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TURNER, I. M. 2021. An updated synopsis of Ludwigia (Onagraceae) in Malesia. Reinwardtia 20(1): 9–16. — A synopsis of the seven native or naturalised species of Ludwigia (Onagraceae) occurring in Malesia is presented. The newly established Ludwigia leptocarpa is included. The paper incorporates a key to the species, synonymy and typification. Lectotypes are designated for 25 names, including five at the second step.

VICTORIANO, M. 2021. A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and its natural hybrids from Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 20(1): 17–26. — A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Aceh Province, Indonesia, Nepenthes longiptera Victoriano is herein described and illustrated. The species is unique among all other Nepenthes in Sumatra by the presence of wings on its upper pitchers. Comprehensive description, photographs, geographical distribution and preliminary IUCN conservation assessment are provided for the new species. Hybrids of this new taxon with other species are also reported in this paper.

ARDI. W.H., GIRMANSYAH, D. & HUGHES, M. 2021. Begonia robii, a new species of Begonia from Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra. Reinwardtia 20(1): 37–41. — A new species of Begonia sect. Jackia (Begoniaceae), B. robii Ardi & Girm., is described from West Sumatra and is a limestone karst endemic in the Tanah Datar dan Lima Puluh Kota Regency. Its provisional IUCN threatened category is considered to be Endangered.

The herbal medicines have reached extensive acceptability as therapeutic agents for various clinical diseases due to global demand. Therefore, standardization is the essential and initial step to drug development. It is for the establishment of consistent biological activity, a consistent chemical profile and biomarker identification. It improves the safety and efficacy of herbal medicine to provide the best herbal medicine to society and increase popularity rather than non-standardized extracts. In addition, it is essential to practice or maintain a quality assurance program for the production and manufacturing of herbal medicine that includes the basis of organoleptic characters and photomicrographs, physicochemical, proximate analysis phytochemical evaluation and quality control analysis and order to assess the quality of drugs, based on the concentration of their active principles. WHO has provided specific guidelines for the assessment of the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal drugs as a prerequisite for global harmonization and of utmost importance. In the present study, the herbal extracts were cleaned, dried in the shade and powdered by passing through the sieve as per the method described in the standard protocol. An overview covering various techniques employed in the extraction and characterization of Nyctanthes arbortristis, Hippophae salicifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Reinwardtia indica, standardization is reported in this study. The obtained data would be very significant for future clinical aspects, as the bioactive molecules present in the extracts may exhibit synergistic effect with other bioactive compound and show a better therapeutic value. Thus, this study provides standardized and therapeutically potential data of active polyherbal formulations for the different ailments.

Reinwardtia Brauer & Bergenstamm is a monotypic genus, with only R. tachinina described from Venezuela. Here, we revised the genus to include Reinwardtia bicolor sp. nov. from Colombia and Ecuador....

ARDI, W. H. & THOMAS, D. C. 2020. Begonia tjiasmantoi, a new species from West Sulawesi. Reinwardtia 19(1): 61‒65. ‒‒ A new species, Begonia tjiasmantoi Ardi & D.C.Thomas is described from Mamasa, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. The species is endemic to West Sulawesi and belongs to Begonia section Petermannia. A provisional conservation assessment indicates a Critically Endangered status.

KIEW, R. 2020. Towards a Flora of New Guinea: Oleaceae. Part 1. Jasminum, Ligustrum, Myxopyrum and Olea. Reinwardtia 19(1): 1‒25. ‒‒ Oleaceae in New Guinea is represented by five genera and about 32 species, namely Chionanthus (about 16 species), Jasminum (10 species), Ligustrum (3 species), Myxopyrum (2 species) and Olea (1 species). A key to genera as well as descriptions of and keys to species of Jasminum, Ligustrum, Myxopyrum and Olea are provided. Of the three Ligustrum species, L. glomeratum is widespread throughout Malesia, L. novoguineense is endemic and L. parvifolium Kiew is a new endemic species. Six species of Jasminum are endemic (J. domatiigerum, J. gilgianum, J. magnificum, J. papuasicum, J. pipolyi and J. rupestre). Jasminum turneri just reaches the northern tip of Australia; of the two species from the Pacific Islands J. simplicifolium subsp. australiense just reaches SE Papua New Guinea and J. didymum, a coastal species, reaches into Malesia as far north as E Java; J. elongatum is widespread from Asia to Australia. Neither Myxopyrum species is endemic: M. nervosum subsp. nervosum extends from Peninsular Malaysia to Indonesian New Guinea, and M. ovatum from the Philippines to the Admiralty Islands. The sole species of Olea, O. paniculata, stretches from Java to Australia and New Caledonia.

KALIMA, T., SUHARTI, S., SUMARHANI & TRETHOWAN, L. A. 2020. Tree species diversity and ethnobotany of degraded peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan. Reinwardtia 19(1): 27‒54. ‒‒ Most peat swamp forest has been degraded. This has resulted in decline of its biodiversity. The objective of this study was to identify the composition, diversity, and plants used by local people in Bagantung swamp forest. The study was conducted on degraded peat swamp forest area in Bagantung, Mantangai Sub-District, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province. The Shannon-Wiener (H’) and the Importance Value (IV) indices were used for analyzing the species diversity and the species importance across a number of forest plots. Useful tree species were identified by interviewing local villagers. There were 2,562 individual plants in 32 plots (each plot 20 m × 20 m). We identified 100 tree species and 16 non-tree species, from 74 genera, and 46 families. Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Clusiaceae were the most dominant families. Large tree (H’=1.46) and small tree diversity was similar (H’=1.75). In both small and large tree size classes Calophyllum nodusum was the most dominant species. There were 16 tree species and two non-tree species used by local people for house and boat construction, furniture, handicrafts, medicine, and insect repellent.

VICTORIANO, M. & YUDISTIRA, Y. R. 2020. Bulbophyllum trinervosum, a new species of section Macrocaulia (Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllinae) from West Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 19(1): 67‒73. ‒‒ A new species of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllinae) in section Macrocaulia from West Java, Indonesia is described as Bulbophyllum trinervosum Victoriano & Y.R.Yudistira spec. nov. This miniature orchid is found around Cakrabuana mountain range at an elevation of 1,300–1,550 m. The key characteristic of this species is unique among section Macrocaulia in having three nerves on its median sepal instead of five like the other species in this section.

WIDJAJA, E. A. 2020. Notes on Fimbribambusa Widjaja, with a new species from the Lesser Sunda Islands. Reinwardtia 19(1): 55‒59. ‒‒ A new species, Fimbribambusa rifaiana Widjaja from Alor Island (Lesser Sunda Islands), is described and F. soejatmiae Widjaja & Ervianti, previously described contrary to Art. 40.7 of the ICN (2018), is validated. An improved generic concept of Fimbribambusa and an identification key to the Indonesian species are presented.

The present study was to assess the toxicity of hydro alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute study. In the acute study, rats were treated orally with single dose and for sub-acute study different doses were given orally for 28 consecutive days. At the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group was also used for 6 weeks as per OECD guidelines-407. General behavioral parameters were assessed in acute toxicity and found no mortality or exterior signs of toxicity. While in the sub-acute study; biochemical, hematological and histopathology along with the body weight, food, and water consumptions parameters were screened in the animals after 14 & 28 days. The study reveals the insignificant (P

Reinwardtia indica is traditionally used for wound healing. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of leaves extracts of R. indica using the excision wound model in rats. The leaves of R. indica were collected from Gondrang, Chitwan, Nepal. Leaves were shade dried, extracted by double maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. Then, the fusion method was used for the formulation of ointment and evaluated. Rats (n=24) were divided into four groups with 6 in each. Excision wound model was used, 2 cm diameter (314 mm2), 2 mm depth wound was created. The treatment was given daily topically to all groups and the % mean wound contraction rate was calculated on days 4, 8, 12 and 16. The result was analyzed statistically using Graph pad prism version 5. Phytochemical test revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, phenol, terpenoid, carbohydrate, etc. All the evaluation parameters showed satisfactory results. The extract of R. indica ointment (2% w/w and 5% w/w) increased the wound contraction rate day by day. The % means wound contraction rate, on day 12, (80% and 88%), and on day 16, (97% and 100%) and statistically significant difference was at p

SUNARTI, S. 2020. Syzygium tinombalum (Myrtaceae), a new species from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 19(2): 87‒91. ‒‒ Syzygium tinombalum Sunarti spec. nov. proposed as a new species from Central Sulawesi. Syzygium balgooyi and S. schumannianum are considered as the most closely related to Syzygium tinombalum. A full description of this species is given.

MEHMUD, S. & ROY, H. 2020. Anatomical studies on Wallichia nana Griff., a wild palm of Assam, India. Reinwardtia 19(2): 97‒102. ‒‒ The present communicated research is a study based on the observation of free hand transverse section of leaf, stem and root and epidermal morphology of lamina in Wallichia nana, a species distributed in North-eastern states of India. Occurrence of paracytic stomata was noted on both surfaces of the lamina but comparatively more on lower surface. Number of metaxylem vessel recorded in lamina is single whereas, one to two in stem, petiole and roots. Presence of mucilage sacs recorded in the cortex of both petiole and stem.

MUZAKKI, F. A., CHIKMAWATI, T. & HARTANA, A. 2020. The resurrection of Schizostachyum biflorum McClure (Bambusoideae). Reinwardtia 19(2): 93‒96. ‒‒ Based on newly collected specimens from Mount Salak referable to Schizostachyum biflorum, made it justifiable to recognize this species as different from S. iraten Steud., to which formerly it was synonymized. A complete description of S. biflorum, a comparative tabulation of the morphological features that distinguished it from S. iraten, and figures of the two species are presented.

DARNAEDI, D. & CLAYTON, L. 2020. The Nantu Platycerium grande (Polypodiaceae), a new generic record of Platycerium in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 19(2): 81‒85. ‒‒ Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze was discovered for the first time in Indonesia at the Nantu Forest, Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi. In this paper we document this discovery by providing a description and illustration of this species, as well as some brief ecological notes. Furthermore this is a new generic record of Platycerium in Sulawesi, Indonesia.

ARDIYANI, M., ARDI, W. H., SANTOSO, W. & POULSEN, A. D. 2020. Etlingera tjiasmantoi (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Central Sulawesi. Reinwardtia 19(2): 103‒108. ‒‒ A new species of Etlingera, Etlingera tjiasmantoi Ardiyani & Ardi, was discovered at Tentena, Central Sulawesi, and is described here. This species resembles Etlingera flexuosa A.D.Poulsen and Etlingera mamasarum A.D.Poulsen & Ardiyani but differs from both in having thecae dehiscing through their entire length and in the obovoid, glabrous and spineless fruits. The DNA barcode data, the line drawings of flower and fruit and the plate of E. tjiasmantoi were presented.

HAMBALI, G. G., SULISTIARINI, D. & RUGAYAH. 2020. Dracaena jiewhoei (Asparagaceae), a new endemic species from Sumatra, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 19(2): 75‒79. ‒‒ Dracaena jiewhoei Hambali, Sulistiarini & Rugayah, a new endemic species from Muara Emat, Batang Merangin, Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia is described and illustrated. It is genetically related to Dracaena cantleyi Baker but differs substantially in a range of morphological and its growth pattern characteristics.

SALASIAH, M. & MEEKIONG, K. 2020. Plagiostachys strobilifera var. conica, a new variety from Sarawak, Borneo. Reinwardtia 19(2): 109‒116. ‒‒ The new taxon varies from Plagiostachys strobilifera var. strobilifera in the broader lanceolate leaves, the bilobed ligule, the longer calyx, the rounded anther crests, the oblong lateral staminodes, and the non-free apical bracteole with conical apex (which gives the taxon its epithet). A key to species of Bornean Plagiostachys is also provided, along with a conservation assessment.

VELDKAMP, J. F. & KARTONEGORO, A. 2017. New species of Catanthera and Medinilla (Melastomataceae) from Halmahera, Indonesia and a new name for a Medinilla from Madagascar. Reinwardtia 16(1): 25 - 30. - One new species of Catanthera and four of Medinilla (Melastomataceae) from Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia, are described. One also occurs in Morotai. A new name was needed for M. intermedia H. Perrier (1932), non Blume (1831), from Madagascar.

Many plants have the property of wound healing, but most of the people are using costly allopathic medicine for the wound. This might be due to lack of awareness about the traditional uses and lack of scientific study of ethnomedicinal plants. So, this study aimed to carry out the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of two medicinal plants which are used traditionally for wound healing activity, i.e.,Mimosa rubicaulis and Reinwardtia indica. Different parts of Mimosa rubicaulis (root, stem, and leaves) and Reinwardtia indica (flower and leaves) were used for the study. Extractions were done by maceration using ethanol as solvent. Antibacterial activity was carried out by the well diffusion method, and antioxidant activities were screened by DPPH radical scavenging and NO scavenging assays. Extract of M. rubicaulis has shown a weak zone of inhibition towards S. aureus and P. vulgaris whereas R. indica has shown no zone of inhibition towards selected bacterial strains. Leaf, root, and stem extracts of M. rubicaulis have shown potent antioxidant activity, i.e., IC50 value of 9.8 µg/ml, 10.19 µg/ml, and, 13.64 µg/ml, respectively. Similarly, leaf extract of R. indica exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 19.73 μg/ml. The percentage inhibition of NO radicals of root and stem of M. rubicaulis and leaves of R. indica was 31%, 21%, and 22%, respectively. Out of these two plant species, M. rubicaulis had shown antibacterial activity towards selected microorganism, but antioxidant activity was shown by both plant species. These properties on above mentioned two plant species might help for the development of a marketed formulation for antibacterial and wound-healing agent since wound healing is promoted by antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

GHAZALLI, M. N., TAMIZI, A. A., ESA, M. I. M., BESI, E. E., NIKONG, D., NORDIN, A. R. M. & ZAINI, A. Z. 2019. The systematic significance of leaf epidermal micromorphology of ten Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Reinwardtia 18(2): 81−96. — The pitcher plants of Malaysia belong to the genus Nepenthes and can be found thriving in swampy areas, along the roadside, on hillslopes and in mountainous terrains depending on species and their ecological preferences. In this study, cuticle micromorphology of ten species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) collected from Peninsular Malaysia was intensively studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterise and investigate diagnostic characters of cuticle micromorphology that can be useful in Nepenthes classification. A total of eleven characters from the inner and outer cuticles were enumerated in details and these characters have a value either for infrageneric classification or for diagnostic identification of the species. Characters observed and analysed were related to the epidermal cells, subsidiary cells, stomatal complex i.e type of waxes on both epidermal surfaces, abaxial and adaxial cuticular ornamentation, stomata characteristics, stomata formation, stomata frequency, cuticular ornamentation on stomata, shape of the stomata, stomata size, trichome existence and type of trichomes. Nepenthes ampullaria is clearly distinguished from the other species by markedly different types of tufted and multicellular trichomes of the epidermal cells on both leaf epidermal surfaces. For N. alba, its cuticular feature showed groovy cuticular pattern on the abaxial and adaxial surface, hence, can serve as a diagnostic cuticular pattern for this species. From these findings, the species delimitation based on cuticular features show a clear resolution, however some species might be individually distinct based on the combination of characters examined.

NGANGBAM, R. D., DEVI, N. P., DEVI, M. H. & SINGH, P. K. 2019. Rediscovery of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae), an endangered plant, from Manipur in India after six decades, with studies on micromorphology and physico-chemistry of water. Reinwardtia 18(2): 71‒80. — A small population of the aquatic insectivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. of Droseraceae family was found growing in Yena pat, a small lake having an area of about 0.939 km2 in Bishnupur district, Manipur state, India. This marks its rediscovery in India after a long gap of 64 years. The present status of the species in the updated IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2018.2 is endangered and considered extinct from India. A general description and micromorpho-taxonomic studies are included. As the species is a bioindicator, physico-chemical studies of the water were also investigated so as to provide aid in both in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies. Immediate conservation initiatives are warranted to maintain the species after its rediscovery.

YUMKHAM, S. D., DEVI, N. P., KHOMDRAM, S. D. & DEVI, M. R. 2 019. Trichodesma kumareum (Boraginaceae), a new species from North East India. Reinwardtia 18(2): 105−113. — A new species, Trichodesma kumareum S.D.Yumkham, N.P.Devi, S.D.Khomdram & M.R.Devi (Boraginaceae) is described and illustrated from Manipur State of North East India. It shows affinity with T. khasianum and T. calycosum, but can be differentiated from the rest by its larger size in habit, helicoid cyme, closely packed numerous flowers ranging between 120–160 in number per inflorescence, presence of eight faucal appendages at the base of corolla lobes, adpressed urn–shaped flowering calyx and 1–4 lobed ovaries. A comprehensive description, photographs, relevant notes, conservation status and key to species are incorporated.

SARI, R., HUDA, M., SUSANDARINI, R. & ASTUTI, I. P. 2019. Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar (Rafflesiaceae): A new record to Kalimantan, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 18(2): 65–70. –– Rafflesia hasseltii Suringar flower has been observed for the first time in Sambas District, West Kalimantan by the Flora Fauna Research Team during the Khatulistiwa Expedition organized by Special Forces Command of Indonesian Army in 2012. This finding is the first record of Rafflesia hasseltii in Kalimantan following the previous record in Sarawak. The flower has 5–6 perigone lobes. This paper presents the detail characteristic of the flowers.

ERLINAWATI, I., ASIH, N. P. S., KURNIAWAN, A. & YUZAMMI. 2019. Studies on the Araceae of the Lesser Sunda Islands II: New record for Scindapsus hederaceus Miq. in Bali. Reinwardtia 18(2): 51‒64. — The native Araceae of the Lesser Sunda Islands consists of 19 genera and 33 species, of which Scindapsus hederaceus Miq. is newly reported for Bali. This species distributed from Indo-China to West and Central Malesia. Formerly, in Indonesia the species has been found in Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Short descriptions of all species found in the Lesser Sunda Islands and a key to the genera are provided.

ARDI, W. H . & THOMAS, D. C. 2018. A new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and an augmented description of Begonia bonthainensis. Reinwardtia 18(1): 19−26. — Based on collections from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, an amended description of B. bonthainensis Hemsl. is provided, B. grandipetala Irmsch is placed in synonymy of B. bonthainensis, and the new species Begonia mattampensis Ardi & D.C.Thomas is described and illustrated. Provisional conservation assessments indicate an Endangered (EN) status for B. bonthainensis, an endemic of Mt. Lompobatang and several adjacent mountains at the tip of the Southwestern arm of Sulawesi, and a Critically Endangered (CR) status for Begonia mattampensis, a limestone endemic only known from the Pangkadjene Karst.

RAHAYU, S. & ASTUTI, I. P. 2018. Hoya decipulae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Sumatra, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 18(1): 61‒67. ‒‒ The new Hoya species from Sumatra, Hoya decipulae S.Rahayu & Astuti is here described and illustrated. It is an epiphytic shrub, thin-leaved with white flowers, similar to those of H. papaschonii Rodda, but differs in corolla and corona form. Its corolla has a unique characteristic of forming a “cage” before fully opening, as a result of the attachment of the five corolla tips which are free at the centre. The corona does not have interstaminal lobes as in Hoya papaschonii. Its corona resembles that of H. multiflora Blume and H. irisae Ferreras, Kloppenburg & Tandang from the centre to the tip but differs at the base.

ARDIYANI, M. & POULSEN, A. D. 2019. An update of the genus Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) in Sulawesi including the description of a new species. Reinwardtia 18(1): 49–60. — A new species, Etlingera mamasarum A.D.Poulsen & Ardiyani was discovered in Gunung Gandangdewata National Park, West Sulawesi. It is similar to Etlingera flexuosa A.D.Poulsen but differs in having flowers which are shorter than the bracts. It is described, illustrated and DNA barcoded. Three additional species (Etlingera cylindrica A.D.Poulsen, E. grallata A.D.Poulsen, E. spinulosa A. D.Poulsen) were documented in this national park and represent new records for West Sulawesi Province. We also update information on the morphology of E. calobates A.D.Poulsen, correct an error in the typification of Alpinia chrysogynia (K.Schum.) K.Schum. and discuss the distribution of the Achasma Group of Etlingera east of Wallace’s Line.

ARGENT, G. & MAMBRASAR, Y. M. 2019. Rhododendron widjajae (Ericaceae, section Schistanthe) a new species from Sulawesi. Reinwardtia 18(1): 27‒30. — A new species of Rhododendron section Schistanthe (= subgenus Vireya) is described, Rhododendron widjajae Argent & Mambrasar. It is compared with the two most similar species and the differences demonstrated.

MAMBRASAR, Y. M. & HUTABARAT, P. W. K. 2018. Rhododendron meagaii, a new species of Rhododendron subgenus Vireya (Ericaceae) from Papua, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17(2): 97‒100. ‒‒ Rhododendron meagaii, is described and illustrated as a new species in subgenus Vireya (Ericaceae) from Mount Salju, District of Abenaho, Yalimo Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia. Characters distinguishing this new species from related species are discussed.

WONG, K. M., MAHYUNI, R., NG, X. Y. & NEO, L. 2018. Flora of Singapore Precursors, 8. Systematy of the new Southeast Asian genera Canthiumera and Dibridsonia (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae), with notes on plant architecture and reproductive ecology. Reinwardtia 17(2): 101–124. — The recognition of a number of distinct genera by morphological and molecular phylogenetic attributes from the Canthium s.l. complex still leaves a core group of morphologically disparate taxa. The distinguishing features of the spiny Canthium s.s. and two groups of non-spinescent Southeast Asian tree taxa still commonly identified with C. glabrum Blume and C. confertum Korth. are assessed against those of Cyclophyllum Hook.f., Bullockia (Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer, Kanapia Arriola & Alejandro, Keetia E.Phillips, Perakanthus Robyns ex Ridl., Psydrax Gaertn., and Pyrostria Comm. ex Juss., similarly arborescent genera that have been so distinguished through recent studies. Canthium glabrum and C. confer-tum are, respectively, the bases of the genera Canthiumera K.M.Wong & Mahyuni and Dibridsonia K.M.Wong newly described here. The new species Canthiumera robusta K.M.Wong & X.Y.Ng is described; new nomenclatural combi-nations include C. glabra (Blume) K.M.Wong & Mahyuni, C. neilgherrensis (Wight) K.M.Wong, C. neilgherrensis var. chartacea (Gamble) K.M.Wong, C. siamensis (K.Schum.) K.M.Wong, Dibridsonia conferta (Korth.) K.M.Wong, D. culionensis (Elm.) K.M.Wong, and D. oblongifolia (Quisumb. & Merr.) K.M.Wong. Canthium glabrum var. pedun-culatum Pitard, Plectronia neilgherrensis var. chartacea Gamble and Canthium confertum Korth. are lectotypified. Plectronia viridis Merr. and P. leytensis Merr. are reduced to synonymy under Dibridsonia conferta. Notes on the tree architecture, dispersal ecology and germination of Canthiumera and Dibridsonia are provided.

The present work discusses the establishment of a green route for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an alcoholic extract of Reinwardtia indica (AERI) leaves which act as a reducing as well as a capping agent. The change in color from yellowish green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. A characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm advocated the presence of AgNPs. The synthesis process was optimized using one factor at a time approach where 1.0 mM AgNO

ARDI, W. H. & ARDIYANI, M. 2015. Two new species of Alpinia (Zingiberaceae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia14(2): 311 ‒ 316. — Two new species of Alpinia section Alpinia subsection Cenolophon, Alpinia macrocristaArdiyani & Ardi, and Alpinia pusilla Ardi & Ardiyani, from Sulawesi, Indonesia, are described. Colour plates are provided,and four-locus DNA barcodes have been generated for the purpose of identification. Tabulated key to species ofAlpinia subsection Cenolophon in Sulawesi is also presented.

ARDIYANI, M. 2015. — A new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Enggano Island, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(2): 307 ‒ 310. — A species of Zingiber Miller (Zingiberaceae), Z. engganoensis Ardiyani, from Enggano Island, Indonesiais described. The species is only known from its type locality. It is similar to Z. spectabile Griff. but with somemorphological differences. Three-locus DNA barcodes (rbcL, matK and ITS2) of the new species were generated for itsidentification purposes

Reinwardtia indica, belongs to family Linaceae known as yellow flax or pyoli commonly found in the Himalaya. The plant has varied ethno medicinal importance such as aerial parts are used to prevent bleeding of cuts and as mouthwash; leaves are used in the treatment of paralysis and as natural antibiotic. Qualitative phytochemical screening of chloroform, acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts was performed to explore scientific basis of ethno medicinal potential. It confirmed the presence of many phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavanoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, phlobatanins etc. in various extracts. Most of the phytochemicals were found in methanol and ethanol extracts. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) of the acetone, methanol, chloroform and aqueous extract was performed for four important phytochemicals alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenol. Flavanoids showed their presence in all extracts with one spot in each (Rf 0.8 for acetone, 0.918 for methanol, 0.816 for chloroform and 0.737 for aqueous extract). Alkaloids and tannins were found in acetone and methanol extract while phenol was present only in methanol extract (Rf 0.8). These findings provided the evidence that Reinwardtia indica is a potent source for some medicinally important phytochemicals and it justifies its use as a medicinal plant. This can be further investigated for the isolation and identification of active biochemical compound of medicinal utilities

LATIFF, N. A., SUKRI, R. S., & METALI, F. Nepenthes diversity and abundance in five habitats in Brunei Darussalam. Reinwardtia 14(1): 67 – 71. -- The genus Nepenthes is known to be diverse in Bornean forests and has been recorded in Brunei Darussalam in various forest types. We aim to investigate variation in Nepenthes species richness and abundance at five forest types throughout Brunei Darussalam: open secondary, heath, peat swamp, white sand and mixed dipterocarp forests. A total of thirty-nine 5 x 5 m2 plots were set up in these forest types. Within each plot, Nepenthes species abundance was quantified, with Nepenthes voucher specimens collected and identified to determine species richness. No significant differences were detected either for Nepenthes species richness or abundance between the five forest types, despite records of Nepenthes in Brunei showing preferences for particular habitat types. We suggest that average species richness and abundance remained constant regardless of forest types in this study, but that these results would likely change if sampling intensity is increased in future studies.

DWIYANTI, F.G., KAMIYA, K. & HARADA, K. 2014. Phylogeographic structure of the commercially important tropical tree species Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Dipterocarpaceae) revealed by microsatellite markers. Reinwardtia 14(1): 43 – 51. ? Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. F. (Kapur) is an economically important timber species in Southeast Asia that can serve as a good model for studying the impact of the Pleistocene glaciations on the genetic diversity and distribution of species in tropical regions. Seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were analyzed in five natural populations of D. aromatica (N = 120 individuals): Gunung Panti in Malay Peninsula, Lingga Island in Lingga Archipelago, Lambir Hills National Park, Limbang and Similajau National Park in Borneo. The level of gene diversity (HE) for the five populations was relatively high with a range from 0.571 (Similajau) to 0.729 (Gunung Panti). The high genetic diversity in the present study could be attributed to the larger refugia population sizes of D. aromatica than that of other species. The population genetic structure revealed two distinct groups: the Malay Peninsula-Lingga Archipelago and Borneo. This pattern suggests that populations in each geographical area might be the consequence of post-glacial expansion from one or two refugia, but that gene flow between different glacial refugia was fairly restricted.

Genus Reinwardtia Brauer & Bergenstamm Reinwardtia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889: 158. Type species, tachinina Brauer & Bergenstamm (mon.). undescribed sp. 1. Distr.: Colombia: Antioquia (Belmira). Examined material. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Belmira, Páramo de Santa Inés, Chaparral, 06° 38´51.2 ´´N; 75 ° 40´16.8 ´´W, 3,239m, 2 males, 2–4.iv. 2010, Entomology group Leg., Vsr Fish (CEUA)., Published as part of Pérez, Sandra & De Carvalho, Claudio J. B., 2016, FAMILY MUSCIDAE, pp. 814-853 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 828, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.70, http://zenodo.org/record/256480, {"references":["Brauer, F. & Bergenstamm, J. von (1889) Die Zweiflugler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. IV. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Muscaria Schizometopa (exclusive Anthomyidae). Pars I. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse, 56, 69 - 180."]}

Malpighiales are one of the least resolved of the major angiosperm orders; more comparative data are needed to elucidate deep relationships and character evolution within the order. This article reevaluates pollen and tapetal characters, with a focus on one major subclade, the parietal clade. Pollen structure and, where possible, development are examined in representatives of the parietal clade from Passifloraceae (Passiflora, Turnera), Salicaceae (Populus, Salix), and Violaceae (Viola), and in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), Hypericum (Hypericaceae), and Linum and Reinwardtia (Linaceae) from other Malpighiales. Pollen and tapetal characters in the parietal clade and selected outgroups are tabulated, using both original observations and an extensive literature search. Optimization of pollen and tapetal characters onto a recent molecular phylogeny indicates that lalongate endoapertures are a potential synapomorphy for the parietal clade. Passifloraceae (including the former Turneraceae) have some potential apom...

The phylogeny of Linaceae is examined, with sampling from the 13 commonly recognized genera of the family and sequence data from the plastid genes matK and rbcL. Representatives of 24 additional families of the order Malpighiales are included in the analyses, with members of Celastrales, Fabales, Fagales, Oxalidales and Rosales used as outgroups. Linaceae and both subfamilies, the temperate Linoideae and the tropical Hugonioideae, are found to be monophyletic in likelihood- and parsimony-based analyses, although the monophyly of Hugonioideae is not well supported. Average divergence time estimates using rbcL indicate that the subfamilies diverged from each other during the Palaeocene, approximately 60 million years ago. No sister group to Linaceae is consistently identified in these analyses, and relationships among families of Malpighiales are not well resolved. In accord with previous estimates of Linoideae phylogeny, Linum is shown to be nonmonophyletic, with several segregate genera nested within it, but the relationships of the south-east Asian genera, Anisadenia, Reinwardtia and Tirpitzia, remain uncertain. In Hugonioideae, Indorouchera and Philbornea are found to be closely related to members of Hugonia section Durandea. Relationships of the neotropical genera Hebepetalum and Roucheria to the palaeotropical hugonioids are not consistently resolved. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 165, 64–83.

RAHAYU, Y., CHIKMAWATI, T. & WIDJAJA, E. A. 2018. Nomenclatural study of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum and Tetrastigma rafflesiae (Vitaceae): two common hosts of Rafflesia in Sumatra. Reinwardtia 17(1): 59–66. – A study of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (Vitaceae) conducted in Sumatra has revealed a number of species records. There are two species were misinterpreted. Two species names are here discussed: T. leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb. and T. rafflesiae (Miq.) Planch., which formerly united with T. lanceolarium.

SUJARWO, W. 2018. Bamboo resources, cultural values, and ex-situ conservation in Bali, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17 (1): 67–75. — This present study describes the diversity of bamboo resources, based on Bali Botanic Garden’s bamboo collections, and its unusual uses, including complementary information on floristic region, and ex-situ conservation of bamboo resources on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Bamboo resources have played an important role in the economics and culture of rural communities in Bali. Bali Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), started to introduce bamboo species in 1982 and established the ex-situ conservation compartment (2 ha) of bamboo in the same year. Up to now, 52 species in 11 genera collected from mostly the Malesian region (67.44%) and the Eastern Asiatic region (20.93%) have been planted in the bamboo compartment, of which 5.77% bamboo species are woody climbers.

TURNER, I. M. 2018. A new combination in Pseuderanthemum (Acanthaceae). Reinwardtia 17(1): 55–57. — A new combination is provided in Pseuderanthemum for Eranthemum diantherum Roxb., an Acanthaceae species from the Moluccas. Pseuderanthemum depauperatum Merr. is a synonym of Pseuderanthemum diantherum. Lectotypes for Eranthemum diantherum and Pseuderanthemum depauperatum are designated.

WONG, K. M. & MAHYUNI, R. 2018. Flora of Singapore Precursors, 2. A new species and two new combinations in Psydrax (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae) for West Malesia. Reinwardtia 17(1): 77–84. — Studies in Psydrax Gaertn. for the Flora of Singapore and the Malesian floristic region have revealed that three taxa required the description of a new species and two new combinations. Psydrax undulatifolius K.M.Wong & Mahyuni is newly described as a species thus far recorded only for the Malay Peninsula, whereas Psydrax approximatus (Korth.) Mahyuni & K.M.Wong and Psydrax lucidulus (Miq.) Mahyuni & K.M.Wong are newly combined from Canthium approximatum Korth. and Vangueria lucidula Miq., both distributed in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

VELDKAMP, J. F. 2018. A revision of Isachne in Malesia 2: Sect. Albentes (Gramineae, Isachneae). Reinwardtia 17 (1): 1–33. — There are 23 species of Isachne in Malesia of which the 16 belonging to sect. Albentes are revised here. Isachne fera (N. Sumatra) and I. glandulosa (W. Sumatra) are new species, and so is I. bsipiana from Vanuatu. Isachne clementis and I. vulcanica are distinct species. Isachne albomarginata and I. beneckei are reduced to I. clarkei, I. obtecta to I. stricta, I. repens to I. commelinifolia (which is reinstated here), I. saxicola to I. clementis. Isachne kunthiana restricted to Sri Lanka and S. India has been much misapplied to specimens of I.commelinifolia and I. schmidtii. Fifteen lectotypes are designated.

DAMAYANTO, I P. G. P. 2018. Dinochloa malayana S.Dransf. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new record for Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17(1): 35-37. - Dinochloa malayana was previously only known from Peninsular Malaysia and Southern Thailand. However, recently, this bamboo was also found at Karimun Anak Island and Batam Island,Indonesia. A description, notes and photographs of this species are presented. An identification key to Sumatran Dinochloa is also provided.

The genus Linum consists of over 180 species, the most famous being L. usitatissimum, the source of linen and linseed oil. The eight genera of Linaceae subf. Linoideae, of which Linum is the largest, exhibit a complex biogeographic distribution, inhabiting all continents except Antarctica. Numerous species in Linoideae are heterostylous, but the ancestral breeding system of the group has not been determined. We present phylogenetic analyses of 44 species representing all eight genera of subf. Linoideae and 37 species of Linum, with data from the chloroplast (ndhF, trnL-F, trnK3′ intron) and the nuclear ITS, with Hugonia (Linaceae subf. Hugonioideae) as outgroup. Sequences of rbcL from 48 species of Linaceae, including five species from Hugonioideae and seven species from other families of Malpighiales, were analyzed independently. Our results suggest that Linaceae and subf. Linoideae are monophyletic, but Linum is not. Anisadenia, Reinwardtia, and Tirpitzia are found to be the basal members of Linoideae. The rest of the subfamily forms two major lineages: a blue-flowered clade (Linum sections Linum and Dasylinum) and a yellow-flowered clade (Linum sects. Linopsis, Syllinum, and Cathartolinum, and the genera Cliococca, Hesperolinon, Radiola, and Sclerolinon). Diversification of Linoideae may have begun 46–51 mya, probably in Southeast Asia. Linum appears to have arisen in Eurasia, from which it spread to Africa, North America, South America, and Australasia. Our analyses indicate that neither heterostyly nor homostyly can yet be confirmed as the ancestral state in Linoideae or Linaceae, but provide strong evidence that breeding system is evolutionarily labile in this group.

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Commentationes Botanicae: 20 (1822). ��� Lectotype (designated here): Smith, Exotic Botany 1: t. 17 (1804). Linum trigynum Roxb. ex Hardw., Asiatick Researches 6: 357 (1799), (nom. illegit.) non Linnaeus (1753: 279). ��� Macrolinum trigynum Rchb., Handbuch des Nat��rlichen Pflanzensystems: 307 (1837). ��� Reinwardtia trigyna (Rchb.) Planch., Hooker���s London Journal of Botany 7: 522 (1848). ��� Kittelocharis trigyna (Rchb.) Alef., Botanische Zeitung 21: 282 (1863). ��� Lectotype (designated here): T. Hardwicke, Plants of India Vol. XVI (Add MS 11025): drawing no. 2 (British Library Western Manuscripts). Fig. 4., Published as part of Turner, Ian M., 2015, The botanical legacy of Thomas Hardwicke's journey to Srinagar in 1796, pp. 1-25 in European Journal of Taxonomy 108 on page 9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2015.108, http://zenodo.org/record/3779322, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Volume 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 669"]}

SULISTIARINI, D., POTTER, D. & O’BYRNE, P. 2017. Dendrobium tinukariensis, a new species of section Calyptrochilus from Mekongga Mountains, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 103–106. — A new species of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae), D. tinukariensis is described and illustrated from Mekongga, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs in Dendrobium sect. Calyptrochilus.