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n the present report, DTPA and EDTA are described from several aspects: chelating functions, their role in the pulp and paper making process, degradation, effects in aquatic environment and teratogenic effect. Analyses of DTPA and EDTA in several pulp and paper products are presented. The results show that Earlier performed studies on aqua-toxicity of DTPA and EDTA show no observed effects from the low amounts emitted to recipient from pulp and paper mills in Sweden. To protect pregnant women working in the pulp and paper mills, there are already regulations in place that include actions such as changing to work tasks not presenting certain risks. Exposure to DTPA and EDTA can easily be included among such risk factors. Calculations performed on earlier results regarding DTPA and EDTA in recipient water together with results from reproductive toxicity tests show that a volume of 700 L of water in immediate proximity to a mill effluent has to be ingested in order to pose any risk to the unborn child. Calculations based on DTPA content in paper-based food packaging (paper mug) regarding DTPA intake through hot beverage consumption show that such exposure is by far below levels supposed to present any risks to the unborn child. No technically feasible alternatives to EDTA and DTPA are available today – despite intense research. Furthermore, these two chelating agents are not completely exchangeable with each other. The economic consequence of a ban of DTPA above 0.05 kg/tonne in the production process is estimated to be between 5 and 10 billion SEK for the Swedish pulp and paper sector. Based on the above, the authors recommend that a continued exception for DTPA and its salts is given in the Nordic Ecolabel criteria for use of chemicals in pulp and paper products. Den här rapporten är endast på engelska. Men en svensk översättning är rapport B2245. n the present report, DTPA and EDTA are described from several aspects: chelating functions, their role in the pulp and paper making process, degradation, effects in aquatic environment and teratogenic effect. Analyses of DTPA and EDTA in several pulp and paper products are presented. The results show that Earlier performed studies on aqua-toxicity of DTPA and EDTA show no observed effects from the low amounts emitted to recipient from pulp and paper mills in Sweden. To protect pregnant women working in the pulp and paper mills, there are already regulations in place that include actions such as changing to work tasks not presenting certain risks. Exposure to DTPA and EDTA can easily be included among such risk factors. Calculations performed on earlier results regarding DTPA and EDTA in recipient water together with results from reproductive toxicity tests show that a volume of 700 L of water in immediate proximity to a mill effluent has to be ingested in order to pose any risk to the unborn child. Calculations based on DTPA content in paper-based food packaging (paper mug) regarding DTPA intake through hot beverage consumption show that such exposure is by far below levels supposed to present any risks to the unborn child. No technically feasible alternatives to EDTA and DTPA are available today – despite intense research. Furthermore, these two chelating agents are not completely exchangeable with each other. The economic consequence of a ban of DTPA above 0.05 kg/tonne in the production process is estimated to be between 5 and 10 billion SEK for the Swedish pulp and paper sector. Based on the above, the authors recommend that a continued exception for DTPA and its salts is given in the Nordic Ecolabel criteria for use of chemicals in pulp and paper products. This report describes the role and use of and the risks associated with the chelating agents DTPA and EDTA in the production of pulp and paper. The background for the present study is the criteria set by the Nordic Swan Ecolabel for the use of chemicals in the pulp and paper processes.

Denna rapport beskriver betydelsen av, användningen av och riskerna med komplexbildarna DTPA och EDTA vid tillverkning av massa och papper. Bakgrunden är de krav för miljömärkning som anges i Svanens kemikaliemodul för tillverkning av pappersprodukter, som gäller sedan 2014. Enligt dessa krav får kemikalier som klassas enligt vissa, specificerade, riskfraser/faroklasser inte användas i mängder överstigande 0,05 kg/ton om produkten ska kunna miljömärkas med Svanen. Ett undantag för DTPA och dess salter ges fram till juni 2016. Fram till dess ska företag, som använder DTPA och vill ha möjlighet att märka sina massa- och pappersprodukter med Svanen, ta fram underlag som visar varför man vill fortsätta med denna användning. Analyser av massa- och pappersprodukter med avseende på halt DTPA och EDTA redovisas. Resultaten visar att

A screening study concerning mainly substances used as UV-filters in sunscreen lotions.

In October 2013 the Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL were assigned by the Swedish EPA to make an assessment of the need for further follow-up of Swedish national screening studies performed during the years 2007-2012. Defined tasks were to:  Select approximately 25 substances for risk evaluation and to identity if there is a need for a more in-depth evaluation for any of these substances.  Select approximately 8 screening studies where there are needs for follow-up studies and rank them in order of preference. The need for method development should also be identified. Forty screening studies were performed during the selected time period and the total number of screened substances amounted to 540 individual chemical substances, groups of substances and metals (Appendix 1, Table 1). For the Swedish EPA it was important that each step in the selection procedure was accounted for in the report. The first set criteria for reduction of substances not relevant for risk evaluation were:  Classical well known substances (e.g. PCBs, dioxins, metals) or are metabolites.  Substances with low detection frequency in biotic samples including humans, < 50%.  Priority substances within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and therefore considered as well known  Substances that should be treated as a group rather than as individual compounds, e.g. unintentionally produced substances. After this selection step, 22 substances remained on the list (Table 3). Two brominated flame retardants (HBB and PBEB), two UV-filters (OTNE and AC) and one benzotriazole (UV 327) was suggested for an in depth evaluation. The forty screening studies were evaluated for follow up (Table 2). The set of criteria for studies not selected for a follow-up were:  A follow up study has already been performed (7 studies).  The screening study concerned priority substances within the WFD (2 studies).  The screening showed that the substances do not pose any risk or that no issues remain at present (5 studies).  Follow-up studies, research projects and/or literature reviews are ongoing (9 studies).  Method development is ongoing or needed before further screening (2 studies). Evaluation of Swedish National Screening Studies 2007-2012 IVL report B2159 Assement of the Need for Follow-up Six studies were not prioritized for a new screening but needs to be considered (see Appendix 3, Table 1 for comments). Finally, nine studies, of which two concerns fragrances, where prioritized for further screening. Below the screening studies are listed and commented in priority order where the first three are of most relevance. (See the report for each screening study for a more extended presentation.) National screening, 2009, UV filters The screening results show that the occurrence of UV-filters is widespread in surface water from background areas and in the urban environment. Several of the included UV-filters pose a potential risk to the environment. The highest concentrations occur during the reproductive season and the use is not likely to decrease. The industry of personal care products may be perceptive to new information on risks concerning these substances. A new screening should therefore be preceded by a review on use, ecotoxicity and persistence of UV filters. National screening, 2010, Pharmaceuticals There is an increasing amount of evidence that pharmaceuticals may cause effects in the environment. Three pharmaceutical substances are on the watch-list within the WFD. Thus, more data is requested concerning environmental concentrations. The results in the screening show that removal rates of some pharmaceuticals in WWTP are difficult to determine. Method development and a follow-up screening would contribute to a better assessment of predicted environmental concentrations. Furthermore, the knowledge of the fate of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge, in soil receiving sludge amendments and subsequent uptake in biota is limited. In a recent screening conducted in Norway the authors highlighted the number of pharmaceuticals detected in prawns, fish and birds (> 30; Miljødirektoratet 2013). National screening, 2008, Musk substances and metabolites National screening, 2011 Fragances; OTNE, acetyl cedrene and diphenyleter Fragrance substances and their metabolites are widespread in the environment and were detected in surface water, sediment, fish, soil (to which sludge has been amended) and in breast milk. Many of these substances can bioaccumlate and the data indicate that these substances are persistent and that atmospheric long range transport occurs. Ecotoxicological data are limited for many of these substances. A new screening should be preceded by a literature review regarding usage and relevant substances. Fragrances that have been reported to occur in human samples should be included, and screening in human breast milk repeated. Furthermore, we suggest that the air compartment should be included. National screening, 2011 Benzothiazoles, benzenediamines, dicyclohexylamine and benzotriazoles A widespread occurrence of benzotriazoles was reported, both at background and urban areas. However, as no ecotoxicity data were found, no assessment of risk could be made. The result of the screening was also reflected by analytical challenges of these substances. Benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles have recently been reported in different matrixes in a non-target screening in Norway (Miljødirektoratet, 2013). A follow up screening is recommended, but before the need for method development should be assessed. National screening, 2007, Platinum group metals The screening study included the platinum group elements (PGEs) platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh). Pd was almost consistently detected in the biological samples (fish, moose, cow, white tailed eagle and plants). The concentrations of Pd in groundwater were higher than in run-off water ponds. The authors concluded that the results in this study do not indicate that PGEs pose a risk to humans or the aquatic ecosystem, but that this conclusion is based on lack of reference values and proper risk assessments for humans as well as biota. National screening, 2007, Organophosphate esters in human breast milk and fish in Swedish lakes and coastal areas The results from this study indicate that environmental load of organophosphate esters (OP) are high and that there is chronic exposure of OP. The authors concluded that the knowledge of the effects and the fate of these substances is limited and that more information on sources, degradation and uptake in biota is needed. A literature survey is suggested before decision on the selection of substances and environmental matrices for a follow up. Air and dust are likely to be important exposure routes for humans. National screening, 2008, Exposure and effect screening in urine of women The results show that urine is a good matrix for human biomonitoring of many organic chemicals and metals. The authors suggested follow-up studies on a selection of PAHs and phthalate metabolites and a larger test group could better establish factors influencing metabolite concentration in urine. We suggest that based on the outcome of other screening studies, also metabolites of other organic chemicals and metals, e.g. silver and metabolites of fragrances, should be considered. National screening, 2007, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate Available data for the aquatic environment indicates that octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate has low acute toxicity but no chronic tests have been done, and, thus, it is not possible to determine the risk. Given the persistent properties and the large production volume a follow up study is recommended, also including degradation products. It may be of interest to also include other antioxidants of similar chemical structure and their degradation products.

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has made an assessment of the need for follow-up of Swedish national screening studies performed during the years 2007-2012. Defined tasks were to select approximately 25 substances for risk evaluation and to identity if there is a need for a more in-depth evaluation for any of these substances, and to select approximately 8 screening studies where there are needs for follow-up studies. Forty screening studies were performed during the selected time period and the total number of screened substances amounted to 540 individual chemical substances, groups of substances and metals. Substances not prioritized for risk evaluation were: classical well known substances ( e.g . PCBs, dioxins, metals) and their metabolites; substances with low detection frequency in biotic < 50%; substances listed on as a priority substance within the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and substances treated as a group rather than as individuals ( e.g . unintentionally produced substances). Finally 22 substances remained for risk evaluation. Two brominated flame retardants (HBB and PBEB), two UV-filters (OTNE and AC) and one benzotriazole (UV 327) were suggested to be considered for an in depth evaluation. The screening studies not recommended for follow-up were: studies where a follow-up already had been done; studies concerning priority substances in the WFD; studies where the authors concluded that the substances do not pose a risk or that no issues remain at present; studies where follow-up studies, research projects and/or literature reviews are ongoing, and studies where method development is ongoing or needed before further screening can be performed. Six studies were not prioritized for a new screening but need to be considered further. Finally, the studies selected to be prioritized for further screening included the following substances; UV-filters, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, benzothiazoles and benzotriazoles, platinum group metals, organophosphate esters, metabolites of PAHs and phthalates in urine, and antioxidants and their degradation products. This report is only available in English.

This report is only available in English.

Source at http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Publikasjoner/2014/Februar-2014/Kartlegging-av-miljogifter-i-sjofuglegg-fra-Sklinna-og-Rost/. I dette kartleggingsprosjektet ble analysert konsentrasjonene til en lang rekke uorganiske og organiske miljøgifter, som metaller, organotinn, polysykliske aromatiske hydrokarboner, polyklorerte bifenyler og metabolitter, klorerte parafiner, klororganiske pesticider og andre pesticider, per- og polyfluoralkylstoffer, deklorane pluss, oktaklorostyren, organofosfor flammehemmere, bromerte flammehemmere, brom- og alkylfenoler, siloksaner og ftalater i sjøfuglegg av ærfugl, toppskarv og gråmåke fra Sklinna og Røst. Totalt ble det analysert 201 forskjellige kjemiske stoffer, hvorav 53 enkel forbindelser ikke ble detektert over deteksjonsgrensen. I tillegg ble støtteparametere som stabile isotoper til δ15N og δ13C og fettprosent undersøkt. Formålet med studien var å kunne gi en oppdatert vurdering av forurensningssituasjonen i det norske havområdet. Within the present screening project concentration levels of a broad range of inorganic and organic environmental contaminants in seabird eggs of the common eider, shag and herring gull collected at the islands Sklinna and Røst were targeted for analysis ranging from metals, organotin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and metabolites, chlorinated paraffins, organochlorine pesticides and other pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances, dechlorane pluss, octachlorostyrene, phosphororganic and brominated flame retardants, bromo- and alkylphenols, siloxanes and phthalates. In total 201 different chemical compounds were analysed, whereas 53 single compounds have not been detected over the limit of detection. Additionally other parameters as stable isotopes of δ15N and δ13C and lipid content were investigated. The purpose of this report is to provide an updated assessment of pollution present within marine environment in Norway

As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) has been carried out. Additional substances in the screening were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs). Measurements have been carried out both at background- and urban sites. The sampling was mainly performed at the Swedish west coast with Göteborg representing the urban area. Sediment and biota was sampled in the estuary of Göta Älv and in a background area. For identification of pathways to the environment storm water/sludge and samples from WWTPs were collected. Dust samples from different indoor environments were taken both at public spaces and in homes. Air and dust samples were collected at a recycling industry for electronic waste. Fire extinguishing water from a fire at a recycling industry was included in the sampling program. The emerging BFRs, PBDEs and PBDFs occurred in “high” concentrations in air and dust from the recycling industry. The occurrence of BFRs at this electronic waste facility shows that electronic articles contain these chemicals. BDE-209 and DBDPE were found in highest concentrations. DBDPE has similar applications as BDE-209 and it has been marketed as a general substitute for this chemical. The occurrence of PBDFs may indicate that the BFRs are contaminated or that PBDEs are transformed to PBDFs in the recycling processes. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska. Svensk sammanfattning finns i rapporten. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) has been carried out. Additional substances in the screening were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDDs) and chlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs). Measurements have been carried out both at background- and urban sites. The sampling was mainly performed at the Swedish west coast with Göteborg representing the urban area. Sediment and biota was sampled in the estuary of Göta Älv and in a background area. For identification of pathways to the environment storm water/sludge and samples from WWTPs were collected. Dust samples from different indoor environments were taken both at public spaces and in homes. Air and dust samples were collected at a recycling industry for electronic waste. Fire extinguishing water from a fire at a recycling industry was included in the sampling program. The emerging BFRs, PBDEs and PBDFs occurred in “high” concentrations in air and dust from the recycling industry. The occurrence of BFRs at this electronic waste facility shows that electronic articles contain these chemicals. BDE-209 and DBDPE were found in highest concentrations. DBDPE has similar applications as BDE-209 and it has been marketed as a general substitute for this chemical. The occurrence of PBDFs may indicate that the BFRs are contaminated or that PBDEs are transformed to PBDFs in the recycling processes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of selected emerging brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dibenzofurans has been carried out. Additional substances in the screening were polybrominated diphenyl ethers), polybrominated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dioxins and furans. The overall objective of this screening study was to determine the concentrations of selected BFRs and PBDFs in a variety of media in the Swedish environment.

The application of pharmaceuticals and personal care products is substantial in industrialized and high-income north-western European societies. Faroe Island, Iceland and Greenland are part of this modern society, although some areas are more suffused by technology and modern living than others. This also pertains to the standards of the local solutions for waste water treatment systems, but not so much to the health services. The present report summarises the results of screening analyses of pharmaceuticals and additives in personal care products in presumed hotspots in Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. The study focuses on sewage lines from households and industry in general, and from hospitals. In all 38 pharmaceuticals or metabolites of pharmaceuticals and 7 personal care products were analysed.

En screeningundersökning av bensotiazoler, bensendiaminer, dicyclohexylamin och bensotriazoler har genomförts inom ramen för Naturvårdsvekets screeningprogram. Avsikten med en screeningundersökning är att bestämma koncentrationer av de utvalda substanserna i olika delar av den svenska miljön och därigenom belysa viktiga emissions- och transportvägar. Denna undersökning har genomförts i sammarbete med forskningsprogrammet ChEmiTecs “Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles" (www.chemitecs.se) finansierat av Naturvårdsverket. Målet med Chemitecs är att öka kunskapen om emissioner av organiska ämnen från varor. Resultaten ska stödja utvecklingen av svenska och europeiska handlingsprogram som ska minska riskerna med särskilt farliga ämnen. Bensotiazolerna MBT, CBS, DBS och DBD fanns i en eller flera av de undersökta provtyperna. Detektionsfrekvenserna varierade både mellan substanserna och provtyperna. Fördelningsmönstret påverkades troligen både av föreningarnas egenskaper, såsom kemisk stabilitet och tendens att fördelas mellan olika faser, och av användningen. MBT hade högst detektionsfrekvens medan de andra bensotiazolerna hittades mera sporadiskt. En viktig spridningsväg till miljön för MBT är via reningsverk vilket pekar på diffusa emissioner från konsumentprodukter. Förekomst i dagvatten indikerar trafik-relaterade emissioner. MBT och övriga bensotiazoler förekom främst i vattenmiljön medan lufttransport verkar vara av mindre betydelse. Bensendiaminen DPP hittades i vissa fall i till exempel ytvatten, dagvatten och reningsverksslam.DCHA var vanligt förekommande i alla provtyper utom i gröda. Att DCHA återfinns i luft och deposition indikerar att substansen emitteras till luft och att lufttransport är en viktig spridningsväg. Förekomsten i dagvatten och i jord visar att trafikrelaterade emissioner är viktiga. DCHA hittades emellertid inte i gröda insamlad i närheten av trafikerade vägar. En annan viktig spridningsväg för DCHA är via reningsverk vilket antyder diffusa emissioner från till exempel konsumentprodukter Bensotriazoler är vanligt förekommande i miljön både i bakgrundsmiljö och i urbana områden. Substanserna förekom i alla analyserade matriser: luft, deposition, ytvatten, sediment, jord och biota. Resultaten visade också att diffus spridning via reningsverk, deponier och dagvatten kan vara viktigt för förekomsten i miljön. Detta indikerar emissioner via användning av produkter. UVP är den bensotriazol som används mest följd av UV 328 och UV 327. Dessa substanser hittades också i högst koncentrationer.I en enkel riskbedömning för vattenmiljöns pelagiska ekosystem identifierades inga större risker, dvs halterna var generellt lägre än PNEC i ytvatten och i avloppsvatten med hänsyn till förväntad utspädning. DPP förekom dock i koncentrationer över PNEC i Viskan. Koncentrationen av DPP och DCHA i outspätt avloppsvatten överskred vid några tillfällen PNEC. Inga toxicitets eller ekotoxicitetsdata har hittats för någon av benzotriazolerna i tillgänglig litteratur. Några riskbedömningar för dessa har därför inte utförts. A screening study of benzothiazoles, benzenediamines, dicycyclohexylamine,and benzotriazoles has been carried out in the framework of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency´s screening program.The overall objective of a screening study is to determine the concentrations of the selected substances in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. Additional aims are to assess the possible emission sources and to highlight important transport pathways in the environment.This screening has been carried out in collaboration with the research program ChEmiTecs “Organic Chemicals Emitted from Technosphere Articles" (www.chemitecs.se, financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency). The aim of ChEmiTecs is to increase the scientific understanding of the magnitude of the problem regarding emissions of organic substances from articles with the objective to support policy development in Sweden and Europe.The benzothiazoles MBT, CBS, DBS and DBD were found in one or more of the sample matrices. The detection frequencies varied both among the substances and the different media. The distribution pattern was most likely affected both by substance properties, i.e. the chemical stability and the tendency of a substance to partition to a certain media, and the use and emission pattern. MBT had the highest detection frequency while the other benzothioazoles were more occasionally found. An important pathway of MBT to the environment is via WWTPs, an indication that the occurrence is due to diffuse emission from e.g. consumer products. The occurrence in storm water indicates traffic related emissions. MBT and the other benzothiazoles did mainly occur in the aquatic environment. Air transport seems to be of minor importance.The benzenediamine DPP was occasionally detected in some of the matrices e.g surface water, storm water and sludge. DCHA was widespread in the environment and it occurred in all sample types except crops. The findings of DCHA in air and deposition indicate that this substance is emitted to air and that atmospheric transport is an important pathway in the environment. The occurrence in storm water as well as in soil indicates that traffic related emissions are important. DCHA was however not found in crops collected in the vicinity to busy roads. Another important pathway for DCHA to the environment is via WWTPs, an indication that the occurrence is due to diffuse emission from e.g. consumer products.There is a widespread occurrence of benzotriazoles in the environment both at background and urban areas. The substances occurred in all the included environmental matrices, air, deposition, surface water, sediment, soil and biota.The results also showed that diffuse spreading through WWTPs, landfills and storm water may be important for the occurrence in the environment. This indicates that these substances are distributed via use of products. UVP is the benzotriazole with the highest usage volume followed by UV 328 and UV327. These substances were also most often found in the highest concentrations. In a brief risk assessment for the aquatic pelagic ecosystems no major risks were identified, i.e. concentrations were generally below the PNEC in surface water and effluents if dilution was considered. DPP did however occur in concentrations above its PNEC in River Viskan and concentrations of DPP and DCHA in the different effluents did at some occasions exceed the PNEC undiluted. No toxicity or ecotoxicity data has been found for any of the benzotriazole substances in the available literature. Any risk estimates have therefore not been carried out.

I Sverige finns cirka 700 000 fastigheter med enskilda avlopp, varav cirka 75 % utgörs av markbaserade anläggningar där det renade avloppsvattnet direkt eller via grundvattnet når ytvattenrecipienter. Syftet med detta projekt har varit: att undersöka om halter av läkemedel och andra kemikalier från enskilda avlopp är detekterbara i en recipient med känd påverkan av enskilda avlopp, att kvantifiera spridning av ett antal substanser av läkemedel från enskilda avlopp samt att undersöka reningseffektivitet i enskilda avlopp avseende läkemedel och andra kemikalier. Projektet har genomförts i samarbete med Södertälje kommun. Provtagning genomfördes i Lillsjön med tillflöden, i Hölö inom Södertälje kommun. Analyser genomfördes av vatten, sediment och biota av ett urval läkemedel- och andra hushållrelaterade kemikalier som perfluoroktansulfonsyra (PFOS) och etylendiamintetraättiksyra (EDTA). Provtagning genomfördes även av läkemedelsubstanser i inkommande och utgående vatten i två markbäddar. I den ena anläggningen tillsattes manuellt (spikades) en känd mängd läkemedelssubstanser och bromid som spårämne. I den andra anläggningen analyserades läkemedelsubstanser som användes av brukarna. Analyser genomfördes även av pH, total fosfor, "biochemical oxygen demand" (BOD) och totalt organiskt kol (TOC) för att kontrollera markbäddarnas funktion. Analyserna av vatten och sediment i Lillsjön uppvisade endast små mängder läkemedelsrester, PFOS och EDTA. Läkemedelsrester påvisades dock i det tillflöde som sammantaget är mest befolkat med enskilda avlopp samt i ett utlopp med utsläpp från Hölö församlingshem, vilket visar att enskilda avlopp bidrar till spridning av läkemedelsrester till miljön. Markbäddarna uppvisade en god reduktion av de femton analyserade läkemedlen och låg generellt sett över den genomsnittliga reduceringsgraden avseende dessa ämnen i fyra stora svenska reningsverk. Undantagen var diklofenak och ketoprofen där reduceringsgraden var betydligt lägre än för de fyra svenska reningsverken. Orsaken tros vara problem att detektera substanserna i ingående avloppsvatten och att reduktionen därmed inte kunde bestämmas på ett rättvisande sätt. Beräkning av total mängd som passerade användare med enskilda avlopp har beräknats baserat på nationell statistik om permanentboende med enskilda avlopp, statistik från Apotekens service avseende försåld mängd och uppmätt reduktion i markbäddarna. Enskilda avlopp står för en betydande del av avloppsflödet i Sverige. Cirka tio gånger större mängder av karbamazepin och diklofenak sprids från enskilda avlopp avseende hela Sverige än från Henriksdals reningsverk i Stockholm. Paracetamol är den substans som står för störst utsläpp enligt beräkningarna, cirka 12 ton år 2010. Reduktion av läkemedelsubstanser i markbaserade anläggningar beror på utformning och skötsel av avloppsanläggningen. God syresättning och lång uppehållstid i markbaserade anläggningar är gynnsamma förutsättningar. Reduktionen sker dock inte i lika hög grad för samtliga substanser och anläggningar som brister i utformningen kan ge utsläpp till vattenmiljön och grundvatten, vilket har noterats i både denna studie och i internationell litteratur. Ytterligare studier behövs för att bestämma om substanserna bryts ner och hur de bryts ner i de enskilda avloppen. Risker med avseende på spridning av läkemedelsrester och andra kemikalier från enskilda avlopp bör undersökas vidare.

IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening av UV-filter i den svenska miljön. Solskyddsprodukter används för att skydda huden mot solbränna och hudcancer orsakad av solens ultravioletta strålning (UV-strålning). De aktiva substanserna i solskyddsprodukter är vanligtvis aromatiska föreningar med förmåga att absorbera UV-strålning och sedan frigöra energin i form av ofarlig lågenergetisk strålning.UV-filter kan emitteras till miljön via olika källor t ex. punktkällor och diffusa källor. Det övergripande målet med screeningundersökningen var att undersöka förekomsten och bestämma halterna av 13 utvalda UV-filter i olika miljöprover. Resultaten identifierar några olika emissionsvägar och hur stor spridning föreningarna har i den svenska miljön. En provtagningsstrategi i enlighet med detta togs fram. Vidare utvecklades en analysmetod anpassad för frågeställningen.Genom att solskyddsprodukter appliceras på huden anses de viktigaste emissionsvägarna för UV-filter vara tvättning, duschning och bad. Studien var därför inriktad på att undersöka diffusa källors betydelse i den urbana miljön. För att undersöka emissionen vid friluftsbad insamlades vattenprover från kommunala badplatser vid två tillfällen: före (tidig vår) och under badsäsong. Prover på sediment och fisk insamlades också i anslutning till badplatserna under badsäsongen.Eftersom UV-filter ingår i många hygien- och kosmetikprodukter och därför når avlopp vid tvätt och dusch togs prover på utgående vatten och slam från några kommunala avloppsreningsverk. Totalt ingick 52 prover i undersökningen fördelade på 24 ytvatten, 8 utgående vatten från reningsverk, 8 reningsverksslam, 7 sediment och 5 fiskprover.UV-filter påvisades frekvent i ytvatten, både i bakgrundssjöar och i den urbana miljön. Vattenprover från badplatser insamlade under badsäsongen innehöll 12 av 13 undersökta UV-filter och i sedimenten återfanns 10 av 13 föreningar. Fyra av UV-filtren påvisades också i fisk. UV-filter detekterades även före badsäsongen i ytvatten men halten och detektionsfrekvensen ökade markant under sommaren.UV-filtren påvisades frekvent i utgående avloppsvatten från reningsverk och i rötat slam från reningsprocessen. Alla undersökta föreningar påträffades i utgående vatten och i slam hittades 11 av 13 föreningar.Koncentrationen varierade mycket mellan de olika UV-filtren. Ytvatten från badplatser under sommaren innehöll generellt liknande halter UV-filter som utgående vatten från reningsverken. De högsta halterna av UV-filter påträffades i vatten från en badplats.Några av UV-filtren påvisades, om än i låga halter, även i ytvatten, sediment och fisk från tre undersökta bakgrundssjöar.Sammantaget tyder undersökningen på en utbredd förekomst av UV-filter i den svenska miljön. Viktiga emissionkällor har visat sig vara kommunala reningsverk och användandet av solskyddsprodukter vid bad.En jämförelse av uppmätta halter av UV-filter med QSAR-framtagna PNEC och befintliga experimentella ekotoxikologiska data visade att flera av de undersökta UV-filtren kan utgöra en potentiell miljörisk. SummaryAs an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has performed a screening study concerning UV-filters. Sunscreen lotions are used to protect the skin against sunburn and skin cancer caused by the UV (ultra violet) radiation of sunlight. The active moieties in sunscreens (UVfilters) are usually aromatic compounds which absorb UV-radiation and release the energy as low energy rays. Surface water collected on bathing places in the summer contained 12 UV-filters out of 13 measured whereas in sediment 10 out of 13 were found. Four of the UV-filters were also found in fish samples. UV-filters were detected in surface water early in the spring (before swimming season) but the concentration and frequency clearly increased during the summer. All measured UV-filters were found in STP effluent water, and all but two in STP sludge. Comparisons of measured concentrations of UVfilters with QSAR derived PNECs and also available experimental ecotoxicity data indicate that several of the included UV-filters pose a potential environmental risk.

IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening av UVfilter i den svenska miljön. Solskyddsprodukter används för att skydda huden mot solbränna och hudcancer orsakad av solens ultravioletta strålning (UV-strålning). De aktiva substanserna i solskyddsprodukter är vanligtvis aromatiska föreningar med förmåga att absorbera UV-strålning och sedan frigöra energin i form av ofarlig lågenergetisk strålning. UV-filter kan emitteras till miljön via olika källor t ex. punktkällor och diffusa källor. Det övergripande målet med screeningundersökningen var att undersöka förekomsten och bestämma halterna av 13 utvalda UV-filter i olika miljöprover. Resultaten identifierar några olika emissionsvägar och hur stor spridning föreningarna har i den svenska miljön. En provtagningsstrategi i enlighet med detta togs fram. Vidare utvecklades en analysmetod anpassad för frågeställningen. Genom att solskyddsprodukter appliceras på huden anses de viktigaste emissionsvägarna för UVfilter vara tvättning, duschning och bad. Studien var därför inriktad på att undersöka diffusa källors betydelse i den urbana miljön. För att undersöka emissionen vid friluftsbad insamlades vattenprover från kommunala badplatser vid två tillfällen: före (tidig vår) och under badsäsong. Prover på sediment och fisk insamlades också i anslutning till badplatserna under badsäsongen. Eftersom UV-filter ingår i många hygien- och kosmetikprodukter och därför når avlopp vid tvätt och dusch togs prover på utgående vatten och slam från några kommunala avloppsreningsverk. Totalt ingick 52 prover i undersökningen fördelade på 24 ytvatten, 8 utgående vatten från reningsverk, 8 reningsverksslam, 7 sediment och 5 fiskprover. UV-filter påvisades frekvent i ytvatten, både i bakgrundssjöar och i den urbana miljön. Vattenprover från badplatser insamlade under badsäsongen innehöll 12 av 13 undersökta UV-filter och i sedimenten återfanns 10 av 13 föreningar. Fyra av UV-filtren påvisades också i fisk. UV-filter detekterades även före badsäsongen i ytvatten men halten och detektionsfrekvensen ökade markant under sommaren. UV-filtren påvisades frekvent i utgående avloppsvatten från reningsverk och i rötat slam från reningsprocessen. Alla undersökta föreningar påträffades i utgående vatten och i slam hittades 11 av 13 föreningar. Koncentrationen varierade mycket mellan de olika UV-filtren. Ytvatten från badplatser under sommaren innehöll generellt liknande halter UV-filter som utgående vatten från reningsverken. De högsta halterna av UV-filter påträffades i vatten från en badplats. Några av UV-filtren påvisades, om än i låga halter, även i ytvatten, sediment och fisk från tre undersökta bakgrundssjöar. Sammantaget tyder undersökningen på en utbredd förekomst av UV-filter i den svenska miljön. Viktiga emissionkällor har visat sig vara kommunala reningsverk och användandet avsolskyddsprodukter vid bad. En jämförelse av uppmätta halter av UV-filter med QSAR-framtagna PNEC och befintliga experimentella ekotoxikologiska data visade att flera av de undersökta UV-filtren kan utgöra en potentiell miljörisk. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has performed a screening study concerning UV-filters. Sunscreen lotions are used to protect the skin against sunburn and skin cancer caused by the UV (ultra violet) radiation of sunlight. The active moieties in sunscreens (UV-filters) are usually aromatic compounds which adsorb UV-radiation and release the energy as low energy rays. The overall objectives of the screening studies were to determine the concentrations of 13 UVfilters in a variety of media in the Swedish environment, to highlight important transport pathways, and to assess the possibility of current emissions in Sweden. A sampling strategy was developed in accordance with these objectives. 52 samples were collected, distributed on 24 surface waters, 8 WWTP-effluents, 8 sludge, 7 sediments and 5 fish. A suitable analytical method for the different samples was developed. Emissions of UV filters are believed to arise primarily from losses due to washing and bathing. The programme was focused on diffuse sources in an urban environment. In order to investigate the losses of UV-filters during bathing, surface water, sediment and fish samples from bathing places were collected. The sampling was performed in periods outside and during the bathing season. Due to possible release of the chemicals from personal care products, sewage treatment plants (STPs) were identified as potential sources. Effluent water and sludge from municipal STPs were included in the sampling program. In general, UV-filters were regularly found in the Swedish water environment, both in background areas and in an urban environment. Surface water collected at bathing places during the summer contained 12 of the 13 investigated UV-filters whereas in sediment 10 out of 13 were found. Four of the UV-filters were also found in fish samples. UV-filters were detected in surface water early in the spring (before swimming season) but the concentration and frequency clearly increased during the summer. All measured UV-filters were found in STP effluent water, and all but two in STP sludge. There was a great variation in the concentrations among the different UV-filters. Measured concentrations in surface water from bathing places during summer were generally in the same range as in effluent water. The highest measured concentrations of several of the UV-filters were found in surface water samples collected from bathing places. Some of the UV-filters were also detected in surface water, sediment and fish samples from three background lakes but in lower concentrations. This indicates the widespread occurrence of UVfilters in Swedish surface waters. Comparisons of measured concentrations of UV-filters with QSAR derived PNECs and also available experimental ecotoxicity data indicate that several of the included UV-filters pose a potential environmental risk.

This report considers the screening of unintentionally produced substances. Substance groups included in the screening program were oxygenated and nitrated forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds. Polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDD) and furans (PBDF), polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDT) and dibenzotianthrenes (PCDTA) were also included in the study. PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were included as reference substances. The results of the screening showed that oxidized and nitrated forms of PAHs as well as heterocyclic analogues of PAHs were frequently found in background and urban areas and in most of the environmental matrices included in the study. PCDTs were found in most abiotic samples while PCDTA generally was below the limit-of-detection. The concentrations of PBDDs were generally below the limit-of-detection but were found in deposition, urban sediment, background sediment, and fish from Kvädöfjärden. The PBDF concentrations in air varied widely in time and space. OBDF occurred in similar concentrations as PCBs in air, deposition, sediment and soil. This report considers the screening of unintentionally produced substances. Substance groups included in the screening program were oxygenated and nitrated forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds. Polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBDD) and furans (PBDF), polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDT) and dibenzotianthrenes (PCDTA) were also included in the study. PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were included as reference substances. The results of the screening showed that oxidized and nitrated forms of PAHs as well as heterocyclic analogues of PAHs were frequently found in background and urban areas and in most of the environmental matrices included in the study. PCDTs were found in most abiotic samples while PCDTA generally was below the limit-of-detection. The concentrations of PBDDs were generally below the limit-of-detection but were found in deposition, urban sediment, background sediment, and fish from Kvädöfjärden. The PBDF concentrations in air varied widely in time and space. OBDF occurred in similar concentrations as PCBs in air, deposition, sediment and soil.

A screening study has been performed concerning bis(4-Chlorophenyl) sulfone (BCPS). BCPS is a high production volume chemical and is mainly used in the polymer production. It has been detected in biota in several species from the Baltic Sea environment but the source for its detection is unknown. Air, deposition, sediment, fish, effluent and surface were sampled mainly from the Baltic sea region. BCPS was present in all fish samples (perch and herring) and in similar levels as PCB 138 and PCB 153. There was no trend in concentrations between species, country or sampling location. BCPS was detected in all three marine surface samples which may explain the bioaccumulation in biota. It was detected in one air sample in the same magnitude as individual PCB congeners and in one of the WWTP samples. This screening did not clarify the pathways of BCPS to the Baltic Sea. However, the results indicate that distribution is more waterborne rather than airborne A screening study has been performed concerning bis(4-Chlorophenyl) sulfone (BCPS). BCPS is a high production volume chemical and is mainly used in the polymer production. It has been detected in biota in several species from the Baltic Sea environment but the source for its detection is unknown. Air, deposition, sediment, fish, effluent and surface were sampled mainly from the Baltic sea region. BCPS was present in all fish samples (perch and herring) and in similar levels as PCB 138 and PCB 153. There was no trend in concentrations between species, country or sampling location. BCPS was detected in all three marine surface samples which may explain the bioaccumulation in biota. It was detected in one air sample in the same magnitude as individual PCB congeners and in one of the WWTP samples. This screening did not clarify the pathways of BCPS to the Baltic Sea. However, the results indicate that distribution is more waterborne rather than airborne

As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has conducted a study with the overall aim to present basic data for decision-making regarding a monitoring program for STP effluents. A program for chemical and biological monitoring in effluent water from municipal sewage treatment plants is important for the understanding on spreading of chemicals in the environment, to identify changes in the use or substitution of chemicals, to identify possible emissions of 'new' emerging substances to the environment, and also for the implementation and follow up of directives. The study consisted of several parts; a chemical characterization of STP effluents consisting of both the analysis of specific compounds but also the identification of 'unknown' compounds, measurements of estrogenic and androgenic activity with the bioassays YES and YAS, evaluation of seasonal variability in chemical composition, and chemical measurements in recipient water. Further, a literature survey of potential additional bioassays suitable for monitoring purposes was conducted. Based on the results a recommendation for a monitoring program for municipal STP effluent is given. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has conducted a study with the overall aim to present basic data for decision-making regarding a monitoring program for STP effluents. A program for chemical and biological monitoring in effluent water from municipal sewage treatment plants is important for the understanding on spreading of chemicals in the environment, to identify changes in the use or substitution of chemicals, to identify possible emissions of 'new' emerging substances to the environment, and also for the implementation and follow up of directives. The study consisted of several parts; a chemical characterization of STP effluents consisting of both the analysis of specific compounds but also the identification of 'unknown' compounds, measurements of estrogenic and androgenic activity with the bioassays YES and YAS, evaluation of seasonal variability in chemical composition, and chemical measurements in recipient water. Further, a literature survey of potential additional bioassays suitable for monitoring purposes was conducted. Based on the results a recommendation for a monitoring program for municipal STP effluent is given.

Prov från svensk yttre miljö har analyserats på en eller flera av ämnesgrupperna fenolära ämnen, ftalater, kvartära ammoniumföreningar och tennorganiska föreningar. Proven omfattar främst vatten och slam från kommunala reningsverk, ytvatten och sediment. Sediment har även analyserats på diuron, irgarol 1051, DCOIT (Sea nine 211) och capsaicin Prov från svensk yttre miljö har analyserats på en eller flera av ämnesgrupperna fenolära ämnen, ftalater, kvartära ammoniumföreningar och tennorganiska föreningar. Proven omfattar främst vatten och slam från kommunala reningsverk, ytvatten och sediment. Sediment har även analyserats på diuron, irgarol 1051, DCOIT (Sea nine 211) och capsaicin

A screening study has been performed concerning Dechlorane Plus (DP). DP is a chlorinated flame retardant that has been used for a long time but has not been noticed as an environmental contaminant until recently. The main reason for its concern is its similarity to other known chloro organic chemicals with adverse effects to the environment. DP was present in air at background locations (Råö, Aspvreten, Pallas) and in higher concentrations in urban air (Stockholm). This supports that DP is capable of long range transport and, as no traditional point sources are known, supposedly emitted from products used in urban areas, such as plastics in electrical insulators. DP was also deposited from the atmosphere. The concentration in air was in the same magnitude as for the brominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99. A screening study has been performed concerning Dechlorane Plus (DP). DP is a chlorinated flame retardant that has been used for a long time but has not been noticed as an environmental contaminant until recently. The main reason for its concern is its similarity to other known chloro organic chemicals with adverse effects to the environment. DP was present in air at background locations (Råö, Aspvreten, Pallas) and in higher concentrations in urban air (Stockholm). This supports that DP is capable of long range transport and, as no traditional point sources are known, supposedly emitted from products used in urban areas, such as plastics in electrical insulators. DP was also deposited from the atmosphere. The concentration in air was in the same magnitude as for the brominated diphenyl ether congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99.

As an assignment from the Swedish EPA, IVL has during 2008/2009 performed a 'Screening Study' of glutaraldehyde. In addition, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were also measured. In Sweden the major usage of glutaraldehyde is as a slimicide in the paper and pulp industry. The compound is also used as a disinfectant in hospitals, as a biocide for water treatment in water recirculating systems and off-shore operations, in the petroleum industry, in the live stock and aquaculture industries, as a fixative in histology, as hardener in x-ray film processing, for tanning of leather, and also in cosmetics. The compund has high water solubility, is reactive and is of low persistence. It is not expected to accumulate in soil, sediment or biota. Thus in the environment, water is the compartment that may be of concern. In previous studies, glutaraldehyde has been found in air and effluent water sampled at hospitals, and in water from pulp and paper industry. A sampling program was developed based on usage pattern, chemical properties and fate, and results from previous studies. It included samples from the vicinity of potential point sources, samples representing diffuse emission pathways, and samples from background areas. Glutaraldehyde could only be found in samples associated with the identified point sources related to the usage of the compound, i.e. in effluent water from a paper mill and in air and effluent water from an hospital. It could however not be found in samples from potential point sources representing the end of product life cycles, i.e. air and water from recycling companies or leachate water from a landfill. Further, it could not be found in samples representing diffuse sources or background areas. Glutaraldehyde may thus affect the environment at the site of usage, but the results indicate a low potential for dispersal in the environment. Concentrations found were below toxicity values found in the literature. Thus, all together glutaraldehyde does not appear to pose a risk to the environment. As an assignment from the Swedish EPA, IVL has during 2008/2009 performed a 'Screening Study' of glutaraldehyde. In addition, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were also measured. In Sweden the major usage of glutaraldehyde is as a slimicide in the paper and pulp industry. The compound is also used as a disinfectant in hospitals, as a biocide for water treatment in water recirculating systems and off-shore operations, in the petroleum industry, in the live stock and aquaculture industries, as a fixative in histology, as hardener in x-ray film processing, for tanning of leather, and also in cosmetics. The compund has high water solubility, is reactive and is of low persistence. It is not expected to accumulate in soil, sediment or biota. Thus in the environment, water is the compartment that may be of concern. In previous studies, glutaraldehyde has been found in air and effluent water sampled at hospitals, and in water from pulp and paper industry. A sampling program was developed based on usage pattern, chemical properties and fate, and results from previous studies. It included samples from the vicinity of potential point sources, samples representing diffuse emission pathways, and samples from background areas. Glutaraldehyde could only be found in samples associated with the identified point sources related to the usage of the compound, i.e. in effluent water from a paper mill and in air and effluent water from an hospital. It could however not be found in samples from potential point sources representing the end of product life cycles, i.e. air and water from recycling companies or leachate water from a landfill. Further, it could not be found in samples representing diffuse sources or background areas. Glutaraldehyde may thus affect the environment at the site of usage, but the results indicate a low potential for dispersal in the environment. Concentrations found were below toxicity values found in the literature. Thus, all together glutaraldehyde does not appear to pose a risk to the environment.

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has performed a 'Screening Study' of difenacoum and related compounds as an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Difenacoum is used as a second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGAR). It is mainly used to control rodents around buildings and inside transport vehicles. Difenacoum is uptaken via ingestion and acts by disrupting the blood clotting process. In addition to difenacoum, the current study also includes another six substances with similar functions. The overall objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of the selected substances in the Swedish environment. A sampling programme was developed and 60 samples were included in the study, representing surface water, sediment, fish, soil, in- and effluent water from sewage treatment plants, sludge, storm water, storm water and sludge, and eagle-owl tissues. All of the seven anticoagulant rodenticides were below detection limit in all abiotic samples and in fish. This shows that these substances are not widely distributed in the Swedish environment. However, difenacoum and three of the related compounds (coumatetralyl, bromadiolone and bromadifacoum) were found in three of the eagle-owl individuals. Coumatetralyl and bromadiolone were found in highest levels followed by difenacoum and the liver sampled contained higher concentrations compared to muscle samples. This shows that secondary poisoning of animals feeding on rodents not can be excluded. Additional studies focusing on areas with known usage could reveal if other non-target organisms other than eagle-owls are likely to be exposed to rodenticides. The study also confirms that the liver is the main target for retention of these rodenticdes.Version 2 april 2012 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has performed a 'Screening Study' of difenacoum and related compounds as an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Difenacoum is used as a second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGAR). It is mainly used to control rodents around buildings and inside transport vehicles. Difenacoum is uptaken via ingestion and acts by disrupting the blood clotting process. In addition to difenacoum, the current study also includes another six substances with similar functions. The overall objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of the selected substances in the Swedish environment. A sampling programme was developed and 60 samples were included in the study, representing surface water, sediment, fish, soil, in- and effluent water from sewage treatment plants, sludge, storm water, storm water and sludge, and eagle-owl tissues. All of the seven anticoagulant rodenticides were below detection limit in all abiotic samples and in fish. This shows that these substances are not widely distributed in the Swedish environment. However, difenacoum and three of the related compounds (coumatetralyl, bromadiolone and bromadifacoum) were found in three of the eagle-owl individuals. Coumatetralyl and bromadiolone were found in highest levels followed by difenacoum and the liver sampled contained higher concentrations compared to muscle samples. This shows that secondary poisoning of animals feeding on rodents not can be excluded. Additional studies focusing on areas with known usage could reveal if other non-target organisms other than eagle-owls are likely to be exposed to rodenticides. The study also confirms that the liver is the main target for retention of these rodenticdes.Version 2 april 2012

IVL has performed a follow-up study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs on commission fromthe Swedish EPA. In the first project was sewage water and sludge investigated. This investigation wasfocused on the occurrence of these drugs in surface water, sediment and fish in a watercourseinfluenced by the local WWTP. For this purpose was an analytical method developed capable toconcentrate, separate and detect free and conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs.Eight pharmaceutical drugs were analysed: paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, salicylic acid, ibuprofen,naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac and two metabolites of ibuprofen.Conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs were detected at low concentrations (< 1 % of total) in influentand effluent. In the water and sediment samples were all the analysed drugs detected but at somewhatdifferent pattern than in the sewage water. The anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol were notdetected in fish collected in the vicinity of the WWTP discharge point.

IVL has performed a follow-up study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs on commission from the Swedish EPA. In the first project was sewage water and sludge investigated. This investigation was focused on the occurrence of these drugs in surface water, sediment and fish in a watercourse influenced by the local WWTP. For this purpose was an analytical method developed capable to concentrate, separate and detect free and conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs. Eight pharmaceutical drugs were analysed: paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac and two metabolites of ibuprofen. Conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs were detected at low concentrations (< 1 % of total) in influent and effluent. In the water and sediment samples were all the analysed drugs detected but at somewhat different pattern than in the sewage water. The anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol were not detected in fish collected in the vicinity of the WWTP discharge point. IVL has performed a follow-up study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs on commission from the Swedish EPA. In the first project was sewage water and sludge investigated. This investigation was focused on the occurrence of these drugs in surface water, sediment and fish in a watercourse influenced by the local WWTP. For this purpose was an analytical method developed capable to concentrate, separate and detect free and conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs. Eight pharmaceutical drugs were analysed: paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac and two metabolites of ibuprofen. Conjugated anti-inflammatory drugs were detected at low concentrations (< 1 % of total) in influent and effluent. In the water and sediment samples were all the analysed drugs detected but at somewhat different pattern than in the sewage water. The anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol were not detected in fish collected in the vicinity of the WWTP discharge point.

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has performed a 'Screening Study' of IPBC and DBNPA as an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. IPBC belongs to the category preservatives/disinfectants and is used as a fungicide. It is used in the paper and pulp industry to prevent the formation of slime and as a preservative in cosmetics, paints, coatings etc. DBNPA is mostly used to reduce the occurrence of slime forming microorganisms with in the paper and cellulose industry. It is also used a biocide in cooling systems. IPBC is moderately soluble and not very persistent in water, hydrolysis is expected to be main route of dissipation. DBNPA has high water solubility, a short half-life and is rapidly degraded in water by hydrolysis. The overall objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of IPBC and DBNPA in the Swedish environment. A sampling strategy was developed and the selection was based on the usage pattern of the substances. IPBC was found in air at two paint companies representing point sources and in the centre of Gothenburg, representing an urban diffuse source. In water, IPBC was found in high levels in the influent water at two paint companies and in both the in- and effluent water from three STPs. It was not found in background areas or in urban surface water, storm water and sediment, STP sludge or storm water sludge. The results indicate that if IPBC is being used, there is a possibility for the compound to be distributed to the environment since in can be detected in air and influent and effluent water from the paint industries and in STP waters. However, IPBC does not seem to reach other urban or background areas which may be due to the fact that IPBC is not very persistent in water. DBNPA was found below LOD in all samples. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute has performed a 'Screening Study' of IPBC and DBNPA as an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. IPBC belongs to the category preservatives/disinfectants and is used as a fungicide. It is used in the paper and pulp industry to prevent the formation of slime and as a preservative in cosmetics, paints, coatings etc. DBNPA is mostly used to reduce the occurrence of slime forming microorganisms with in the paper and cellulose industry. It is also used a biocide in cooling systems. IPBC is moderately soluble and not very persistent in water, hydrolysis is expected to be main route of dissipation. DBNPA has high water solubility, a short half-life and is rapidly degraded in water by hydrolysis. The overall objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of IPBC and DBNPA in the Swedish environment. A sampling strategy was developed and the selection was based on the usage pattern of the substances. IPBC was found in air at two paint companies representing point sources and in the centre of Gothenburg, representing an urban diffuse source. In water, IPBC was found in high levels in the influent water at two paint companies and in both the in- and effluent water from three STPs. It was not found in background areas or in urban surface water, storm water and sediment, STP sludge or storm water sludge. The results indicate that if IPBC is being used, there is a possibility for the compound to be distributed to the environment since in can be detected in air and influent and effluent water from the paint industries and in STP waters. However, IPBC does not seem to reach other urban or background areas which may be due to the fact that IPBC is not very persistent in water. DBNPA was found below LOD in all samples.

IVL and NILU have during 2008/2009 as an assignment from HELCOM, performed a screening study in the eastern Baltic Sea environment on the occurrence of eight of the substances/substance groups identified as hazardous under the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Of the eight substances or substance classes included in the study, six of them were found above LOQ; organic tin compounds, PBDEs, PFAS, nonylphenol, chlorinated paraffins and endosulfan (endosulfan sulphate). Substances that occurred in fish samples from all sampling sites were; TBT, PBDEs (BDE 47 and BDE 100), PFAS (PFOS), chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), and endosulfan (endosulfan sulphate). Additionally, bisphenol A was found in fish from almost all sampling sites. PFAS (PFOS and PFOA), octyphenol and nonylphenol were found in one, one and six water samples, respectively. No obvious differences in concentrations could be seen between the sampling sites classified as background areas and affected areas. Furthermore, no clear general differences between affected sites could be seen. Concentrations found for the different substances were lower or in the same range as previously reported from other areas of the Baltic Sea, thus the eastern Baltic Sea environment does not seem to be more polluted compared to the Baltic Sea in general. For all the substances, except TBT, concentrations found were below reported PNEC values. However, for TBT, concentrations in several fish muscle samples were close to or above the PNEC value estimated for protection of human health considering consumption of fishery products. Additionally, PFOS levels in fish liver exceeded the PNEC value regarding secondary poisoning of predators in six samples, but PFOS levels in fish muscle were not measured in this study. IVL and NILU have during 2008/2009 as an assignment from HELCOM, performed a screening study in the eastern Baltic Sea environment on the occurrence of eight of the substances/substance groups identified as hazardous under the Baltic Sea Action Plan. Of the eight substances or substance classes included in the study, six of them were found above LOQ; organic tin compounds, PBDEs, PFAS, nonylphenol, chlorinated paraffins and endosulfan (endosulfan sulphate). Substances that occurred in fish samples from all sampling sites were; TBT, PBDEs (BDE 47 and BDE 100), PFAS (PFOS), chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), and endosulfan (endosulfan sulphate). Additionally, bisphenol A was found in fish from almost all sampling sites. PFAS (PFOS and PFOA), octyphenol and nonylphenol were found in one, one and six water samples, respectively. No obvious differences in concentrations could be seen between the sampling sites classified as background areas and affected areas. Furthermore, no clear general differences between affected sites could be seen. Concentrations found for the different substances were lower or in the same range as previously reported from other areas of the Baltic Sea, thus the eastern Baltic Sea environment does not seem to be more polluted compared to the Baltic Sea in general. For all the substances, except TBT, concentrations found were below reported PNEC values. However, for TBT, concentrations in several fish muscle samples were close to or above the PNEC value estimated for protection of human health considering consumption of fishery products. Additionally, PFOS levels in fish liver exceeded the PNEC value regarding secondary poisoning of predators in six samples, but PFOS levels in fish muscle were not measured in this study.

Amines are important chemicals that are being used in a vast number of chemical processes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of a selected number of amines has been performed. The overall objective of the screening was to determine the concentrations of amines in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. Amines are important chemicals that are being used in a vast number of chemical processes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a screening study of a selected number of amines has been performed. The overall objective of the screening was to determine the concentrations of amines in a variety of media in the Swedish environment.

IVL has performed a 'screening study' of the ester octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate on commission from the Swedish EPA. The objectives of the screening were to determine if octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is present in different matrices in the Swedish environment, and if so, at what concentrations. In total 64 samples were analysed representing soil, surface water, sediment, biota (fish), influent and effluent waters and sludge from STPs, storm waters, and leachate water and sludge from landfills. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate was found in all analysed STP sludge samples. It was also found in all analysed influent water samples, but concentrations were generally lower or below the detection limit in effluent water. Thus, removal of the substance from the water phase takes place during the waste water treatment process, plausible by absorption to sludge. Concentrations in the same range as in influent waters or higher was also found in the storm water samples. The chemical could also be detected just above the detection limit in two out of three fish samples, but not in soil, surface water or sediment from the city of Stockholm. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate could not be detected in any of the samples from background areas. All together, this screening study shows that diffuse emissions of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate in the urban environment take place, resulting in exposure to and uptake in biota. Due to the limited ecotoxicological data available, it is not possible to determine the risk of its presence in the environment, but based on animal studies the chemical is considered to have a low hazard potential for human health. IVL has performed a 'screening study' of the ester octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate on commission from the Swedish EPA. The objectives of the screening were to determine if octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is present in different matrices in the Swedish environment, and if so, at what concentrations. In total 64 samples were analysed representing soil, surface water, sediment, biota (fish), influent and effluent waters and sludge from STPs, storm waters, and leachate water and sludge from landfills. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate was found in all analysed STP sludge samples. It was also found in all analysed influent water samples, but concentrations were generally lower or below the detection limit in effluent water. Thus, removal of the substance from the water phase takes place during the waste water treatment process, plausible by absorption to sludge. Concentrations in the same range as in influent waters or higher was also found in the storm water samples. The chemical could also be detected just above the detection limit in two out of three fish samples, but not in soil, surface water or sediment from the city of Stockholm. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate could not be detected in any of the samples from background areas. All together, this screening study shows that diffuse emissions of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate in the urban environment take place, resulting in exposure to and uptake in biota. Due to the limited ecotoxicological data available, it is not possible to determine the risk of its presence in the environment, but based on animal studies the chemical is considered to have a low hazard potential for human health.

På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har möjligheten utretts att använda biomarkörer som indikatorer på effekter från organiska ämnen i sötvatten. Avsikten är att kunna föreslå ett system av biomarkörer som ska kunna implementeras inom den nationella miljöövervakningen i sötvatten. Arbetet har inletts med att beskriva hotbilden så som den är känd idag: vilka kemiska ämnen påträffas i våra sjöar och vattendrag; vilka effekter kan de ge upphov till hos t.ex. fisk; i vilka typmiljöer förekommer dessa ämnen? Därefter har olika biomarkörer beskrivits och utvärderats. Internationella erfarenheter av långsiktig övervakning med biomarkörer sammanfattas också. Följande effekter bedöms relevanta att följa i svenska ytvatten: ' genotoxiska effekter ' påverkan på immunförsvaret ' reproduktionsstörningar. Dessutom bör biomarkörerna återspegla allmän hälsostatus samt exponering för kemiska ämnen. Flertalet biomarkörer påverkas inte bara av organiska ämnen, utan även av andra kemikalier och faktorer såsom temperatur, årstid, ålder mm. För att biomarkörer ska kunna användas som indikatorer på kemisk påverkan (orsak och ekologisk konsekvens) bör övervakningen integreras med kemiska och biologiska mätningar. I rapporten diskuteras även hur ett system med biomarkörer skulle kunna implementeras inom den nationella miljöövervakningen i sötvatten, samt vilka frågor som kvarstår att belysa. På uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket har möjligheten utretts att använda biomarkörer som indikatorer på effekter från organiska ämnen i sötvatten. Avsikten är att kunna föreslå ett system av biomarkörer som ska kunna implementeras inom den nationella miljöövervakningen i sötvatten. Arbetet har inletts med att beskriva hotbilden så som den är känd idag: vilka kemiska ämnen påträffas i våra sjöar och vattendrag; vilka effekter kan de ge upphov till hos t.ex. fisk; i vilka typmiljöer förekommer dessa ämnen? Därefter har olika biomarkörer beskrivits och utvärderats. Internationella erfarenheter av långsiktig övervakning med biomarkörer sammanfattas också. Följande effekter bedöms relevanta att följa i svenska ytvatten: ' genotoxiska effekter ' påverkan på immunförsvaret ' reproduktionsstörningar. Dessutom bör biomarkörerna återspegla allmän hälsostatus samt exponering för kemiska ämnen. Flertalet biomarkörer påverkas inte bara av organiska ämnen, utan även av andra kemikalier och faktorer såsom temperatur, årstid, ålder mm. För att biomarkörer ska kunna användas som indikatorer på kemisk påverkan (orsak och ekologisk konsekvens) bör övervakningen integreras med kemiska och biologiska mätningar. I rapporten diskuteras även hur ett system med biomarkörer skulle kunna implementeras inom den nationella miljöövervakningen i sötvatten, samt vilka frågor som kvarstår att belysa.

LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) is an anionic sufactant mainly used in laundry- and dishwashing detergents and lubricant additives. The annual amount used in Sweden is about 900 tonnes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has performed a screening study of LAS. The overall objective of the screening was to determine concentrations in a variety of media in the Swedish environment. LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate) is an anionic sufactant mainly used in laundry- and dishwashing detergents and lubricant additives. The annual amount used in Sweden is about 900 tonnes. As an assignment from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, IVL has performed a screening study of LAS. The overall objective of the screening was to determine concentrations in a variety of media in the Swedish environment.

IVL har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket genomfört en screening av sötningsmedlet sukralos. Sukralos är en disackarid, som modifierats i tre positioner med klor. Ämnet är ca 600 gånger sötare än sackaros och används efter tillstånd i USA och Europaunionen, m.fl. länder som tillsats i livsmedel. Ämnet är lättlösligt i vatten och vid intag utsöndras minst 95 % i oförändrad form. Ingen ackumulering i organismen är känd och nedbrytning eller omvandling har endast påvisats i vattenmiljö under inverkan av mikroorganismer. Tre primära klorinnehållande omvandlingspordukter har påvisats. De studier i djurförsök som legat till grund för tillståndsgivningen har visat mycket små effekter. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna översiktliga kartläggning var att bestämma koncentrationer av sukralos i några olika matriser i miljön, framförallt för att belysa viktiga transportvägar i vattenmiljön i Sverige. Totalt bestämdes sukralos i 57 prover. Studien visar att; • Sucralose detekteras i vattenrecipienter i Sverige som tar emot utgående vatten ifrån reningsverk. • Inkommande vatten till svenska avloppsreningsverk (2 ARV) innehåller 3 500-7 900 ng sukralos/l. • Reningsgraden m a p. sukralos är låg i reningsverk, maximalt uppmättes 10 % reningsgrad i de parade prover som analyserats (inkommande/utgående). • Sukralos detekterades i alla de 29 utgående reningsverksvattenproverna ifrån 25 olika reningsverk i landet; 1 800-10 800 ng/l, median 4 900 ng/l. • Det sker ingen ackumulation av sukralos i slam. Denna rapport utgör den första delen av en fördjupad screening av sukralos i den svenska miljön. I en fortsättande, kommande rapport kommer resultat ifrån undersökningar av sukralosupptag i akvatiska biotaprover att redovisas.

IVL has performed a 'screening study' of sucralose on commission from the Swedish EPA, reported in two consecutive parts. Sucralose is a chlorine containing derivative of sucrose, manufactured by selectively substituting three hydroxyls with chlorine. The substance is used as a sweetener in food products; on a weight basis it tastes ca. 600 times sweeter than the parent compound. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of sucralose in media in the Swedish environment such as biota, wastewater effluents and to highlight important transport pathways. In total 84 samples were analysed. This report constitutes part 2 of the study. IVL has performed a 'screening study' of sucralose on commission from the Swedish EPA, reported in two consecutive parts. Sucralose is a chlorine containing derivative of sucrose, manufactured by selectively substituting three hydroxyls with chlorine. The substance is used as a sweetener in food products; on a weight basis it tastes ca. 600 times sweeter than the parent compound. The objectives of the study were to determine the concentrations of sucralose in media in the Swedish environment such as biota, wastewater effluents and to highlight important transport pathways. In total 84 samples were analysed. This report constitutes part 2 of the study.

Prov från svensk yttre miljö har analyserats på en eller flera av ämnesgrupperna fenolära ämnen,ftalater, kvartära ammoniumföreningar och tennorganiska föreningar. Proven omfattar främst vattenoch slam från kommunala reningsverk, ytvatten och sediment. Sediment har även analyserats på diuron,irgarol 1051, DCOIT (Sea nine 211) och capsaicin.

IVL has performed a 'screening study' of the ester octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate on commission from the Swedish EPA. The objectives of the screening were to determine if octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is present in different matrices in the Swedish environment, and if so, at what concentrations. In total 64 samples were analysed representing soil, surface water, sediment, biota (fish), influent and effluent waters and sludge from STPs, storm waters, and leachate water and sludge from landfills. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate was found in all analysed STP sludge samples. It was also found in all analysed influent water samples, but concentrations were generally lower or below the detection limit in effluent water. Thus, removal of the substance from the water phase takes place during the waste water treatment process, plausible by absorption to sludge. Concentrations in the same range as in influent waters or higher was also found in the storm water samples. The chemical could also be detected just above the detection limit in two out of three fish samples, but not in soil, surface water or sediment from the city of Stockholm. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate could not be detected in any of the samples from background areas. All together, this screening study shows that diffuse emissions of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate in the urban environment take place, resulting in exposure to and uptake in biota. Due to the limited ecotoxicological data available, it is not possible to determine the risk of its presence in the environment, but based on animal studies the chemical is considered to have a low hazard potential for human health. IVL has performed a 'screening study' of the ester octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate on commission from the Swedish EPA. The objectives of the screening were to determine if octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate is present in different matrices in the Swedish environment, and if so, at what concentrations. In total 64 samples were analysed representing soil, surface water, sediment, biota (fish), influent and effluent waters and sludge from STPs, storm waters, and leachate water and sludge from landfills. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate was found in all analysed STP sludge samples. It was also found in all analysed influent water samples, but concentrations were generally lower or below the detection limit in effluent water. Thus, removal of the substance from the water phase takes place during the waste water treatment process, plausible by absorption to sludge. Concentrations in the same range as in influent waters or higher was also found in the storm water samples. The chemical could also be detected just above the detection limit in two out of three fish samples, but not in soil, surface water or sediment from the city of Stockholm. Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate could not be detected in any of the samples from background areas. All together, this screening study shows that diffuse emissions of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate in the urban environment take place, resulting in exposure to and uptake in biota. Due to the limited ecotoxicological data available, it is not possible to determine the risk of its presence in the environment, but based on animal studies the chemical is considered to have a low hazard potential for human health.