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Background Behavioural risk factors may often present during adolescence and account for 70% of premature deaths during adulthood. Excessive sedentary behaviour and screen time have become significant concerns, especially among adolescents, due to their potential negative impact on physical and mental health. Adolescents with a high screen-based sedentary time are more likely to be physically inactive, have unhealthy body structure and poor academic performance. The objective of our study is to assess the effect of multi-component modular educational intervention on screen-based sedentary time (SST) and non-screen-based Sedentary time (NSST) among adolescents. Methods Ethical approval for the study has been obtained from the institutional Ethics Committee of Kasturba Medical College in Mangalore, India. This cluster randomized control trial will be carried out in schools located in the urban area of Mangalore. Using simple randomization, the eligible schools will be randomized into intervention and control arms, each consisting of 10 clusters. A multi-component modular educational intervention will be administered to participants in the intervention group at baseline, second and fourth month. The control group will receive the standard curriculum. Both the groups will be assessed at baseline and at second month, fourth month and sixth month of follow up for SST, NSST and level of physical activity. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference will be taken at baseline and sixth month of follow up. Results A comprehensive school-based modular educational intervention can have cumulative advantages by reducing screen- and non-screen-based sedentary time, and encouraging physical activity. Similar modular teaching can be incorporated into the curriculum, which will promote healthy life-style among the adolescents.

Background: Measles is the leading cause of child mortality in India. MR vaccine provides immunity against measles & rubella and was offered in 2 doses – 9 completed months and 16-24 months of age. This study aims to assess the awareness among the parents of children (aged 9 months – 2 years) in Mangalore about the presence and the risks associated with measles and rubella and to determine how the parents perceive the MR vaccination drive launched by the Government of India in terms of its necessity and safety of their children. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 188 parents of children between the age of 9 months – 2 years from health centers in Mangalore. The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire- consisting of 3 sections: 1) Socio-demographic information of study participants 2) Knowledge-based questions on measles and rubella 3) Perception of MR vaccination drive. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Appropriate statistical tests were applied, and results were interpreted. Results: The study population mainly comprised individuals aged 23-30 years (37.8%), predominantly females (65.3%), they prefer government hospitals for child vaccination (71.5%), resulting in 73.1% of children being meeting national immunization targets by age 2 years. Only 33,4% of the parents have understanding of Measles and Rubella diseases and associated risks. Parents exhibit awareness of the MR vaccine drive (Overall 86.7%) through newspapers (46.0%) and schools (39.0%), supporting its mandatory status (76.0%). Doctors play a crucial role in addressing parental queries (59.5%) regarding the MR vaccination drive. Conclusions: Parents show awareness of the MR Vaccination Drive but lack understanding of Measles and Rubella diseases and associated risks. Despite limited knowledge, parent’s express receptiveness to the MR Vaccination, drive for their children’s safety, with some showing interest in learning more about the vaccine and diseases.

Introduction: Mental disorder is a behavioral pattern which causes either suffering or poor ability to function in ordinary life. According to WHO health report 2022, 970 million people suffer from mental illness globally. 80% people with mental illness live in low and middle-income countries, which is a matter of concern for India being the most populated country in the world. This study aims to assess the attitude and perception of people towards mental illness and to identify the presence of stigma towards mental illness in the community. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 individuals aged above 18 years from Jeppinamogaru, Boloor, Shiv Nagar and Neermarga of Mangalore. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire of the CAMI scale rates a total of 40 items on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree) and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results were expressed as proportions using appropriate tables and graphs. P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 320 individuals assessed, 73.1% were females, with 50% aged over 45 years. The lower middle class constituted 35.3%, while only 0.6% belonged to the lower class. Awareness of mental illnesses was low, with only 42 individuals (13%) are knowledgeable. Most relied on behavior to identify mental illness, and 54.1% favored hospital treatment. 31.6% believed mental illness was genetically inherited as it is running through families. Medium stigma was prevalent across all domains of the CAMI scale, with the least stigma observed among the upper class. Conclusions: The study revealed low to medium level of stigma toward mental illness among lower and upper middle-class SEC individuals, alongside insufficient knowledge about mental health issues. Addressing these gaps, necessitates community awareness campaigns, enhanced education in schools, and increased accessibility to community-based mental health services and health camps.

Background: Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day, providing essential nutrients and energy needed for daily activities. Skipping breakfast has been associated with various health complications, including impaired cognitive function and increased risk of chronic diseases. Understanding the prevalence and reasons behind breakfast skipping among medical students is crucial for promoting healthy habits and overall well-being. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the proportion of medical students skipping breakfast, assess awareness about the importance of breakfast consumption, and explore associated factors such as gender and academic semester. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduates at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 285 students from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year MBBS classes. Convenience sampling was used, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: Of the 285 students surveyed, 53% reported skipping breakfast. Reasons for skipping included waking up late (77.48%), dissatisfaction with available food options (44.37%), and lack of appetite (21.85%). While most students were aware of the negative effects of breakfast skipping on cognitive function and mood, fewer recognized its association with cardiovascular problems and menstrual irregularities. Significant associations were found between breakfast skipping and academic semester, with 6th-semester students exhibiting the highest prevalence. However, no significant gender differences were observed. Conclusion: The study highlights a concerning prevalence of breakfast skipping among medical students, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to promote healthy breakfast habits.

Background: Mobile learning (M- learning) is the process of using a mobile device to access and study learning materials and to communicate with fellow students, instructors, or institutions. It can be utilized by both medical students as well as doctors to enhance educational and workplace activities, with the potential to enhance overall patient care and knowledge. This study aims to find out the perception of medical students towards the usage of M- learning in medical education and to determine the patterns of usage of M-learning among medical students. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 469 students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The data was collected using a self- administered questionnaire- consisting of 2 sections: 1) General information of study participants 2) Perception of the mobile learning applications and its advantages and disadvantages. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were expressed in mean (±SD), medians and percentages. Appropriate statistical tests were applied, and results were interpreted. P value > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The survey reveals a significant level of awareness and utilization of medical apps among medical students of the study settings, with 97.9% aware of their existence and 69.9% using them for educational purposes. More than half (55%) prefer smartphones for M-learning, primarily for reference (47.8%) and handy features (49.0%). The majority (76.0%) believe these apps save time and enhance knowledge (73.2%), express interest in college- specific apps (75.1%) and promote M-learning within the curriculum (60.8%). However, about 57.0% of students disagree with the usage of these app by non-medical personnel. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that M-learning is common among medical students and that it is utilized to supplement and expand the substantial amount of medical information that students must learn and comprehend.

Background: Thyroid ailments are frequently encountered endocrine disorders next to diabetes. They arise either due to functional aberrations of the thyroid gland resulting in over or under secretion of thyroid hormone or due to structural anomalies. People have varied constitutional, non-specific manifestations that cause abnormal metabolic functioning of the thyroid gland. Objectives: 1. To describe the socio-demographic characteristics of patients with thyroid disorders. 2. To analyze the clinical features, laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methodology: This hospital-based descriptive study was conducted at the Government Wenlock Hospital in Mangalore. The study included patients admitted with thyroid disorders in the last 2 years. Data extraction sheet was developed from patient medical records. The sheet comprised three sections: socio-demographic information, clinical features at admission, and investigations and outcomes. Results: Most of the patients (52.8%) belonged to the 20-40 age group, followed by 30.5% in the 40-60 age group. Females comprised 81.5% of the study population, males -18.5%. 74.8% had swelling, 3.2% had facial puffiness. 1.8% had weight gain, only 1.2% had weight loss .16.3% had other comorbid conditions. 31.5% had low TSH levels 49.3% had normal TSH levels, 64.5 % - normal T3 levels, 63.2% - normal T4 levels. Anaemia was reported in 15.2% o, while 7.2% developed oedema. 34.2% had multinodular goitre, 20.2% - hypothyroidism 9.5 % - hyperthyroidism and 11.1% - malignancy. Out of the total 97% recovered 1% died 1% had discharge against medical advice and 1 % got discharged on request. Conclusion: Majority were females in the 20-40 age group. Majority of them had swelling followed by facial puffiness. Most of them had normal TSH, T3 and T4 levels, anaemia and oedema was also reported in few. Majority had multinodular goitre followed by hypothyroidism, malignancy, and hyperthyroidism. Majority had recovered.

Background: Childhood injuries represent a significant public health concern worldwide, with a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality rates among children. Understanding the epidemiology and patterns of childhood injuries is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This retrospective study aimed to analyse the demographic and clinical patterns of childhood injuries among children admitted to Government Wenlock Hospital in Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Methodology: A hospital-based retrospective study design was employed, utilizing records of children aged 12 and below who were admitted with injuries during the study period. Data were collected using a structured proforma and analysed using SPSS version 11.5. Demographic and clinical variables were assessed, including age, gender, location of injury occurrence, type of injury, cause of injury, and outcomes. Results: A total of 359 cases of childhood injuries were analysed, with children aged 1-5 years being the most vulnerable age group. Male children experienced a higher number of injuries compared to females. The most common types of injuries were burns and poisoning, with road traffic accidents being the leading cause of injury. Home was identified as the primary location where injuries occurred. Most children were discharged without disability, although a significant number were discharged against medical advice. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the epidemiology and patterns of childhood injuries in Mangalore, Karnataka. The findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted prevention strategies, such as increased parental supervision, traffic safety education, and proper storage of hazardous substances, to reduce the burden of childhood injuries. Additionally, efforts should focus on raising awareness among parents about the importance of seeking medical care promptly to mitigate the risk of adverse outcomes.

Background: Karnataka recorded 87304 new cancer cases in the year 2021. Breast, lip and oral cavity, cervix were the top cancer sites amongst all sexes and are preventable. Despite the nation-wide launch of Population-based screening (PBS) in 2016, the reported coverage of individuals who were screened for these three cancers in Dakshin Kannada was 0.4% (NFHS-5). The study introduces on-site screening for oral and breast cancer in the community. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of pre-cancerous lesions of oral, breast, and cervical cancer, through community-based screening in adults aged 18 to 65 years, in the catchment area of a medical college in Dakshina Kannada Methodology: This observational study was conducted among all persons aged 18 to 65years, residing in the rural catchment area of a medical college in Mangalore taluk of Dakshina Kannada and consenting for the study. Pregnant women and persons with prior diagnosis of oral, breast or cervical cancer were excluded. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to enrol an estimated sample of 1120 beneficiaries. The study comprised of house-to-house survey, cancer awareness sessions, and community-based screening. Screening tests included Oral visual examination, clinical breast examination, iBreast examination (iBE; electronic palpation by ibreast device), and Pap smear tests. Participants who screened positive were referred for diagnostic tests and management. Results: The study was completed with survey of 556 households, 3 cancer awareness sessions, and screening of 525 beneficiaries (325 females and 200 males) for oral, breast, and cervical cancer. Three participants screened positive for oral cancer, and one participant for breast cancer, who were referred for management to tertiary care hospital attached to the medical college. 25% of female participants underwent cervical cancer screening, with no one detected with pre-cancerous lesions. Conclusion: A combination of house-to-house and camp-based approaches along with awareness sessions results in improved coverage of PBS in the community.

Background: Interrupted classes which gradually shifted to online mode isolating students from their friends during the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health status of the medical students. Objective: To assess the mental health outcomes among the health science students in Mangalore and the factors associated with these outcomes. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 295 health science students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The sample size was calculated based on a study from Morocco, where 62.3% of the medical students experienced anxiety-related symptoms. Anxiety was assessed using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and Insomnia using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The questionnaire was prepared in google forms and a link was generated which was disseminated to the students via social media platforms. Results: A higher proportion (n=179, 60.7%) of the participants in our study were females. In our study, 59% (n=173) of the participants had symptoms related to insomnia and 66% of the participants had anxiety-related symptoms. A higher proportion of participants who had anxiety-related symptoms were younger than 20 years of age, were females, belonged to MBBS course, and were not living with their family. However, none of the factors were found to be statistically significant. (P>0.05) Conclusion: The mental health status of the participants in our study was poor with the majority of the participants reporting symptoms of anxiety and insomnia.

Background: Planning the waste management of all waste generated in healthcare facilities is a crucial task to reduce the hazards and risks to individuals and the community. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and practices regarding bio-medical waste management among paramedical staff and Group IV workers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 210 paramedical staff working at hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore were assessed regarding their knowledge and practices regarding BMW. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained before the commencement of the study. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 25.0, Armonk, New York, 25.0. Results: Among the total participants, there were 127 nurses, 6 lab technicians and 77 Group IV workers. 98.1% of healthcare providers were aware that their hospital has a waste management plan. 87.6% of healthcare providers follow hospital policies every time while disposing of waste. 92% of healthcare providers are aware of diseases transmitted by biomedical waste. The majority of the participants preferred using all five protective measures - gloves, goggles, masks, boots, and gowns while dealing with biomedical waste. Conclusion: The majority of the paramedical staff in our study were aware of the BMW management practices.

Background: The Hospital-based Cancer Registry (HBCR) part of the National Cancer Registry Programme provides the number of cancer cases attending the hospital in various disciplines and the exact type of cases classified, diagnosed and treated. This study was done to assess the socio-demographic, clinical profile, and trend of malignancy cases in the tertiary care centres of Mangalore. Methodology: This Record-based retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and all the cases of malignancies admitted during the study period were included. The data were collected using a proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The results were expressed as proportions using appropriate tables and graphs. Results: A total of 600 cancer cases were identified, with females comprising nearly half 48.8%(n=293) and among them the highest number of cases, 28% (n=82) were found in the age group 60 and above. Overall, cancer cases appear to be more prevalent in older age groups for both genders. Among males, the most common cancers were Oral cavity cancers 34.2%(n=105), followed by Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers,16.3%(n=50). In females the most common cancers were found to be of the breast followed by uterine cancer then by oral cavity Conclusion: The prevalence of cancer in both genders were found to be almost the same. The highest number of cases were reported from Karnataka followed by Kerala. The highest prevalence was found in higher extremes of age above 60 years.

Background: Antenatal care is pivotal for maternal and child health, with husband involvement enhancing its efficacy. This study conducted in Mangalore, India, aimed to evaluate husbands’ knowledge and engagement in antenatal care, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for human health and well-being. Objectives: The study aimed to assess husbands’ understanding of and involvement in supporting their wives during pregnancy. Methodology: A cross-sectional study surveyed 150 husbands using a semi-structured questionnaire, collecting data on personal details, antenatal care knowledge, and involvement in their wives’ pregnancy care. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests were employed for analysis. Results: The majority of husbands exhibited sufficient knowledge of antenatal care, particularly regarding identifying danger signs. However, levels of active involvement varied due to socio-cultural factors and work commitments. While many accompanied their wives to appointments and participated in decision-making, some faced barriers such as work obligations. Conclusion: Enhancing husband involvement is essential for achieving SDG targets in maternal health. Tailored interventions addressing socio-cultural barriers can empower husbands to play a more active role in supporting maternal well-being. By fostering inclusive healthcare practices, we can improve health outcomes for mothers, infants, and communities at large.

Background: Public perception regarding the disease and concerns regarding safety and reliability of the new COVID 19 vaccine is the determining factor for acceptance of the vaccine. Objectives: To assess the risk perception of the health science students towards COVID 19 and COVID 19 vaccination. Methodology: A total of 701 health science students from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore were included in this cross-sectional study. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Risk perception towards COVID 19 and COVID 19 vaccination was assessed using Health belief model questionnaire. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS for windows version 25.0, Armonk, New York, 25.0. Results: Among the total participants, a higher proportion (57.6%) of the participants had a strong belief that COVID 19 can cause serious infection and 75.1% had strong belief that COVID 19 vaccine could provide protection against infection. Majority, 62% of the participants had received the 1st dose of vaccine, however, 37.6% had hesitancy. Conclusion: A lower percentage of the study participants had hesitancy towards COVID 19 vaccine. Major reasons for hesitancy were fear of side effects, history of allergic reactions, concern about safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

Background: The incorporation of medical humanities, an interdisciplinary field of medicine, in medical education may offer significant benefits to the medical community. This study was done to assess the attitude of medical students regarding empathy towards patients and to find out the perception of students about the inclusion of humanity studies to their undergraduate medical curriculum. Methodology: It was a Cross-sectional study done among Final Year MBBS Part One and Part Two, Post Graduate Students of Clinical Specialities and Interns of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and its associated teaching hospitals. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire which consisted of three sections including Participant information, Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy – Student’s Version (JSPE-S) which will be used to measure empathy towards patients among medical students and questions on assessing the perception of students regarding the introduction of humanity studies in the medical curriculum. The collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. Likert scale was analysed using median (±2SD). For qualitative data statistical test Chi-square was used Results: The mean age of the 410 students who were surveyed was 22.11 with a standard deviation of ± 2.136. 41% of the respondents were male and 59% were female. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy is measured on a scale of 20-140. Among the participants, 167 (40.7%) students scored between 46-90, categorized according to the Jefferson Scale as moderately empathetic. 243 students scored between 91-140 - categorized as high empathetic. None of the students scored between 20-45 (least empathetic category) Conclusion: Our study found that all the respondents were either moderately or highly empathetic according to the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy. A majority of respondents felt that it is important to understand the feelings and body language of the patient and that the emotions of the patient and family are important in the physician-patient relationship.

Background: Medical education needs to be adjusted to meet the fast- changing expectations of society and the resulting demands on daily medical practice. The Medical Council of India (MCI) has updated the Medical Curriculum based on CBME. Objectives: 1. To assess the perceptions of the faculty members of the Medical college on the competency-based medical education curriculum for the MBBS course 2. To assess the readiness to incorporate competency-based medical education in the medical education curriculum among faculty members Methodology: This cross-sectional study was set in Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, among teaching staff of pre-clinical, para-clinical, and clinical departments. A total of 93 (pre-clinical-29, para-clinical-31, clinical=33) faculty members were requested to fill out the questionnaire. Results: Our study highlights inter-department coordination, time demands, and lack of faculty training as the major barriers to the implementation of CBME. Among all participants around 60% were females. Most of the participants had teaching experiences between 0-5 years. Almost 95% of the participants were aware of the new MCI 2019 curriculum. The majority of the participants rated their knowledge about CMBE as moderate level (38.7%). 61.3% of the faculty members consider themselves to be ready to incorporate CBМЕ. According to most faculty members, a moderate amount (50%) of training is required and sessions and workshops (68.8%) are the most preferred type of training. Conclusion: Most of the faculty members found that the CBME pattern will be effective in imparting skills to undergraduates. Most of the participants identified inter-department coordination, demands of time, and lack of training in evaluation and feedback to be the major barriers to implementing the CBME pattern. Most of the faculty members consider themselves to be ready for this change even though a lot of them find the implementation of CBME to be a difficult task.

Background: Food labelling plays a crucial role in informing consumers about the nutritional content of prepackaged food items, aiding them in making informed choices for their diet and health. However, the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labelling among healthcare students, particularly medical and dental students, remain understudied. Understanding these aspects is essential given the increasing consumption of prepackaged foods, especially among the youth. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental students at Kasturba Medical College (KMC) and Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS), Manipal University, Mangalore. A total of 191 undergraduate students participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire covering aspects related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food labeling and nutritional content. The questionnaire was administered after obtaining informed consent, and data were analyzed using SPSS v17.0. Results: The study found that the majority of students had moderate knowledge about food labelling and its nutritional applications. While most students reported reading food labels before purchasing prepackaged items, the most sought-after products were snacks like chips and aerated drinks. However, time constraints were cited as a significant hindrance to reading labels. Despite favourable attitudes towards food labelling, a low proportion of students reported changing their food preferences based on label information. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights the need for educational programs to enhance students’ knowledge about nutrition and food libelling. Additionally, there is a call for clearer and more informative libelling practices to empower consumers to make healthier food choices. Awareness programs targeting students can play a pivotal role in emphasizing the importance of food labels in promoting a balanced diet and overall well-being.

Background: Anaemia, a common haematological abnormality, currently stands at a prevalence rate of 24.8% worldwide and 39.86% in India, affecting 1.62 billion individuals overall. Studies have shown that patients with Diabetes are twice as likely to be prone to anaemia. Objective: To study the risk factors for anaemia among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: This is a record-based case-control study of 50 cases (diabetic with anaemia) and 100 controls (diabetic without anaemia) in Government Wenlock Hospital, Mangalore. Patients with haemoglobin concentration below the normal level (as defined by WHO as

Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the rupture of an intra- parenchymal vessel resulting in haemorrhage within the brain, often associated with stroke. The study was done to determine the association of intracerebral haemorrhage with duration of hypertension and other lifestyle factors among the adult patients. The study also includes association of the volume of ICH and its determinants related to hypertension. Methodology: A Record based Case Control study with cases involving the patient with ICH admitted to study hospital between January 1st 2014 and 31st December 2015 and control involving age and sex matched patients admitted during the study period. Results: Of the 118 patients, 41 cases (69.5%) and 12 controls (20.3%) had hypertension, with odds ratio 8.93. 40% of cases were suffering from hypertension for 5 years. 18.6% of ICH patients gave history of tobacco consumption and 30.5% gave history of alcohol consumption. 57.2% and 60% of ICH patients consumed tobacco and alcohol for more than 10 years respectively. Mean volume of intracerebral bleed in patients with hypertension is 12.4ml and without hypertension is 3.45ml. 23 patients had systolic BP more than 140mm of Hg and an average bleed of 10.33ml. Conclusion: ICH is the second commonest type of stroke, ischemic being the first one. Hypertension is the risk factor for ICH. Volume of bleed was higher among the patient who were hypertensive for longer duration and who had increased systolic BP.

Background: Congenital anomalies can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life and can be identified prenatally. Some of the congenital anomalies may be life threatening, hence an immediate management is required. This study is to determine the pattern of congenital anomalies among newborn babies and factors associated with it. Methodology: It was a descriptive study carried out at KMC Hospital, Attavar on all the new born babies with congenital abnormalities born or admitted in KMC Attavar. Data extraction sheet had two sections including the maternal details, history of newborn related to type of congenital anomalies and condition of the baby at birth. Data was entered and analyzed by using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 11.5. Descriptive statistics like mean, proportions and standard deviation was used for expressing the results. Results: We found that 56.25% of the cases were of maternal age group

Background: Self-diagnosis is the process of determining a disease or disorder without seeking medical care. Advances in technology have made it easier for patients to get medical information online, fostering self-diagnosis and doctor cross-examination. The aim of this study is to estimate the proportion of study respondents who use the internet and other sources for self-diagnosis and explore their attitudes concerning self-diagnosis. Methodology: This cross- sectional study was conducted among 186 participants from hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical college, Mangalore (Govt Wenlock hospital and KMC Hospital, Attavar). The data was collected using a semi-structured, internally validated questionnaire- consisting of 3 sections: 1) General information of study participants 2A) Questions on self- diagnosis through different sources 2B) On their attitudes concerning self-diagnosis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results were expressed in descriptive statistics. Results: This study on self-diagnosis was conducted among OPD attendees and found a mean age of 31 years, with 66.0 % males and 34.0 % females. Majority (98.4%) had media access, in which 67.7% online media for self-diagnosis. Specific diseases like cancer and infectious disease were common search topics (76.3%). One third of the total participants reported they have done online search for ailments related to their relatives or friends. Around 61.3% considered their sources reliable, while 50.5% intended to continue self-diagnosing. Notably, 61.3% made correct self- diagnoses which were confirmed later after the physical consultation with their treating physician, particularly among participants under 25 with higher education. Conclusion: Due to the development of artificial intelligence and internet access, even non-medical people are now searching the media for medical issues. Although there is a growing dependence on internet resources, most individuals still say they trust in future self-diagnosis but still prefer visiting a doctor rather than self-medicating. To educate the public about the risks associated with self-diagnosis and the purchase of over-the-counter medications, community-based behavioral change communication should be employed.

Background: The Indian census highlights persistent challenges in achieving balanced sex ratios, attributed to factors like female neglect, sex-selective abortion, and societal preferences for sons. These preferences stem from economic, religious, and social norms, perpetuating gender disparities. Despite national efforts, skewed sex ratios persist, particularly in regions like Haryana and Punjab. However, some areas, like Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka, exhibit more favorable sex ratios, reflecting progress in gender equality. Overall, sex ratio improvement signifies societal health and equity in population distribution. This study aims to explore the socio demographic and fertility profile of post-natal women & factors affecting to gender preference among the study population. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 155 multiparous post-natal women, who were admitted in Lady Goshen Hospital and Kasturba Medical College, Attavar, Affiliated to Kasturba Medical college, Mangalore. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results were expressed using descriptive statistics and proportions. Results: In the study of postnatal women, the recent delivery of outcome was 84 females and 71 males and only 50.9% were aware of contraceptive methods, with condoms and IUCDs being most common among them. Despite this, 78.0% of respondents still perceive female feticide as prevalent. Son preference remains prominent, with 57.0% preferring a daughter as the second child if the first child is a son, and 75.0% desiring a son if the first child is a daughter, indicating a stronger bias towards sons. Conclusions: While most prefer two children, preferences for the second child vary based on the gender of the first child, reflecting societal gender biases. Superstitions regarding gender prediction were noted but deemed insignificant. The attitude of the mothers in study settings is comparative with the favorable sex ratios in the district.

Introduction: The construction industry is one of the most stable growing industries in the developing world. In India, it is the largest economic activity after agriculture. Since it is a labor-intensive industry, it consists of organized, unorganized, skilled, and unskilled labor. Morbidity is departure from a state of physical or psychological well-being, resulting from disease, illness, injury, or sickness, especially where the affected individual is aware of his or her condition which is more common among these workers. This study aims to assess the morbidity Pattern and health behavior among construction workers in a coastal block of Karnataka state. Methodology: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 manual labor workers at different construction sites in Mangalore. Data was collected using interview schedule and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results were expressed as proportions using appropriate tables and graphs. Chi-square test will be used and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: In the study majority were males aged 19-29 years, Hindu by religion 84%, and unmarried, with minimum of primary educational qualification and work experience of 1-5 years. The most prevalent morbidity was Musculo skeletal disorders which manifest as constant arthralgia, myalgia followed by ophthalmic manifestation like refractive errors. Hypertension was notable, with communicable diseases like Malaria being common morbidities. Tobacco and alcohol consumption were prevalent, but knowledge on preventive measures against mosquito bites and personal hygiene practices were limited. Safety precautions at construction sites were evident as it is mandatory. Conclusions: The study highlighted prevalent morbidity patterns among construction workers in Mangalore, which seek immediate remedial measures. Improving awareness and intervention regarding the health risks associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption pose significant challenges but are crucial for enhancing workers’ well-being aa well as hygiene practices.

Background: Empathy in the clinical setting is associated with satisfaction among patients, compliance to therapy and much more positive clinical outcome. This study is to determine the level of empathy among undergraduate medical students, the personality traits, according to the big five model, and to assess the association between empathy and personality traits among undergraduate medical students. Methodology: It was a descriptive study carried out among Second year MBBS students of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Data was collected using Jefferson Scale of Empathy (medical student version), which is a self- administrative inventory that contains 20 questions. Mini-IPIP scale was used to measure big five personality traits, which is a 20-item short form of the International Personality Item Pool Five Factor Model. The collected data was coded and entered onto statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. For comparison across the group Pearson coefficient was used. Results: A positive correlation was found between the level of empathy and the personality traits of agreeableness and openness among the participants at a significant level using Pearson correlation coefficient. People with more agreeableness, indicative of sympathetic and willingness to help others are proportionately empathic. It was also found that women are more neurotic than men, which infers that women are more social and assertive than men. For openness, men are more open, imaginative and creative than women. For agreeableness, men are more cooperative and concerned than women. Women scored more than men for conscientiousness. Conclusion: The study showed a statistically significant difference in the level of empathy among the two genders, with females being more empathic than males. Between the two genders, there was a statistically significant difference among the neuroticism levels, with females being more neurotic than their male counterparts. A positive correlation was found between the level of empathy and the personality traits of agreeableness and openness among the participants.

Background: Students enter the medical study with internally generated motives like genuine interest (intrinsic motivation) and/or externally generated motives like parental pressure or desire for status or prestige. Due to limited information available on the motivational factors to take up medicine among Indian students, this study was carried out to determine motivations of first-year medical students’ towards a medical career. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out among all 250 first year medical students of Kasturba Medical College (Manipal University), Mangalore in February 2015. Data collection was done using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire, consisting of 16 questions about demographic and academic characteristics; motivational factors to study medicine; and the role of career guidance in choice of study Data were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5. Results: Of 250 students, 246 (98.4%) submitted completed questionnaires. The majority of the students (72%) were self-motivated for choosing medicine as a career; 64.2% chose medicine because it is a humane and noble profession; 50.4% for respect and prestige it provides; 36.6% were inspired by the family; 27.2% because of the non-requirement to study Mathematics and Physics and 14.6% for financial security. Also, 16.3% students had parents in the medical profession; Fifty-seven students (55%) got admission after > or = 2 attempts; 46% decided on a medical career before class ten. Overall, 13% had sought career counselling. More than half of the students had accurate knowledge about the curriculum, course duration, examinations, and post graduate training. Conclusion: Nobility of the profession, prestige, and inspiration from family members were the predominant motivating factors. Determining the reasons for choosing medicine has important implications for the selection and training of students as well as for their future job satisfaction.

Background: The doctor-patient relationship is a fundamental and essential component of healthcare that plays a critical role in patient outcomes, trust, and overall quality of care. Internet-based health information has been found to have both positive and negative effects on patients. Objectives: To assess the internet health-seeking behaviour among patients, and its effect on the doctor-patient relationship Methodology: In this facility-based cross-sectional study, 110 patients were assessed regarding their internet health-seeking behaviour and its effect on the doctor-patient relationship. Patient-Doctor Depth-of-Relationship Scale and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire – Short form (PSQ-18) was used to assess the relationship. A comparison of patient satisfaction scores and doctor-patient relationship scores among those who use the internet for seeking health-related information with those who do not was done by independent t-test and P < 0.05 will be considered to be a statistically significant difference. Results: Sixty-seven-point three per cent use the internet for health-related information. Most of the patients felt satisfied with their medical care but there was still some scope of improvement in the domains of communication and the time devoted by the doctor to the patient. The overall level of patient satisfaction was above average. Our study also showed that 77.2% of the study participants had a good relationship with their doctor. Conclusion: In our study, we found that the internet using study participants were found to have an above average satisfaction with their doctors.

Background: Senior citizens, or individuals over 60 years, constitute 8.6% of India’s population. As a result of shifting family dynamics brought about by growing urbanization and globalization, these elderly populations are flocking to elder care centers. The objectives of this research are to ascertain the elderly’s self-reported chronic morbidities, disabilities, and the relationship between these factors with their quality of life (QOL). Methodologys: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 residents of old age homes in Mangalore block of Dakshina Kannada district. The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire consist of, Indian Disability Evaluation and assessment Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of life Brief Version (WHOQOL BREF) questionnaire and the data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Odd’s ratio was calculated, independent T test was used to compare the means across the groups and a ‘p’ value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: In the current study 65.5% participants were female (N=72) and most of the study participants reported hypertension and musculoskeletal pain (41.8% & 36.7% respectively) as the major ailment they are seeking health care, followed by diabetes mellitus (20.0%), angina (12.3%), asthma (10.9%), COPD (6.4%) and heart attack (4.5%). There was a statistically significant association between age, male gender, and level of disability with quality of life. Age of the participant was found to be directly proportional to quality of life in 2 domains – psychological and social relationships. Male gender was found to be significantly associated with social relationships domain of quality of life. Conclusion: It was shown that there was no clinically significant correlation between chronic morbidities and any dimension of quality of life, suggesting that the frequency and quality of health examinations delivered in the care homes were sufficient, which must carry on in the subsequent years.

Background: Inter-professional cooperation between doctors and nurses is essential for efficient healthcare delivery. However, hierarchical structures and power imbalances often characterize their relationship. This study aims to assess nurses’ perceptions of their working relationships with doctors in hospital settings, considering factors such as communication, respect, and teamwork. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three hospitals. A sample of 200 nursing staff participated, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, focusing on factors influencing nurse-doctor relationships, including work experience, education level, and perceived conflicts. Results: The majority of nurses were relatively new to their profession (34.0%). Most worked in medical/surgical units (54.0%) and held diplomas (82.5%). The majority (87.5%) believed that doctors understood their responsibilities and respected their judgment. Many felt comfortable asking for advice from doctors (90.5%) and those who preferred consulting nurses first were 81.0%. While conflicts and harassment existed, most nurses (59.0%) reported never experiencing unprofessional dialogue. Majority of nurses (63.5%) don’t have knowledge regarding any specific policy dealing with disagreements. Staff shortages (72.0%) and dictation by doctors (48.0%) were common reasons for strained relationships. Conclusion: Overall, nurses expressed satisfaction with their relationships with doctors, with a majority considering them friendly. Factors such as interpersonal skills, mutual respect, and social interaction outside the hospital influenced these relationships. Hospital administrations should focus on fostering better communication, respect, and teamwork to improve inter-professional cooperation.

Background: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to pose a significant public health threat worldwide, with India experiencing a substantial burden. Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers (ICTCs) play a pivotal role in addressing HIV/AIDS by providing crucial healthcare access and dispelling misconceptions surrounding the disease. Objectives: To study the profile of PLHIV patients attending ICTC centre. Methodology: This descriptive record-based study was conducted at the ICTC of Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, aiming to profile HIV-positive attendees. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, mode of transmission, referrals, and counseling practices were collected from records of 137 seropositive attendees using convenient sampling. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 11.5. Results: The study revealed that most attendees were male (63.5%), married (78.8%), and aged 40 and above (40.1%). Heterosexual contact was identified as the primary mode of transmission (95.6%), with no cases attributed to blood transfusion. Private health facilities were the primary referrers (72.9%), and ICTC mainly referred patients to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) centers (72.3%). Post-test counseling included spousal testing (33.6%) and condom counseling (90.5%), with limited condom uptake (18.9%) and follow-up of seropositive attendees (35.8%). Conclusion: The study underscores the critical role of ICTCs in HIV/AIDS management, highlighting trends in attendee profiles, transmission modes, referrals, and counseling practices. It emphasizes the necessity for targeted interventions to enhance follow-up and promote condom usage, alongside continued efforts to mitigate HIV transmission.

Background: The influence of AI and Big Data on the healthcare sector and health delivery systems provides a hopeful path to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by way of improved decision-making and operational efficiencies. Methodology: A review of existing literature was carried out to evaluate the current landscape of AI applications in healthcare and its potential implications for SDG achievement. Results: Big data is at the center of health transformation, which, combined with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, enables real-time processing and analysis of huge datasets. Big data enhances customization in marketing, streamlines operations in manufacturing and redefines healthcare by means of precision medicine. Big data also helps to drive changes in society through better public policy choices and steps taken to ensure sustainable development. It is through its analytic power that big data can identify obscure patterns and insights which can lead to pioneering solutions and strategic growth. Conclusion: Applying big data and AI strategically plays a crucial role in advancing the sustainable development agenda. However, we must exercise responsibility when utilizing the power of data. It is important to enforce strict measures of protecting data so as to avoid its misuse and also empower underdeveloped regions with relevant tools and capabilities for efficient data management. This way proactive moves will make sure that all people benefit from the information revolution, and it helps to drive global progress on SDGs.

Background: Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths of the uterus commonly occurring during childbearing years. Despite their benign nature, they can cause significant morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of uterine fibroids, socio- demographic profiles, clinical features, complications, treatment modalities, and outcomes among patients in a tertiary hospital setting. Methodology: A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at Government Lady Goshen Hospital, Mangalore, from 8th February 2015 to 28th February 2015. Records of patients diagnosed with uterine fibroids in 2013 and 2014 were reviewed. Data on socio-demographic details, clinical features, complications, comorbid conditions, treatments, and outcomes were collected using a structured proforma and analysed using SPSS version 11.5. Results: A total of 177 cases of uterine fibroids were analysed. Most patients belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. Menstrual disturbances were common, with menorrhagia being predominant. Complications such as infertility and vaginal discharge were observed in 21.5% of cases. Surgical treatment, particularly hysterectomy, was commonly employed, resulting in a cure rate of 76.8%. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the clinical profile and management of uterine fibroids in a tertiary hospital setting. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, considering socio-demographic factors and associated complications, are essential for improved outcomes in patients with uterine fibroids.

Background: Interprofessional Education (IPE) has gained recognition in health professions education due to evolving healthcare roles and systems, emphasizing collaboration for quality care. Attitudinal barriers hinder its implementation, necessitating a deeper understanding of student perspectives. This study explores the attitudes of medical (MBBS), dental (BDS), and allied health science (AHS) students towards interprofessional learning (IPL) in a cross-sectional study at Kasturba Medical College (KMC) and Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS), Manipal University, Mangalore. Methodology: A total of 205 students participated, comprising 150 MBBS, 40 BDS, and 15 AHS students. Data was collected through a modified semi-structured questionnaire, assessing attitudes towards IPL using Likert scales. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 20.0, with results expressed in medians and significance determined by the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Overall, students demonstrated positive attitudes towards IPL, with significant agreement that it enhances communication skills, facilitates professional relationships, and improves clinical problem-solving. Both MBBS and non-medical students expressed willingness to learn with peers from diverse healthcare disciplines, indicating a shared understanding of the importance of collaborative practice. Conclusion: The study highlights favourable attitudes among medical, dental, and allied health science students towards interprofessional learning, suggesting a readiness for collaboration in healthcare practice. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating interprofessional education opportunities within healthcare curricula to foster teamwork and enhance patient care outcomes.

Background: The integration of social networking sites (SNS) into academic activities has become increasingly prevalent, yet there is a need to understand its impact and perceptions among undergraduate students and teaching faculty. This study aimed to explore the pattern of SNS usage for academic purposes and assess perceptions regarding its benefits and drawbacks at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among undergraduate students and teaching faculty, utilizing a self- administered semi-structured questionnaire. Convenience sampling was employed, with data collected over a 15-day period. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.5, with independent t-tests applied to compare perceptions between students and faculty. Results: Out of 308 participants, nearly half reported using SNS for academic purposes, with Facebook being the most preferred platform. While perceived benefits included improved communication and easier access to learning resources, concerns were raised regarding productivity loss and SNS addiction. Recommendations for promoting SNS usage in academia were also identified. Conclusion: The study highlights the significant role of SNS in academic communication and collaboration, while emphasizing the need for strategies to address associated challenges such as productivity impact and addiction. By leveraging the benefits of SNS while mitigating drawbacks, educational institutions can harness its potential to enhance teaching, learning, and research endeavors.

Background: Neonatal sepsis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing countries like India. Early and late onset sepsis present unique challenges in diagnosis and management, with maternal and neonatal factors playing crucial roles in the manifestation of the condition. Methodology: Data were collected from tertiary care hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangaluru. A structured proforma was used to gather information on maternal factors, birth history, neonatal conditions, and complications. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi- square test and student’s ‘t’ test. Results: Out of 132 cases, 50.75% were early onset sepsis (EOS) and 49.25% were late onset sepsis (LOS). Blood culture reports were positive in 46.1% cases. Maternal comorbidities included gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), antepartum hemorrhage (APH), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Neonatal comorbidities such as convulsions, congenital malformations, neonatal jaundice, preterm birth, and low birth weight were observed. Positive blood culture reports correlated with low birth weight and preterm births. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism, followed by Citrobacter Spp., Enterobacter Spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sensitivity analysis revealed varying degrees of susceptibility to different antibiotics. Conclusion: Maternal factors like GDM, APH, and PIH showed no significant correlation with neonatal sepsis, whereas neonatal factors such as low birth weight and preterm birth were associated with an increased risk. Consanguinity also emerged as a potential risk factor. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant causative organism, with varying antibiotic sensitivities. This study underscores the importance of understanding maternal and neonatal factors in the prevention and management of neonatal sepsis.

Background: By knowing the various sources of health information accessed by the people, it helps different organizations in better targeted delivery for health information. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among college going students from non-medical streams and adult in-patients seeking health care in the study hospitals using a semi- structured self-validated questionnaire. Results: The demographic details of the student study population consisted of 64.1% females and 35.9% males and that of adult population consisted of 20% females and 80% males. 36% of the adult population had finished high school education while on the other hand students were either graduates (72.8%) or postgraduates (27.2%). Among 41.2% students sought health information to know about the new health issues whereas 66.7% adult population sought health information for their general well-being. Internet is the major source of health information amongst the student population (55.6%) while 58.8% adult population sought health information from television. 9.8% adult population used journals to seek health information. 22.6% of students sought health information when they were ill on the other hand it was 5.9% among the adult population. In the Internet, 55% students accessed health information through social network and various search engines and 83.3% adult population accessed search engines. Family physician was the most trusted source of health information among both students(54%) and adult population(76.5%). Conclusion: Among the participants, most of the active seekers were students whose main source of health information was from the internet. Majority of the participants said family Physicians are the most trusted source of health- related information.

Background: Travel medicine is crucial in addressing the health risks associated with international travel, especially among young adults who are increasingly mobile. Despite the growth in global travel, studies indicate a lack of awareness and adherence to preventive measures among travellers. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical and dental students regarding travel medicine. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and dental students at Kasturba Medical College and Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India. A convenient sampling method was employed, and data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to travel medicine. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v20.0. Results: A total of 195 students participated, with a majority being female (72.3%) and in the age group ≤20 years (48.2%). Most participants had traveled internationally (71.3%) for purposes such as holidays (51.3%) and returning home (44.6%). While awareness of travel medicine was high (75.4%), knowledge levels were predominantly poor (50.3%). Participants showed high-risk perception towards health threats during travel but demonstrated low adherence to pre- and post-travel health check-ups. Key sources of information included the internet/social media (41.0%) and family/friends (35.9%). Conclusion: Despite high awareness, medical and dental students exhibited poor knowledge and inadequate adherence to preventive measures related to travel medicine. There was a notable disparity between perceived importance and actual practice of pre- and post-travel health check-ups. Efforts should be made to enhance education and awareness regarding travel medicine among young adults to mitigate travel-related health risks effectively.

Background: Health literacy is crucial for understanding health information and making informed decisions. It encompasses the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information. Factors like education, income, and age influence health literacy, impacting health outcomes negatively when low. E Health literacy extends to navigating electronic health resources. Patient-doctor communication suffers when doctors overestimate patient literacy. Poor health literacy leads to misunderstandings, medication errors, and poorer health outcomes. In today’s healthcare landscape, patient satisfaction is key. Understanding the link between eHealth literacy, communication, compliance, and satisfaction is vital. The study aims to evaluate patients’ e-health literacy levels, evaluate the degree of patient satisfaction with healthcare services, to ascertain the relationship between patient satisfaction and eHealth literacy. Methodology: The study involved 234 patients who visited the hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. eHealth literacy was assessed using eHEALS, patient satisfaction was assessed using Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18). The correlation between eHealth literacy scores and patient satisfaction scores was tested using Pearson correlation coefficient where P is less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant correlation. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that majority of the participants found the Internet to be useful in making decisions about health. The results of our study show that 65% of our participants have good eHealth literacy and 27.8% have moderate literacy. The comparison of patient satisfaction based on eHealth literacy showed that there was no significant difference in patient satisfaction between participants who had good literacy or poor literacy. Conclusion: Both eHealth Literacy and Patient Satisfaction among our study participants were good, however there was no correlation found between eHealth Literacy and Patient Satisfaction.

Background: The demands on Medical Education have greatly increased in the 21st century. For this very reason, there has been an unprecedented growth in the number of medical colleges in India. The teacher’s role is to facilitate rather than to direct, to coordinate as much as to communicate. Small group teaching offers students’ opportunity to discuss and refine their understanding of complex issues, to problem solve and apply their knowledge to new situations and to reflect on their attitudes and feelings. The study aims to assess the perception of undergraduate medical students regarding small group teaching, the perception of faculty regarding Small group teaching, compare the perception of students on small group teaching, with respect to their academic performance and attendance. Methodology: 93 faculty and 499 undergraduate MBBS students participated in the study and were given a self- administered semi-structured questionnaire. The perception of undergraduate students and teaching faculty on small group teaching was assessed using the 5-point Likert Scale. Independent t-test was applied to find difference in mean perception. Students were categorized based on their academic performance and on their attendance aggregate for the concluded semester. Results: In total, 404 students and 45 faculty members responded thus giving response rates of 80.9% and 48.4% respectively. The overall response rate was 75.8% Conclusion: The study found that both students and faculty members are favorable to the concept of SGT. They found it not only enhances the academic performance of students but also contributes to the personality development of students. Clinical correlations in all the subjects is well appreciated by students and faculty. Suggestions for improvement of SGT such as exam-oriented study, use of innovative and interactive aids can make SGT sessions more effective.

Background: Gender preference among women remains a significant phenomenon that reflects the imbalance in the sex ratio. Understanding the determinants of gender preference is crucial in addressing associated challenges and promoting gender equality. Objectives: To study the socio-demographic profile of post-natal women, gender preference among them and the factors affecting their preference. Methodology: A hospital-based Cross-Sectional Study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Mangalore among 155 multiparous postnatal women. The data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Results: Overall, 54.83 % of the study participants belonged to the age group of 18-27 years, 57.42% were unaware of any techniques for determining a person’s sex, and the most frequently mentioned method was ultrasound. The proportion of respondents with a preference for a male child was only 20.6%. The most common reason was the male gender carrying the family name. According to 73% of respondents, having two children is ideal for a family, while having an equal number of boys and girls was the most desired combination (60%). There is a significant preference (75%) for the second child to be male if the first child was female. Conclusion: It’s noteworthy that the preference for a male child was often tied to cultural and familial considerations, such as carrying on the family name. Interestingly, the study also highlights a prevalent preference for a second child to be male if the first child was female, signifying the persistence of gender-biased attitudes.

Background: Reading is a vital aspect of the learning process for students and should be encouraged. Any effort or innovation that improves the motivation of students to read is worth sustaining. The materials often used are textbooks and reference materials. This study aimed to assess the readership and preference for e-books and print books across contexts. In addition, this study aims to identify factors that contribute to e-book usage. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students of KMC Mangalore. A Semi-structured questionnaire which contained demographics, knowledge, practices and awareness of the use of e-books was used for data collection. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Results were expressed as proportions and for comparison across groups, the Chi-square test was used. A ‘p’ value

Background: Dermatophytoses or Dermatophytic infections are diseases characterized by the infection of keratinized tissues. This study was done to study the epidemiological profile and factors associated with Dermatophytosis and the awareness towards the same among patients with such infections. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the tertiary hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data, which was entered and analysed using SPSS version 25. The results were expressed as proportions. To compare the groups, the Chi-square test was used and p

Background: Burnout in medical profession can reduce the work output and affect the clinical decision making. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of medical residents experiencing burnout. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 172 medical residents working in the hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore were assessed for presence of burnout. Permission was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee before the commencement of the study. Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scale was used to determine the presence of burnout syndrome among the participants. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.6 years and a high proportion (n=93, 53.8%) of the participants were males. Forty-eight percent (n=83) of the participants in our study had burnout. A high proportion (n=35, 42.2%) of the participants with burnout were from first year of residency. Burnout was observed in the majority of unmarried males. Burnout was also seen to be highest in younger residents, and those who lacked adequate sleep. Conclusion: The proportion of occupational burnout among medical residents in our study was found to be very high. Early identification of the presence of burnout in the healthcare profession and initiating steps to reduce it can help them to provide uncompromised quality care to the patients.

Background: The second wave of COVID-19 severely affected the healthcare workforce, including doctors, nurses, public servants, and medical students, even though the system was better prepared than the first wave. Objectives: To assess the preparedness and preventive measures of the health science students towards the second wave of COVID-19. Methodology: The study has been carried out in Kasturba Medical College (KMC) and Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS), Mangalore, after getting approval from the institutional ethics committee (IEC) and concerned deans of institutions. The responses to the questionnaires have been taken in for analysis which constitutes three parts. The chi-square test was applied to compare the variables between medical and other health sciences students considering the significant P value less than 0.05. Results: The overall readiness regarding the surge in COVID-19 cases in India among our study participants was 99.3% which was highest among AHS students. Many of the students in the study showed passion and were prepared to assist health professionals at Health and Triage centres, with the highest distribution in AHS (97.2%), BDS (87%), and MBBS (85.8%). They believed that adequate protective gear and infection testing were needed for an effective return to the clinical setting. Conclusion: Ultimately, the health science student population in the study settings possesses sufficient resources and knowledge to combat the second wave of COVID-19. However, a certain shortcoming remains in the form of laxity toward preventive measures and social exclusion.

Background: The Medical Council of India (MCI) has proposed significant changes to the MBBS curriculum, including mandatory rural postings for undergraduate medical students, to address healthcare disparities. Understanding student attitudes towards these reforms is crucial for successful implementation. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 undergraduate students at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire assessing demographics, awareness of reforms, and attitudes towards curriculum changes and rural postings. Data were analyzed using SPSS v17.0, with perceptions measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Results: Student attitudes towards the proposed reforms were diverse. While some welcomed early clinical exposure and incentives for rural postings, others expressed concerns about implementation challenges and career implications. Family background, incentives, and perceptions of rural practice significantly influenced attitudes. Conclusion: The study underscores the complexity of student perspectives on MCI’s reforms. Targeted interventions and dialogue are essential to address concerns and enhance acceptance, facilitating successful implementation.

Background: Global health agencies have recognized the rising threat of non-communicable disease (NCD) as a major contributor to preventable disease and premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries. This study was done to study the Clinico-epidemiological and socio-demographic profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients admitted in the selected tertiary care hospitals of Mangalore. Methodology: This record-based retrospective study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The records of all the ACS patients who were admitted to the hospitals during the study period were included in the study Results: There was a total of 646 patients, who were admitted with signs and symptoms of ACS to the study hospitals. Among them, 72% were from Dakshina Kannada District and 41.5% (n=258) were residents of Mangalore. Overall, the highest proportion (90.7%) of subjects was in the 41-80 years of age group and 80% of the study population was consuming a predominantly non-vegetarian diet, among both genders. Among the females, 84% were semiskilled workers and half of the male subjects were Professionals. The most common presenting clinical feature among the ACS patients was chest pain (81.4%), both among males (82.2%) and females (80%). Conclusion: The majority of the ACS patients admitted to the study hospitals were residents of the same District. The levels of ACS were higher among males, those with Diabetes Mellitus and hypertension. The majority of the ACS patients were non-vegetarians. Also, the increasing age had a higher proportion of ACS.

Background: Stress is defined by American Psychological Association is “Any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological and behavioral changes.” It is a feeling of being overwhelmed, worried or run-down. Stress affects people of all ages, gender and circumstances and can lead to both physical and psychological health issues. Social contexts and family structures are particularly impacted by stress in women. This study aims to assess the levels of stress and associated factors of stress among working women in Mangalore. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 298 working women, who were managerial staff/Clerical staff recruited from 2 Banks, 2 shopping malls, health care workers from 2 hospitals and doctors/ clerical staff from Medical College, Mangalore. Data was collected using a semi- structured questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics and perceived stress scale and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results were expressed in mean (standard deviation) and proportion. For comparison across the groups chi-square test was used. A ‘p’ value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 298 women surveyed, 3.4% were found to be highly stressed, 83.9% were moderately stressed. Significant stress determinants were found to be associated with age, education, occupation, years of work experience and marital status- where the association is statistically significant. Working women prefer to go for leisure activities like outing with friends and family to reduce stress while other activities like smoking and alcohol consumption were least popular among the study participants. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the critical elements—age, education, employment, job experience, and years since marriage—that significantly influence women’s stress levels. Furthermore, it highlights that for working women, entertainment is the main way to decompress, and employers need to take note of this to help staff members maintain a healthy work-life balance.

Background: School bags serve as a practical means for students to transport essential academic materials and personal items, including food. The significance of school bag weight has garnered increased attention in recent years due to its potential impact on the musculoskeletal health of school children. Excessive school bag weight has been identified as a significant contributor to various health issues, ranging from neck pain and shoulder discomfort to headaches, general fatigue, decreased muscle strength, and, notably, back injuries among children. Methods: The study involved 178 school children in Mangalore, ranging from 10-15 years, for a period of 23 days. School bag weights were measured using calibrated scales, and trunk strength was assessed using a hand held dynamometer. Statistical analysis, including Chi-square test, student’s ‘t’ test and Karl Pearson correlation test were employed to identify any significant relationships between these variables. Results: Preliminary findings revealed a positive correlation between school bag weight and trunk strength among the participants. Results indicated that a considerable proportion (83.1%) of students were burdened with an excessive load of bags. The evaluated muscular strength was discovered to be diminished in these individuals, and they experienced symptoms that were interconnected, highlighting the potential impact of school bag weight on the musculoskeletal health of children in Mangalore. Conclusion: These findings advocate measures to alleviate the burden on children’s musculoskeletal health. Further research and interventions are warranted to promote a balanced and healthy school environment for the well-being of the younger generation.

Background: Bus drivers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders manifested through tension, pain and decreased work capacity, due to the lack in postural variations and long working hours. Objectives: To study the pattern of morbidities among bus drivers and the factors responsible for the morbidities. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 bus drivers from Mangalore City were included. The sample size was calculated considering prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders as 70.7%, with 15% relative precision, and 95% confidence interval. Institutional Ethics Committee permission was obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS for windows version 25.0, Armonk, New York, 25.0. Results: Among the 100 participants, 42 complained of one or more perceived musculoskeletal morbidity. The most common musculoskeletal problem was lower back pain (29) and knee pain (29), followed by upper back pain (13) and shoulder pain (9). Hip/thigh pain was the least common (1), followed by neck (3) and wrists/hands (3). Out of the 18 bus drivers with coughs, all of them complained of early morning cough. Clinical assessment revealed reduced visual acuity among 32 subjects, 87% of bus drivers were found to have pre-hypertension and 5% had stage 1 hypertension, 37 were obese and 34 were normal. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal morbidities were found to be the most common among bus drivers, followed by reduced visual acuity.

Background: The assessment of future doctor’s perceptions and understanding about generic medicines may help in recognizing possible barriers to greater generic medicine usage. This study was done to explore and evaluate the perceptions and attitudes towards prescribing generic drugs among medical undergraduates of Mangalore and the factors associated with it. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among Undergraduate Medical students of KMC, Mangalore. The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results were expressed in tables and figures. The chi-square test was used for comparison across the groups, and p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study was conducted among 282 students, with a mean age of 21 years. More than half of the participants,51.4%(n=145) were VI semester students. A higher proportion of them,72% were aware that generic medicine contains the same active substance(s) as the brand medicine, and 75.2% were aware that generic drug manufacturers need to conduct bioequivalence studies to show equivalence between the generic medicine and the branded medicine. Overall,64.9% agreed that generics are safe and 80.9% students think that there should be a training program to increase the awareness regarding generic drugs among doctors and patients. Conclusion: Although a good percentage of students had adequate knowledge about generic medicines; there was a significant proportion that expressed concerns about the same. These beliefs could represent a major hurdle to larger generic use and could lead to increased health-care expenses.

Background: Healthcare is a fundamental human right, and various insurance schemes in India strive to make healthcare inexpensive and accessible to everyone. The government’s Ayushman Bharat and PMJAY programmes aim to guarantee universal health coverage and financial risk protection for households within the country. According to the NITI Ayog, more than 40 crore people lack health insurance coverage in the country. This lack of awareness limits access to healthcare services, especially for the marginalized population. The focus of this study is to assess the impact of availing health insurance on healthcare utilization. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and proportion of patients who are availing health insurance scheme and its impact on healthcare utilisation. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at teaching hospitals affiliated with Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. The sample size was estimated to be 118, which included the adult patients admitted to the wards of respective hospitals who gave informed consent. The study participants received an internally verified questionnaire with four sections in Kannada and English. Results: Out of 118 participants, 89% are literate, and two-thirds are holders of BPL card. 84% of study participants are aware of a certain health insurance scheme, among which 90% being aware of the services offered and 82% considering it may be a worthwhile investment. 60% of total respondents possessed any kind of insurance scheme, with three quarters of them utilizing government schemes. Among the insurance holders, 82% receive full reimbursement for their medical condition and 58.5% agree that owning health insurance enables them greater access to health-care services. Paying medical expenses out of pocket drives uninsured people to reconsider obtaining an insurance. Conclusion: Public awareness and financial assistance programs should be tailored with culturally competent communication and simplified enrolment processes to enhance the coverage of health insurance services.

Background: Spectacle compliance is vital among the young population to combat visual impairment arising from untreated refractive errors. Encouraging spectacle use is crucial, despite the challenges they present, such as fogging, scratches, and discomfort when prescribed wrong Objectives: 1. To study the obstacles faced by medical undergraduates while using spectacles. 2. To find out the various factors associated with the obstacles faced by undergraduates while wearing spectacles. Methodology: The study protocol was submitted for the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. After obtaining the approval from ethics committee, permission was obtained from the Dean of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and data collection was done after receiving informed consent from the participants. A semi- structured questionnaire was distributed to the participants Results: 72.7% faced obstacle of dependency on spectacles and 71.5% faced difficulty of adjusting spectacles with gloved hands. · Out of 60(34.9%) study participants who ride two-wheeler, 21(35%) participants faced difficulties while riding due to spectacle use and wearing helmet(42.8%), glaring(19.1%) and fogging(14.2%) were the major difficulties faced. · Among 54(32%) study participants who drive 4-wheeler, 9(16.6%) participants faced difficulties while driving due to spectacle use and the major difficulties encountered were glaring(55.5%) and restricted field of vision(22.2%). · A statistically significant association with P value of 0.001 was established between duration of spectacle usage and dependency on spectacles Conclusion: Based on our study, we have found that most of the participants have been using spectacles for 1-10 years mainly for correction of refractive errors like myopia and thus use spectacles throughout the day.