the Vilnius Mint (52). The eight shillings from the Kaunas Mint that were found show the close ties between the two cities, as there was only a small amount of these shillings made. The small amount of other shillings (5 Ujazdów shillings, 4 Oliva shillings and no Marienburg shillings) confirmed the fact that only a relatively small number of those shillings was minted. In the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, the number of Lithuanian ford coins that were found was 4 times less in comparison to Vilnius Mint shillings, although the number of how much ford coins was actually minted was just half the size of those minted in the Vilnius mint. Having looked at all the copper shillings of Jonas Kazimieras found at the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, there were several types of coins that no one was really writing about. In the past, the legends of the coins were described more extensively, but the wider look at the differences between the depictions of Vytis and the signs of the treasurers of the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was not provided. According to these differences, a new number of types of the Lithuanian shillings, found in the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, was established. The article indicates five characteristics tha

Straipsnyje aptariama XVIII a. monetų apyvarta dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Remiamasi pavieniais monetų radiniais ir monetų lobiais. Analizuojama monetų cirkuliacijos trukmė, monetų kiekis, regiono specifika. Pateikiama duomenų apie kitus Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybės regionus. XVIII a. monetų apyvarta Lietuvoje iki šiol buvo žinoma tik iš lobių, tačiau lobiai neatspindi monetų cirkuliacijos. Susiejus lobių medžiagą su pavieniais monetų radiniais apie monetų, ypač smulkiųjų, apyvartą galima spręsti daug tiksliau. XVIII a. Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybės pinigų apyvartoje labai trūko vietinių monetų. Trūkstamų įvežta iš kaimynų. Tačiau dažniausiai apyvarton patekdavo tik tos monetos, kurios turėjo vietos atitikmenis. Kiek tų monetų imdavo cirkuliuoti Lietuvoje, priklausė nuo jų tiražų ir nuo cirkuliacijos laiko. Užsienio monetos Lietuvoje pasirodydavo nebūtinai tuomet, kai jos pradėtos kaldinti savose šalyse. Dažniausiai tada, kai susiklostydavo sąlygos joms plisti. Lietuvos teritorija iš visos Lenkijos ir Lietuvos valstybės išsiskyrė savita monetų cirkuliacija. The article discusses the circulation of coins in the 13th century on the territory of the present-day Lithuania, referring to individual findings and coin treasures, analyzes the duration of circulation and amounts of coins, the specifics of the region and provides data on other regions of the state of Poland and Lithuania. Until present the circulation of coins in Lithuania in the 13th century has been known only from treasures, however the treasures fail to reflect the circulation. Upon relating the materials of treasures with individual findings of coins significantly more accurate presumptions can be made on the circulation of coins, especially small coins. Local coins were especially lacked in the circulation of money in the state of Poland and Lithuania in the 13th century. The deficiency was exported from the neighbours. However only those coins, which had local equivalents found their way into the circulation. The volume of circulation of the coins within Lithuania depended only on their circulation and its time. Foreign coins found their way into Lithuania not necessarily when they were commenced to be made in their home countries but most frequently when the conditions for their circulation came into existence. In the entire state of Lithuania and Poland the territory of Lithuania distinguished by its peculiar circulation of coins.