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In many taxa, individuals voluntarily detach a body part as a form to increase their chances of escaping predation. This defense mechanism, known as autotomy, has several consequences, such as changes in locomotor performance, that may affect fitness. Scorpions of the genus Ananteris autotomize the 'tail', which in fact corresponds to the last abdominal segments. After autotomy, individuals lose nearly 25% of their body mass and the last portion of the digestive tract, including the anus, which prevents defecation and leads to constipation, because regeneration does not occur. Here, we experimentally investigated the short- and long-term effects of tail loss on the locomotor performance of Ananteris balzani. In a short-term experiment, the maximum running speed (MRS) of males and females did not change after autotomy. Moreover, the relative mass of the lost tail did not affect the change in MRS after autotomy. In a long-term experiment, autotomy had a negative effect on the MRS of males, but not of females. Autotomized over-fed individuals suffered from severe constipation but were not slower than autotomized normally fed individuals. In conclusion, tail loss has no immediate effect on the locomotor performance of scorpions. The long-term decrease in the locomotor performance of autotomized males may impair mate searching. However, because death by constipation takes several months, males have a long time to find mates and reproduce. Thus, the prolonged period between autotomy and death by constipation is crucial for understanding the evolution of one of the most extreme cases of autotomy in nature. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Mummified remains pose an issue for forensic scientists as identification of the deceased can be difficult due to extreme shriveling of dermal tissue and a resulting lack of quality fingerprint features. The typical protocols used to address this problem include corrosive chemicals that may further damage the already susceptible tissues. An alternative approach is found in the juice of two fruit species known to contain proteolytically active enzymes that tenderize soft tissues, thereby promoting water uptake. In this study, we saturated mummified fingers in papaya and pineapple juice treatments, followed by syringe-facilitated finger volume distension. After juice saturation, the data showed statistically significant increases in mass and volume of the samples, (papaya: relative mass p < 0.02833, relative volume p < 0.008466; pineapple: relative mass p < 0.01426, relative volume p < 0.04182). The post-treatment tissues were then rehydrated through a hydraulic mechanism that exerted the required turgor for effective fingerprint capture. This novel protocol utilizes fruit-based reagents to rehydrate mummified fingers without risk of corrosive damage, allowing for the restoration of accurate fingerprints and the positive identification of decedents. The value of this protocol lies in its simple implementation, affordability, instrument availability, and time effectiveness.

The mass of pharyngeal teeth (pharyngeal jaws with teeth located on them) and its proportion of the total body mass of the roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) with different feed types in the Rybinsk Reservoir have been analyzed. It is ascertained that the proportion of pharyngeal tooth mass tends to increase significantly as the fish body length increases from 170 to 200 mm, body mass from 90 to 200 g, and the age from 5 to 7 years. This parameter for the analyzed specimens does not depend on the number of teeth on the pharyngeal jaws. The absolute and relative masses of pharyngeal teeth are not associated with genetic traits such as the number of vertebrae in the vertebral column and its sections. However, fish with a high relative mass of pharyngeal teeth are characterized by higher phenetic diversity in the number of phenotypes in the vertebral column.

The applicability of two-parameter turbulence models to investigation of the impact of free-stream high-intensity turbulence on the characteristics of near-wall flow and heat- and mass-transfer in the steady-state and unsteady boundary layers under the conditions of blowing and suction through permeable surface sections is analyzed. The calculated results obtained in specifying a constant relative mass flow rate parameter in the cases of blowing and suction through permeable sections are compared with the experimental data. The mechanisms of the interaction of blowing and suction of a gas of homogeneous constitution with the flow on two permeable sections upstream and downstream of these sections in the near-wall zone of turbulent boundary layer are studied on the basis of numerical solutions. The calculated results obtained in specifying a time-dependent flow-rate parameter on two permeable surface sections are given.

Introduction: The rationale of prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers of malfunctioning of homeostatic control mechanisms is important for solving the tasks of early diagnosis and prevention of priority noncommunicable diseases. Our objective was to detect omic markers of adverse effects of a combined exposure to airborne contaminants and factors of educational environment on the nervous system of children. Materials and methods: We studied school outdoor and indoor concentrations of certain air pollutants, the intensity of the educational process, and plasma proteins characterizing nervous system adverse effects in children aged 7–10 with a combined exposure to various factors of educational environment in the primary school with various types of educational programs and hygienic conditions. Results: We established that blood manganese, nickel, lead, chromium, benzene, xylene, and phenol levels among the schoolchildren of the study group were 1.2–2.4 times higher than those in the control group. The phenol concentration in blood is a proven marker of the inhalation exposure. We also identified such violations of the educational process as uneven distribution of study loads, an increase in the maximum permissible load, a 1.2-fold increase in intellectual loads, shortening of the break between basic and optional classes, and a 1.5-fold increase in intensity of the training mode. We obtained mass spectra of the peptides reflecting changes in homeostasis on the molecular level. As a result of establishing a direct causal relationship between the increase in the relative mass of a Kazal-type 5 serine protease inhibitor, the increased blood phenol level, effects of intellectual loads, routine and distribution of the training load, the Kazal-type 5 serine protease inhibitor was proved to be an omic marker of the combined exposure to ambient phenol and the factors of educational environment. Conclusions: An increase in the relative mass of the Kazal-type 5 serine protease inhibitor following the combined exposure to airborne phenol and educational factors is a molecular indicator of its prognostically unfavorable involvement into the pathogenesis of functional disorders of the nervous system in the form of vegetative-vascular dystonia.

A series of cross-linked hydroxyl-terminated polyether and poly(e-caprolactone) HTPE/PCL binders were prepared by varying the relative mass contents of PCL to HTPE. The correlations between the microstructures and macroscopic mechanical properties of HTPE/PCL binders at a wide temperature range of − 50 to 70 °C were investigated. The cross-linking network structures of HTPE/PCL binders were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), and the universal testing machine was used to characterize the mechanical properties of HTPE/PCL binders. It is found that the influence of adding PCL on the physical cross-linking network structures is not obvious, but it reduces the degree of microphase separation. For the chemical cross-linking network structures of HTPE/PCL binders, the cross-linking density (Ve) demonstrates an increasing tendency with enhancing PCL mass content, but the molecular weight between the cross-linking points (Mc) shows an opposite change trend. The addition of PCL can improve the maximum tensile strength (σm) of HTPE/PCL binders under the wide temperature range of − 50 to 70 °C. The HTPE/PCL binder with 40 wt% PCL possesses the better mechanical properties; its σm increases from 0.63 to 0.81 MPa at 20 °C, 1.64 to 3.06 MPa at − 50 °C and 0.57 to 0.68 MPa at 70 °C separately comparing with the HTPE binder.

We use an inelastic particle code with shocks and cooling calculated on a subgrid level to study the gas in direct collisions between galaxy discs. The interstellar media (ISM) of the discs are modeled with continuous thermal phases. The models produce many unique structures, collectively called splash bridges. They range from central bridge discs to swirled sheets, which resemble those observed in interacting galaxies. These morphologies are sensitive to the rotation, relative mass, disc offsets and the gas structure in the discs. In the case of the Taffy galaxies - NGC 12914/15, extensive observations have revealed radio continuum emitting gas, HI gas, hot X-rays from hot diffuse gas and more $H_2$ than exists in the Milky Way coexisting in the bridge. The origins of the $H_2$ and large asymmetric distribution of ISM are not clear. We show that for small disc impact parameters, multiple phases of ISM with densities over many orders of magnitude can be removed from their host galaxies into a Taffy-like bridge. The orientation of the discs initial overlap can have a great effect on the distributions of each phase of ISM. In some cases, the models also predict the creation of a possible `dark galaxy,' a large flat region of dense ISM far from the stellar disc potential of either galaxy.

Raman spectroscopy has proven valuable for determining the composition of manufactured drug products, as well as identifying counterfeit drugs. Here we present a simple method to determine the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) mass percent in a sample that does not require knowledge of the identities or relative mass percents of the inactive pharmaceutical ingredients (excipients). And further, we demonstrated the ability of the method to pass or fail a manufactured drug product batch based on a calculated acceptance value in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia method for content uniformity. The method was developed by fitting the Raman spectra of 30 Claritin® tablets with weighted percentages of the Raman spectrum of its API, loratadine, and a composite spectrum of the known excipients. The mean loratadine mass of 9.79 ± 40 mg per 100 mg tablet compared favorably to the 10.21 ± 0.63 mg per 100 mg tablet determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, both of which met the acceptance value to pass the 10 mg API product as labelled. The method was then applied to a generic version of the Claritin product that employed different excipients of unknown mass percents. A Raman spectrum representative of all excipients was created by subtracting the API Raman spectrum from the product spectrum. The Raman spectra of the 30 generic tablets were then fit with weighted percents of the pure loratadine spectrum and the created excipient spectrum, and used to determine a mean API mass for the tablets of 10.12 ± 40 mg, again meeting the acceptance value for the 10 mg API product. The data suggest that this simple method could be used to pass or fail manufactured drug product batches in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia method for content uniformity, without knowledge of the excipients.

A holistic, nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis of any herbal material and preparation is intimately connected to fast chemical profiling and visualization of secondary plant metabolite classes or single compounds. High-resolution mass spectral data enable a broad variety of analytical possibilities. Often a fast and comprehensive overview on compound classes (phytochemical profiling) is needed before single-substance considerations. We present a fast approach for the initial characterization and substance class profiling using relative mass defect plots for the visualization of herbal compositions. From a dataset of 1160 common plant metabolites that represent a varied mixture of molecular classes in polarity, glycosylation, and alkylation, manually annotated for substance classes, the relative mass defects were calculated using theoretical molecular masses. For the calculation of the relative mass defect, a new approach incorporating two correction functions to obtain correct relative mass defect results also for large hydrocarbons, and a multitude of polyhalogenated molecules was developed. Using the Khachyan algorithm, elliptical areas clustering substance classes within the relative mass defect plots were calculated. The resulting novel relative mass defect plots provide a quick way of two-dimensional substance class mapping directly from high-resolution mass spectral data and may be considered as a unique fingerprint for herbals, part of them or herbal preparations. We show that adding the retention time as a third dimension improves the resolution power of the two-dimensional relative mass defect plot and offers the possibility for a more detailed substance class mapping.

The paper describes the development of a hardware/software system for the space-time detection of the free surface of water, produced by the movement of waves, and of the relative mass transport.

The problem of quantitative estimation of the power schemes of structures is considered. The integral characteristic of structures, the “power factor,” which simultaneously reflects the magnitude and extension of the action of internal forces arising from an external load, is discussed. Geometrically similar transformations of constructions are considered. As a measure of the effectiveness of power schemes, a dimensionless criterion is proposed, which is calculated as the ratio of the power factor to the characteristic size and load. Examples of the definition of this criterion for aircraft wings, pressure vessels and structures operating in bending and torsion are given. The application of a dimensionless criterion is demonstrated by comparing the variants of power schemes, building weight formulae for estimating the absolute and relative mass of structures and solving problems of multidisciplinary optimization.

The annual relative mass of storage organs cycle of Bufo gargarizans in southwestern China was studied from December 2005 to November 2006. We described how those organs changed in response to extreme temperatures. Energy reservation dropped to the lowest levels after dormancy for both sexes, and then increased for period of 4.25 month. However, the mass of these organs dropped again rapidly until August (liver) and September (fat bodies) due to the constraint from extreme high temperature occurred during the summer, and then non-significantly increased before hibernation. For ovaries, varied with a different profile to those of liver and fat bodies have a resting period of four months. In addition, the toads’ ovaries kept growing when the mass of liver and fat bodies declining accordingly during hibernation. Therefore, ovarian mass increased during the hibernation and non-hibernation period.

An analytical asymptotic model of relative mass transfer in a system of two ideal immiscible unmixed liquids with a capillary gravitational periodic wave propagating over the interface has been constructed.

The modern state of problem of treatment of pharmaceutical waste in Ukraine was considered. The principles of classification of pharmaceutical waste were presented. The value of quantity of primary and secondary packaging in certain samples of pharmaceutical waste was presented and influence of packaging upon character of process of thermal disposal of pharmaceutical waste was considered. The influence of change of mass of certain samples of pharmaceutical waste during their heating was investigated. The phase transfer of certain pharmaceutical waste during their heating was considered. The dependence of velocity of loss of relative mass of sample on hold-up time in combustion chamber at the temperature of 850 °С was presented. The ignition temperature and self-ignition temperature of certain samples of pharmaceutical waste were identified. The calorific values of number of samples of pharmaceutical waste were defined. The calorific values of number of samples of pharmaceutical waste were defined. The suitability of pharmaceutical waste for disposal by thermal methods was evaluated. A number of thermal characteristics of certain pharmaceutical waste, required for the development of equipment and working conditions of thermal disposal, was identified The character of the process of thermal decomposition of certain pharmaceutical waste at high temperatures of disposal was researched. Bibl. 8, Fig. 4, Tab. 4.

The cavitation erosion mechanisms of three austempered ductile irons (ADIs) of 279, 333 and 469 Brinell hardness in a heavy-duty engine coolant at 82 °C were described. Sample weight was measured in 14 time steps up to 4 h and complemented by image sequences showing surface damage evolution in detail. A rapid mass loss during the first 1.5 min was attributed to surface graphite erosion, with complete nodule removal within 5 min in all ADIs. Matrix erosion became steady after 30 min, but differed in severity between ADIs, with relative mass loss rates of 4.3 : 1.5 : 1 for ADIs of low, medium and high hardness, respectively.

Background Accurately assigning hatchlings to the eggs from which they hatched is a prerequisite to understanding how the composition and environment of eggs affect the growth and survival of nestlings. Correctly assigning hatchlings to their eggs can be a challenging endeavor, however, because multiple eggs within the same clutch can hatch at essentially the same time. Egg and hatchling mass are highly correlated in most bird species, and thus assigning eggs to hatchlings using their relative mass (e.g., matching the heaviest hatchling to the heaviest candidate egg) could prove extremely useful. Methods To assess its potential utility, I applied relative mass assignment (RMA) retrospectively to a dataset of 133 Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) nests in which all egg-hatchling dyads were determined unequivocally. Results I found that RMA correctly assigned approximately 90% of hatchlings to their eggs when 2‒4 hatchlings were present between checks. The number of nests in which hatchlings could not be assigned to their egg, however, increased monotonically from 13 to 46 to 78% for nests containing 2, 3, and 4 hatchlings, respectively, due to the greater likelihood that the mass of hatchlings or their candidate eggs was identical. Conclusions Although RMA correctly identified the vast majority of egg-hatchling dyads, researchers should use this method with caution, because it will always inflate positive egg-size effects and thus could potentially result in erroneously reporting significant effects.

Presented are formulas for determining the relative mass (damper/bearing mass ratio) and geometrical parameters of the damper, taking into account the dimensions of the space for mounting the damper on the turbogenerator bearing.

Bird plumage coloration is an important signal used in communication and may indicate individual fitness. We tested the hypothesis that coloration is related to body condition in male Helmeted Manakins (Antilophia galeata). Fourteen adult males were captured in a forest fragment in Brazilian Cerrado from November 2007 to June 2008. Crown feather coloration (brightness, hue, and saturation) was evaluated through spectrophotometry, and body condition was measured via the Relative Mass Index (RMI). Coloration characteristics were positively correlated with body condition, indicating that individuals with higher body conditions have brighter and more saturated feathers, and therefore, can use these traits to signal their good body condition.

The paper deals with the experimental determination of the shrinkage progress of the polymer cement (PCC) mortars. The main motivation of performed measurements was to compare the results obtained from two different measurement procedures based on the measurement of the relative length changes and relative mass losses of the test specimens during whole time of ageing. Performed experimental analysis, focused on the determination of the progress of the relative length changes and relative mass losses, showed advantages and disadvantages of investigated measurement procedures. All performed measurements exhibited almost the same total progress of relative mass losses regardless of the used test procedure and size of specimens. The differences in the relative length changes originated from the capabilities, limitations and regulations of particular measurement procedures.

In order to study the effect of PVA fiber dispersion on the performance of cement-stabilized macadam as pavement base material, the dispersion factor Fvc is introduced (Fvc = 1 − Cvc, Cvc refers to dispersion coefficient of relative mass fraction proportion coefficient) as a factor to judge the dispersion degrees. Besides, the connections among Fvc and the compressive strength of the splitting strength of cement-stabilized macadam in various curing periods are analyzed. The research conclusions reveal that (1) when the mass ratio of PVA fibers to coal ash is higher than 1 : 50, resulting Fvc > 0.95, it means the PVA fibers can disperse evenly in the cement-stabilized macadam; (2) both the compressive strength and the cleavage strength of cement-stabilized macadam with PVA fibers are proportional to Fvc; moreover, both the compressive strength and the splitting strength of cement-stabilized macadam with PVA fibers are obviously stronger than those in the common macadam; and (3) under the same curing period and with the same Fvc value, both the compressive strength and the splitting strength in the first type of cement-stabilized macadam (volume content: 0.9 kg/m3 of PVA fibers) are stronger than those in the second type of cement-stabilized macadam (volume content: 0.6 kg/m3 of PVA fibers).

E.A. Perevalina1, perevalinaelena@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-8288-9357, M.M. Shestakov1, shmm@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-6051-4861, S.A. Laggao2, laggao@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-0623-0726 1Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Krasnodar, Russian Federation, 2Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone Перевалина Елена Андреевна, аспирант, Кубанский государственный университет физической культуры, спорта и туризма. 350015, г. Краснодар, ул. Буденного, 161. E-mail: perevalinaelena@ yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-8288-9357. Шестаков Михаил Михайлович, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, кафедра теории и методики футбола и регби, Кубанский государственный университет физической культуры, спорта и туризма. 350015, г. Краснодар, ул. Буденного, 161. E-mail: shmm@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-6051-4861. Самуэль Августин Лаггао, доктор философии, кафедра биокинетики и медико-санитарного просвещения, руководитель отдела биокинетики и медицинского образования, Университет Ньялы, Фритаун, Сьерра-Леоне. E-mail: laggao@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-0623-0726. Aim. The article deals with establishing the features of changes in the morphological parameters of women aged 30-40 years involved in different fitness programs at the basic stage. Materials and methods. 85 women aged 30-40 years participated in different fitness programs during 9 weeks: 17 - gym, 19 - traditional aerobics, 17 - strength aerobics, 17 - functional training, 15 - fitness-yoga. 60-minute fitness lessons were conducted 3 times per week. We measured the following parameters: height, weight, body circumference, skin-fat fold volume, the absolute and relative values of the muscle and fat tissues. Results. In women, body mass reduces under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, and functional training. The reduction of body circumference measurements occurs under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, strength aerobics, and functional training. Muscle mass increases as a result of gym training and decreases after traditional aerobics. The absolute and relative mass of the fat tissue reduces under the effect of gym training, traditional aerobics, and functional training. Conclusion. Different fitness programs influence differently morphological status in women aged 30-40 years. Цель исследования. Определить особенности изменения морфологических показателей женщин 30-40 лет под воздействием тренировочных нагрузок разных программ фитнеса на базовом этапе занятий. Материалы и методы. Разные программы фитнеса девять недель реализовали 85 женщин 30-40 лет: 17 занимались в тренажерном зале, 19 - классической аэробикой, 17 - силовой аэробикой, 17 - функциональным тренингом, 15 - фитнесйогой. Занятия проводились 3 раза в неделю по 60 минут. Контролировались: рост, вес, обхватные размеры звеньев тела, толщина кожно-жировых складок, рассчитывались абсолютные и относительные показатели мышечной и жировой ткани. Результаты. Масса тела у женщин снижается под воздействием занятий в тренажерном зале, классической аэробикой и функциональной тренировкой. Уменьшение обхватных размеров звеньев тела происходит под воздействием занятий в тренажерном зале, классической аэробикой, силовой аэробикой, функциональной тренировкой. Толщина кожно-жировых складок уменьшается под воздействием занятий в тренажерном зале, классической аэробикой, функциональной тренировкой. Увеличению мышечной массы способствуют занятия в тренажерном зале, а уменьшению - классической аэробикой. Абсолютная и относительная масса жировой ткани уменьшается при занятиях в тренажерном зале, классической аэробикой, функциональной тренировкой. Заключение. Тренировочные нагрузки разных программ фитнеса обладают специфическими особенностями воздействия на показатели морфологического статуса женщин 30-40 лет.

У роботі за допомогою анатомічних, гістологічних, нейрогістологічних та морфометричних методик висвітлено макро - та мікроскопічну будову мозочка, спинного мозку та гіпофіза статевозрілої великої рогатої худоби (ВРХ). Мікроскопічно, мозочок у великої рогатої худоби складається з сірої і білої речовини. Його кора утворена відповідними шарами – молекулярним (зовнішнім), гангліонарним (середнім) та зернистим (найглибшим) і характеризується неоднаковою популяцією нейронів, які мають обумовлений зв’язок між рівнем морфофункціонального стану нервових та іннервованих структур. За результатами досліджень встановлені особливості мозочка великої рогатої худоби, на що вказує різна його абсолютна та відносна маса, форма поперечного розрізу, морфометричні показники структурних компонентів товщини гістоархітектонічних шарів, розмір нервових клітин. Так, аналіз органометричних досліджень показує, що абсолютна маса мозочка у великої рогатої худоби становить 72,59 ± 0,94 г, відносна – 0,02 ± 0,002 %. У результаті проведених нами морфометричних досліджень встановлено різну товщину кори мозочка: найбільша товщина кори мозочка властива його молекулярному шару – 413,01 ± 10,84 мкм (53,2 %), дещо менша вона у зернистому – 313,60 ± 13,84 мкм (40,4 %) та найменша у гангліонарному – 49,03 ± 1,94 мкм (6,32 %). Загальна товщина кори мозочка у великої рогатої худоби складає 775,64 ± 26,62 мкм. Поперечний зріз грудної частини спинного мозку має, переважно, округлу форму. За результатами досліджень з’ясована площа і форма поперечного зрізу спинного мозку. Площа грудної частини становить 73,45 ± 0,84 мм². При цьому, сіра мозкова речовина займає 9,74 ± 0,13 % (7,16 ± 0,14 мм²) від загальної площі спинного мозку, біла – 90,25 ± 0,13 % (66,28 ± 9,74 мм²). Співвідношення сірої до білої мозкової речовини у великої рогатої худоби дорівнює 9,74 ± 0,13 %. Морфометричні дослідження спинного мозку великої рогатої худоби свідчать про виражену диференціацію нервових клітин, які мають різні розміри, що суттєво виражається в кількісному співвідношенні малих, середніх і великих нервових клітин. Гіпофіз у великої рогатої худоби має форму округлого тільця і складається з адено- та нейрогіпофіза. До складу аденогіпофіза входять передня (дистальна), проміжна та туберальна частки. Четвертою часткою гіпофіза є нейрогіпофіз, який за походженням є нейрогліальним. Цитоархітектоніка органу представлена трьома видами клітин: ацидофільні, базофільні та хромофобні. Аналіз морфометричних показників свідчить, що абсолютна маса гіпофіза статевозрілої великої рогатої худоби становить 4,45±0,18 г, відносна – 0,001 %., The macro and microscopic structure of the cerebellum, spinal cord and pituitary gland of the sexually active bovine cattle (Bovine Cattle) is described in the work using anatomical, histological, neurohistological and morphometric techniques. Microscopically, the cerebellum in cattle consists of gray and white matter. Its bark is formed by appropriate layers – molecular (external), ganglionic (medium) and grainy (deepest) and characterized by unequal population of neurons that have a conditioned connection between the level of the morphofunctional state of nervous and innervated structures. According to the results of the research, the characteristics of the cerebellum of cattle have been determined, as indicated by its various absolute and relative masses, the shape of the cross section, morphometric indices of the structural components of the thickness of the histoarchitectonic layers, and the size of the nerve cells. Thus, the analysis of organometric studies shows that the absolute mass of the cerebellum in cattle is 72,59±0,94 g, the relative weight is 0,02±0,002 %. As a result of our morphometric studies, we have a different thickness of the cerebellum cortex: the largest thickness of the cerebellum cortex is characteristic of its molecular layer – 413,01±10,84 μm (53,2 %), slightly less in granular form – 313,60±13,84 μm (40,4 %) and the smallest in the ganglionic one – 49,03±1,94 μm (6,32 %). The total thickness of the cerebellum cortex in cattle is 775,64±26,62 μm. The transverse section of the thoracic spinal cord has a generally rounded form. According to the results, the area and shape of the transverse section of the spinal cord were determined. The area of the thoracic part is 73,45±0,84 mm². In this case, gray cerebrospinal fluid is 9,74±0,13 % (7,16±0,14 mm²) of the total spinal cord, white is 90,25±0,13 % (66,28±9,74 mm²) The ratio of gray to white cerebrospinal fluid in cattle is 9,74±0,13 %. Morphometric studies of the bovine spinal cord show a pronounced differentiation of nerve cells of different sizes, which is significantly expressed in the quantitative ratio of small, medium and large nerve cells. The hypophysis in the cattle has the form of a rounded corpuscle and consists of adeno- and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis consists of the anterior (distal), intermediate and tober particles. The fourth part of the pituitary gland is a neurohypophysis, which is by nature neuroglial. The organ cytophorectonics is represented by three types of cells: acidophilic, basophilic and chromophobic. The analysis of morphometric indices shows that the absolute mass of the pituitary gland is 4,45±0,18 g, the relative weight is 0,001 %., В работе с помощью анатомических, гистологических, нейрогистологических и морфометрических методик освещены макро - и микроскопическое строение мозжечка, спинного мозга и гипофиза половозрелого крупного рогатого скота (КРС). Микроскопически, мозжечок у крупного рогатого скота состоит из серого и белого вещества. Его кора образована соответствующими слоями - молекулярным (внешним), ганглионарным (средним) и зернистым (глубоким) и характеризуется неодинаковой популяцией нейронов, которые имеют обусловленную связь между уровнем морфофункционального состояния нервных и иннервированные структур. По результатам исследований установлены особенности мозжечка крупного рогатого скота, на что указывает разная его абсолютная и относительная масса, форма поперечного разреза, морфометрические показатели структурных компонентов толщины гистоархитектонических слоев, размер нервных клеток. Так, анализ органометрических исследований показывает, что абсолютная масса мозжечка у крупного рогатого скота составляет 72,59 ± 0,94 г, относительная - 0,02 ± 0,002%. В результате проведенных нами морфометрических исследований установлено разную толщину коры мозжечка: наибольшая толщина коры мозжечка свойственна его молекулярному слою - 413,01 ± 10,84 мкм (53,2%), несколько меньше она в зернистом - 313,60 ± 13,84 мкм (40,4%) и наименьшая в ганглионарном - 49,03 ± 1,94 мкм (6,32%). Общая толщина коры мозжечка у крупного рогатого скота составляет 775,64 ± 26,62 мкм. Поперечный срез грудной части спинного мозга имеет преимущественно округлую форму. По результатам исследований выяснена площадь и форма поперечного среза спинного мозга. Площадь грудной части составляет 73,45 ± 0,84 мм². При этом, серая мозговое вещество занимает 9,74 ± 0,13% (7,16 ± 0,14 мм²) от общей площади спинного мозга, белая - 90,25 ± 0,13% (66,28 ± 9,74 мм² ). Соотношение серой до белой мозгового вещества у крупного рогатого скота равна 9,74 ± 0,13%. Морфометрические исследования спинного мозга крупного рогатого скота свидетельствуют о выраженной дифференциации нервных клеток, которые имеют различные размеры, что существенно выражается в количественном соотношении малых, средних и крупных нервных клеток. Гипофиз у крупного рогатого скота имеет форму округлого тельца и состоит из адено- и нейрогипофиза. В состав аденогипофиза входят передняя (дистальная), промежуточная и туберальная доли. Четвертой долей гипофиза является нейрогипофиз, который по происхождению является нейроглиальным. Цитоархитектоника органа представлена тремя видами клеток: ацидофильные, базофильные и хромофобные. Анализ морфометрических показателей свидетельствует, что абсолютная масса гипофиза половозрелого крупного рогатого скота составляет 4,45 ± 0,18 г, относительная - 0,001%.

We analyze the IllustrisTNG simulations to study the mass, volume fraction and phase distribution of gaseous baryons embedded in the knots, filaments, sheets and voids of the Cosmic Web from redshift $z=8$ to redshift $z=0$. We find that filaments host more star-forming gas than knots, and that filaments also have a higher relative mass fraction of gas in this phase than knots. We also show that the cool, diffuse Intergalactic Medium (IGM; $T, Comment: Accepted by MNRAS

The distinctive features of detonation wave propagation in polydisperse (double-fraction) gas suspensions of a monofuel in tubes with an abrupt expansion are numerically investigated. Numerical calculations are performed for different sizes and relative mass contents of the particles of both fractions. A comparative analysis of the effect of mono- and polydisperse monofuel particles on the detonation wave mitigation is made. The dependences of the critical tube-diameter ratio of a sectional pipeline on the relative mass content and polydispersity of monofuel particles with different sizes are presented.

The effect of curing temperatures on the hydration of two binary systems comprising of Portland cement (PC) blended by metakaolin (MK) and blast-furnace slag (BFS) in two relative mass ratios (6/4, 5/5) was studied by means of isothermal calorimetry and combined TG/DSC technique in the temperature range of 30–60 °C. Higher curing temperatures accelerated the initial hydration reactions, especially in the case of more reactive MK-blended samples. However, except the lower replacement level of PC by BFS, all other samples displayed slowdown of hydration at later stages. The use of MK together with curing at 50 and 60 °C even resulted in the lower ultimate hydration degree after 48 h when compared with corresponding samples cured at 30 °C. Deceleration effect of higher curing temperatures was demonstrated mainly by decreasing amount of CSH phases. Pozzolanic activity of supplemental materials was affected by curing temperatures less than primary hydration reactions.

The fate and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has received great attention during the last decade. Numerous data concerning concentrations in the water phase can be found in the literature, however corresponding data from sludge as well as associated mass balance calculations are very limited. In the present study, the adsorbed and dissolved concentrations of 9 PPCPs were investigated in each unit of a WWTP in Beijing, China. Based on the calculation of mass balance, the relative mass distribution and removal efficiency of each target compound was obtained at each process. The amount of PPCPs entering into the WWTP ranged from 12 g·d–1 to 3848 g·d–1. Five target compounds (caffeine, chloramphenicol, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) were effectively removed, with rates of 57%–100%. Negative removal efficiencies were obtained for sulpiride, metoprolol, nalidixic acid, and carbamazepine, ranging from -19% to -79%. PPCPs mainly existed in dissolved form (≥92%) in both the raw influent and the final effluent. The sludge cake carried a much lower amount of PPCPs (17 g·d–1) compared with the discharged effluent (402 g·d–1). In A2/O treatment tanks, the anaerobic and anoxic tanks showed good performance for PPCPs removal, and the amount of adsorbed PPCPs was increased. The results reveal that both the dissolved and the adsorbed phases should be considered when assessing the removal capacity of each A2/O tank.

No standard methods exist for determining the wear and abrasive properties of coke corresponding to its motion on conveyers or in the furnace shaft. A test method is proposed for determining the wear and abrasion of foundry coke, on a vibrational system; the effective total vibrational amplitude is 1.6 mm. For the tests, samples of size classes 40–60 and 60–80 mm are taken from four different batches of foundry coke. In the tests, the vibrator, equipped with a special attachment in the form of a chamber with an aluminum plate at the bottom, transmits vibrations to the coke sample. The test time is 30 min. The relative mass loss of the coke sample indicates its wear, while the relative mass loss of the aluminum plate indicates the abrasive properties of the coke. The test results correspond to coke strength M 40. Coke of the 60–80 mm class is more abrasive than coke of the 40–60 mm class. With increase in strength of the foundry coke, its wear is reduced by 22% for the 40–60 mm class and by 41% for the 60–80 mm class. The coke’s abrasive action is increased by a factor of 7.6 and 2.3, respectively

When studying dynamics of body height and development of axial and peripheral departments of a skeleton of guinea fowls it is established that these processes happen in close interrelation with body height of alive weight and a skeleton of guinea fowls in general. At guinea fowls males in development after the birth the relative mass of an axial skeleton to the absolute mass of a skeleton decreases - from 27,17% (at daily age) to 26,19% (at the age of 365 days) while at guinea fowls females this indicator increases - from 25,46% (at daily age) to 29,08% (at the age of 365 days). On a similar index of a peripheral skeleton the inverse picture is observed. It is bound to egg efficiency at guinea fowls females (the axial department of a skeleton grows more intensively) and to meat efficiency at tsesarey-males (the peripheral department of a skeleton grows more intensively).

Coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) install wet electrostatic precipitators (WESPs) or/and demisters as end control devices along with wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems to meet the ultra-low emission standards in China. This study comprehensively explores the influence of these end control devices on filterable particulate matter (FPM) and condensable particulate matter (CPM) emissions, based on field measurements and chemical analyses of collected samples. The field study was conducted in two typical CFPPs, one equipped with WESPs and the other with newly developed demisters (NDDs). With respect to FPM and filterable PM2.5, the WESP removal efficiency was 96 ± 3% and 92 ± 2%, respectively, and that of NDD was 62 ± 6% and 51 ± 5%, respectively. However, for some unconventional pollutants, the NDD removal efficiency was 60 ± 8% for CPM, which was higher than that of WESP (42 ± 10%); the removal efficiencies of HCl, SO3, and NH3 during the WESP were 78 ± 8%, 44 ± 11%, and 30 ± 5%, respectively, while they were 69 ± 16%, 58 ± 9%, and 60 ± 7%, respectively, when equipped with the NDD. Chemical composition analysis of the obtained samples revealed that the relative content of SO42− in FPM2.5 increased from 12–17% to 14–33% on using end control devices (WESP or NDD). Moreover, SO42− was the major ion component in CPM with relative ratios increasing from 15–35% to 21–59%. The mass ratio of FPM2.5 in FPMs, as well as the relative mass ratio of CPMs, in total particulate matter increased at the outlets of both control devices. The obtained results imply that both WESP and NDD effectively remove FPM and CPM to meet the ultra-low emission standards, respectively. Thus, more attention should be paid to emissions of CPM and FPM2.5 in pollution control technologies.

The whole dropping process of a horizontal cylinder from the water surface is investigated through OpenFOAM based CFD method. A good agreement between the simulations and experimental results for a negatively buoyant (relative cylinder to water mass density, ρ ' >1) falling horizontal cylinder with initial water entry velocity, Vs = 0.5 m/s, demonstrated the accuracy of the numerical model. Factors such as the initial water entry velocity, and the mass density ρ ' of the cylinder relative to the water are systematically studied. The whole dropping process of horizontal cylinders with different relative mass density is simulated. Simulations are also conducted for studying a positively buoyant cylinder ( ρ '

Mobile phones and various electronic products contribute to the world's fastest-growing category of hazardous waste with international repercussions. We investigated the trends in potential human health impacts and ecotoxicity of waste mobile phones through quantitative life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods and regulatory total threshold limit concentrations. A market-dominant sample of waste basic phones and smartphones manufactured between 2001 and 2015, were analyzed for toxicity trends based on 19 chemicals. The results of the LCIA (using USEtox model) show an increase in the relative mass of toxic materials over the 15-year period. We found no significant changes in the use of toxic components in basic phones, whereas smartphones contained a statistically significant increase in the content of toxic materials from 2006 to 2015. Nickel contributed the largest risk for carcinogens in mobile phones, but the contributions of lead and beryllium were also notable. Silver, zinc and copper contents were associated with non-cancer health risks. Copper components at 45,818-77,938 PAF m3/kg dominated ecotoxicity risks in mobile phones. Overall, these results highlight the increasing importance of monitoring trends in materials use for electronic product manufacturing and electronic-waste management processes that should prevent human and environmental exposures to toxic components.