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PurposeWe wished to determine whether immune privilege parameters assayed in aqueous humour (AqH) are relevant to the fate of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in humans.MethodsAqH was collected in 28 patients before PK (prospective cohort), in 6 patients with no history of graft rejection undergoing cataract surgery after PK (acceptors), in another 6 patients undergoing treatment of an acute endothelial immune reaction (rejectors), and in 65 controls undergoing uncomplicated cataract extraction. AqH was tested for total protein concentration and the ability to suppress T-cell activation.ResultsAqH protein concentrations of acceptors and rejectors post-PK were elevated (2.7±0.8 and 2.7±0.7 mg/ml, respectively) compared with pre-PK AqH level and cataract controls (1.0±0.1 mg/ml, P=0.01). All AqH samples suppressed T-cell activation, irrespective of source and timing of AqH removal.ConclusionAssays of immune privilege markers in AqH suggest that PK surgery may result in a sustained loss of integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier. Although trends were evident, values of immune privilege markers determined pre- and post-PK were not statistically significantly different between the study groups. However, further prospective studies determining additional immune privilege markers have to be conducted in order to find out whether these markers might serve as predictive parameters for immune reactions following PK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Purpose: To establish a national consensus on contraindications for corneal donation for transplantation in Switzerland., Methods: Swisstransplant (SWT), the Swiss national foundation coordinating tissue and organ donations, convened a working group consisting of six national corneal surgeons and eye bankers and donation experts to create a contraindication list for corneal donation. The group reviewed available national and international guidelines and recommendations, while adhering to Swiss law and transplant regulations. In cases of opposing opinions, the group held follow-up meetings until a consensus was reached. A consensus was defined as agreement among all parties present., Results: From March 2021 to November 2021, the study group held six meetings and created a standardized minimal contraindication list for corneal donation in Switzerland. Thanks to this list, SWT has created a mandatory working and documentation file for donor coordinators to use when evaluating multiorgan donors for corneal harvesting. The authors agreed that while the national consensus list provides standardized minimal contraindication criteria, local eye banks may choose to introduce additional, more rigorous criteria., Conclusion: Given that corneal transplantation is the most commonly performed transplantation, establishing a consensus on contraindications is crucial for recipient safety. The creation of a consensus on contraindications for corneal donation in Switzerland is an essential contribution to fulfil the legal requirements concerning quality assurance and provides sufficient high-quality donor tissue within the country. Therefore, periodic review and revision of the consensus is considered critical., Competing Interests: F. B., F. I., N. K., N. F., C. T., C. R., H. M., B. F., C. K., and I. M. were part of the corneal expert group that created the national consensus discussed in this manuscript. The authors, except F. I., N. K., N. F., C. R., and S. S., received honoraria from Swisstransplant for their contribution. F. I., N. K., N. F., and S. S. declare no conflict of interest related to the topic., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The Section on Tissue Transplantation and Biotechnology presented its 9th annual report. On the one hand, the number of cornea samples has risen to 10,840, of which 7168 have been transplanted. On the other hand, 1340 transplants have still been imported from abroad and more than 3300 patients were waiting for a transplant at the end of the year. The transplant bottleneck has not yet been eliminated., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

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Competing Interests: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Background: Graft rejection. Twenty to thirty percent of patients with corneal transplants experience at least one rejection episode in the first 5 years after transplantation. Prophylaxis through matching for human leukocyte antigens (HLA) is controversial. We herein report the results of the Functional ANtigen matChing in keratoplastY (FANCY) trial., Methods: FANCY was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. The primary objective was to evaluate superiority of HLA matching versus random graft assignment. The primary endpoint was rejection-free graft survival. We included both normal-risk and high-risk indications. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT00810472)., Results: 721 patients were included, 639 patients were randomized. 474 patients underwent keratoplasty within the study; 165 patients received grafts outside the trial. One patient died and one patient was lost to follow up. We observed 33 graft rejections in the HLA matching arm (n = 224). The corresponding estimated cumulative incidence rate of immune reactions after two years was 15.7%. We observed 40 rejections in the control arm (n = 249). After two years this yields an estimated cumulative incidence rate of 17%., Conclusion: In our heterogenous study group, HLA matching did not show a significant advantage compared to random graft assignment. The rejection rate in our sample was lower than expected. Therefore no definite conclusions can be drawn as to whether HLA matching is beneficial in corneal transplantation.

Purpose: The purpose of this retrospective panel study was to provide an overview of absolute numbers and of trends in the types of and indications for corneal transplantation in Germany from 2001 to 2016., Methods: A questionnaire about absolute numbers, types of transplantation, and indications was sent to 111 ophthalmologic departments in Germany, out of which 94 (85%) provided their data., Results: Since the year 2001, the number of corneal transplantations has increased by 1.5-fold, from 4730 penetrating keratoplasties (PKPs) in 2001 to 7325 penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties in 2016. The shift from penetrating to lamellar procedures began in 2006. In 2014, lamellar procedures (231 [4%] anterior and 2883 [49%] posterior lamellar keratoplasties) surpassed PKPs (2721, 47%) for the first time. Main indications for keratoplasty in Germany (2016) are Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (46%), pseudophakic corneal decompensation (bullous keratopathy, 13%), repeated keratoplasty after graft failure (11%), keratoconus (8%), and corneal scarring (6%; others: 16%). The number of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasties (DMEKs) was 12 times higher (3850, 53%) than Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasties (DSAEKs, 319, 4.4%) in 2016. The proportion of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasties (DALKs) never exceeded 6% (269 in 2011)., Conclusions: The number of keratoplasties in Germany has increased from 2001 to 2016. Since 2014, posterior lamellar keratoplasties have surpassed PKPs. There was a constant increase of DMEKs, with a 12-fold higher number compared to DSAEKs in 2016. The shorter recovery time after DMEK seems to contribute to the trend toward earlier operative intervention in corneal endothelial diseases., (Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

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Competing Interests: Interessenkonflikt: Nein.

To present 2 cases with long-term relapse-free intervals only after limbo-keratoplasty but not after conventional penetrating keratoplasty in granular dystrophy.Retrospective review of the patient charts and photographs taken during long-term follow-up of 2 cases with granular dystrophy, in which 1 eye received penetrating keratoplasty and the fellow eye received penetrating limbo-keratoplasty.In the first patient, 1 eye showed extensive recurrence of granular deposits 17 years after penetrating keratoplasty was performed while in the second eye two-thirds of the corneal transplant adjacent to the transplanted limbal area remained clear 12 years after the limbo-corneal transplant. In the second patient, 1 eye showed no signs of recurrence 5 years after limbo-keratoplasty, whereas a recurrence of granular corneal deposits occurred 18 months after surgery in the fellow eye.These cases show that the simultaneous transplantation of healthy donor limbus when performing penetrating keratoplasty may prolong recurrence in granular corneal dystrophy. Although we were unable to prove it on the molecular level, these clinical courses may support the hypothesis that a limbal transplant helps prevent a recurrence.

The use of topic anti-inflammatory drugs has become very important in the treatment of dry eye disease. Besides the basic therapy including tear replacement, use of serum eye drops and mucolytic eye drops, the topical application of corticosteroids and cyclosporin A is more commonly used in moderate to severe forms of dry eye disease. The consistent treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction as a frequent reason for evaporative dry eye is also of particular importance. Understanding the chronicity of the disease and long-term compliance are the essential for successful therapy of this widespread disease., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical and functional results after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) as preferred technique in patients with Fuchs dystrophy and endothelial decompensation in a consecutive series., History and Signs: In 12 eyes of 11 patients with Fuchs dystrophy or postoperative corneal decompensation a Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty as sole technique was indicated. All eyes were pseudophakic. Mean preoperative visual acuity was 0.25. Corneal stromal edema was observed since 18 months in mean., Therapy and Outcome: There were neither postoperative complications nor graft loss due to preparation. Mean follow-up time was 7 months. Stromal edema vanished within 4 weeks in mean. Postoperative visual acuity improved in all cases to 0.6 in mean. Neither immune reaction nor endophthalmitis nor primary graft failure were observed so far. Endothelial cell loss was 20% in mean., Conclusion: Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty seems to be a promising procedure. Long-term follow-up will show the real value of this exciting technique., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Purpose: To investigate the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to transdifferentiate to corneal epithelial cells in experimental limbal stem cell deficiency in rabbits., Methods: Total limbal stem cell deficiency was produced in 21 right eyes of 21 New Zealand rabbits; 6 eyes served as controls (group 1, G1). After removal of the conjunctival overgrowth, five eyes received amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT; G2). In four eyes, autologous limbal stem cell transplantation from the healthy eye was performed with AMT (G3). In another six eyes, enriched autologous MSC were injected under the amniotic membrane (AM) (G4). Within 280 days, corneoscleral discs were analysed for goblet cells, cytokeratin (CK) 3/12, connexin 43, β(1) -integrin, CK 19, α-enolase, p63 and ATP-binding cassette transporter subtype G-2 (ABCG-2) distribution patterns., Results: Cultivated MSC were positive for CK 3/12 and α-enolase, but negative for ABCG-2, p63 and connexin 43. On rabbit corneas, CK 3/12 was expressed in all corneal regions in all groups, but with significantly different intensities. Among all other parameters, expression levels of ABCG-2, β(1) -integrin and connexin 43 were significantly different between the transplanted groups and the control group. After a mean follow-up time of 172 (47-280) days, goblet cells were rarely present in the central cornea (G1-4)., Conclusion: CK 3/12 is not highly specific for differentiated corneal epithelium. Further, goblet cells are not a reliable marker for conjunctivalization in rabbits. Expression of ABCG-2, β(1)-integrin and connexin 43 after mesenchymal stem cell transplantation may indicate their ability to maintain their stem cell character or to transdifferentiate to epithelial progenitor cells., (© 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Acta Ophthalmol.)

Background: In Germany, human tissue for corneal and amniotic transplantation is supplied by 27 cornea banks., Methods: The Section for Tissue Transplantation and Biotechnology of the German Ophthalmological Society records the cornea banks' activities by means of an annual questionnaire., Results: In 2009, a total of 4,818 corneal grafts were processed by 21 responding cornea banks, and 57% were deemed suitable for transplantation. This ratio is slightly higher than the European average. In addition, German cornea banks released 1,257 amniotic grafts in 2009., Discussion: German cornea banks are currently facing new regulatory issues due to updated legislation regarding tissue transplantation. Recent updates in European law have limited the cutoff time for postmortem blood sampling to 24 h, and this regulation may lead to a significant reduction in potential donors.