7,634 results on '"Reingold A"'
Search Results
2. The impact of pneumococcal serotype replacement on the effectiveness of a national immunization program: a population-based active surveillance cohort study in New Zealand.
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Anglemyer, Andrew, Ren, Xiaoyun, Gilkison, Charlotte, Kumbaroff, Zoe, Morgan, Julie, DuBray, Kara, Tiong, Audrey, Reingold, Arthur, and Walls, Tony
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Antimicrobial resistance ,PCV ,Pneumococcal disease ,Serotype replacement - Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) PCV7 was introduced in 2008, then PCV10 in 2011 and PCV13 in 2014. In 2017 PCV10 was re-introduced, replacing PCV13. In the present study, we investigate the resultant rapidly changing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) epidemiology. METHODS: We compare the IPD incidence rate ratio (IRR) in NZ (2022 versus 2020) with other countries, and describe the IPD epidemiology (including trends in overall IPD and serotype 19A, and antimicrobial resistance) within NZ. Additionally, we performed a genomic-epidemiology investigation identifying the most common 19A sequence types and associated risk factors. FINDINGS: Though IPD incidence rates have increased in the US and Australia (2021-22) after declines in 2020, in NZ the incidence rate is the highest since 2011 with a significantly higher IRR than US (p
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- 2024
3. Oral minoxidil for late alopecia in cancer survivors
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Kuo, Alyce Mei-Shiuan, Reingold, Rachel E., Ketosugbo, Kwami F., Pan, Alexander, Kraehenbuehl, Lukas, Dusza, Stephen, Gajria, Devika, Lake, Diana E., Bromberg, Jacqueline F., Traina, Tiffany A., Fornier, Monica N., Gucalp, Ayca, D’Alessandro, Brian M., Rotemberg, Veronica, Dauscher, Megan, Shapiro, Jerry, Goldfarb, Shari B., Markova, Alina, and Lacouture, Mario E.
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- 2024
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4. Anticipated and Experienced Stigma After Testing Positive for SARS-CoV-2: A Qualitative Study.
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De Zuzuarregui, Mariah, Frank, Darren, Gomez-Aladino, Sarah, Muñoz, Ariel, Williamson, Sabrina, Wang, Emily, Hunter, Lauren, Packel, Laura, Reingold, Arthur, and Facente, Shelley
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,public health messaging ,qualitative research ,stigma ,Humans ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 Testing ,Pandemics ,Social Stigma - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Stigma has inhibited public health practitioners influence during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore the experienced and anticipated stigma of people affiliated with a large university in the United States, using the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative secondary substudy of 20 people who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive and 10 who tested negative in the summer of 2020, selected from a study of 3,324 university students and employees. FINDINGS: No participants reported anticipated stigmatization prior to testing positive. However, eight of 20 participants recounted stigma marking (being marked by COVID-19 diagnosis or membership in a high-risk group) or manifestations of stigma after testing positive, including feelings of guilt or shame, and concerns about being judged as selfish or irresponsible. Three described being denied services or social interactions as a result of having had COVID-19, long after their infectiousness ended. Participants noted that clear public health messaging must be paired with detailed scientific information, rather than leaving people to resort to non-experts to understand the science. DISCUSSION: Public health messaging designed to mitigate spread of SARS-CoV-2 and protect the community may perpetuate stigma and exacerbate inequities. As a result, people may avoid testing or treatment, mistrust public health messaging, or even use risk-increasing behavior as coping mechanisms. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Intentional use of language that promotes equity and deters discrimination must be high priority for any COVID-19-related public health messaging. Partnership with community leaders to co-create programs and disseminate messaging is a critical strategy for reducing stigma, especially for historically mistreated groups.
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- 2024
5. Look What You Made Me Do: Jewish Swifties and A Fundraiser for Gaza
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Reingold, Matt
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- 2024
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6. Navigating Crisis Together: Canadian Jews, Israel, and October 7
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Reingold, Matt and Reznik, Shira
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- 2024
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7. Meningococcal Disease in Persons With HIV Reported Through Active Surveillance in the United States, 2009-2019.
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Rudmann, Keegan, Cooper, Gabrielle, Marjuki, Henju, Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Moore, Ashley, Harrison, Lee, Lynfield, Ruth, Khanlian, Sarah, Anderson, Bridget, Martin, Tasha, Schaffner, William, McNamara, Lucy, and Rubis, Amy
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Neisseria meningitidis ,invasive meningococcal disease ,people with HIV - Abstract
Persons with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for bacterial infections, and previous publications document an increased risk for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in particular. This analysis provides evidence that PWH face a 6-fold increase in risk for IMD based on Active Bacterial Core surveillance data collected during 2009-2019.
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- 2024
8. Severity of influenza-associated hospitalisations by influenza virus type and subtype in the USA, 2010-19: a repeated cross-sectional study.
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Sumner, Kelsey, Masalovich, Svetlana, OHalloran, Alissa, Holstein, Rachel, Reingold, Arthur, Kirley, Pam, Alden, Nisha, Herlihy, Rachel, Meek, James, Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly, Anderson, Evan, Openo, Kyle, Monroe, Maya, Leegwater, Lauren, Henderson, Justin, Lynfield, Ruth, McMahon, Melissa, McMullen, Chelsea, Angeles, Kathy, Spina, Nancy, Engesser, Kerianne, Bennett, Nancy, Felsen, Christina, Lung, Krista, Shiltz, Eli, Thomas, Ann, Talbot, H, Schaffner, William, Swain, Ashley, George, Andrea, Rolfes, Melissa, Reed, Carrie, and Garg, Shikha
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Humans ,United States ,Influenza ,Human ,Influenza Vaccines ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Influenza A Virus ,H3N2 Subtype ,Influenza A Virus ,H1N1 Subtype ,Influenza B virus ,Influenza A virus ,Hospitalization - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Influenza burden varies across seasons, partly due to differences in circulating influenza virus types or subtypes. Using data from the US population-based surveillance system, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), we aimed to assess the severity of influenza-associated outcomes in individuals hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections during the 2010-11 to 2018-19 influenza seasons. METHODS: To evaluate the association between influenza virus type or subtype causing the infection (influenza A H3N2, A H1N1pdm09, and B viruses) and in-hospital severity outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, use of mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO], and death), we used FluSurv-NET to capture data for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalisations from the 2010-11 to 2018-19 influenza seasons for individuals of all ages living in select counties in 13 US states. All individuals had to have an influenza virus test within 14 days before or during their hospital stay and an admission date between Oct 1 and April 30 of an influenza season. Exclusion criteria were individuals who did not have a complete chart review; cases from sites that contributed data for three or fewer seasons; hospital-onset cases; cases with unidentified influenza type; cases of multiple influenza virus type or subtype co-infection; or individuals younger than 6 months and ineligible for the influenza vaccine. Logistic regression models adjusted for influenza season, influenza vaccination status, age, and FluSurv-NET site compared odds of in-hospital severity by virus type or subtype. When missing, influenza A subtypes were imputed using chained equations of known subtypes by season. FINDINGS: Data for 122 941 individuals hospitalised with influenza were captured in FluSurv-NET from the 2010-11 to 2018-19 seasons; after exclusions were applied, 107 941 individuals remained and underwent influenza A virus imputation when missing A subtype (43·4%). After imputation, data for 104 969 remained and were included in the final analytic sample. Averaging across imputed datasets, 57·7% (weighted percentage) had influenza A H3N2, 24·6% had influenza A H1N1pdm09, and 17·7% had influenza B virus infections; 16·7% required ICU admission, 6·5% received mechanical ventilation or ECMO, and 3·0% died (95% CIs had a range of less than 0·1% and are not displayed). Individuals with A H1N1pdm09 had higher odds of in-hospital severe outcomes than those with A H3N2: adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for A H1N1pdm09 versus A H3N2 were 1·42 (95% CI 1·32-1·52) for ICU admission; 1·79 (1·60-2·00) for mechanical ventilation or ECMO use; and 1·25 (1·07-1·46) for death. The adjusted ORs for individuals infected with influenza B versus influenza A H3N2 were 1·06 (95% CI 1·01-1·12) for ICU admission, 1·14 (1·05-1·24) for mechanical ventilation or ECMO use, and 1·18 (1·07-1·31) for death. INTERPRETATION: Despite a higher burden of hospitalisations with influenza A H3N2, we found an increased likelihood of in-hospital severe outcomes in individuals hospitalised with influenza A H1N1pdm09 or influenza B virus. Thus, it is important for individuals to receive an annual influenza vaccine and for health-care providers to provide early antiviral treatment for patients with suspected influenza who are at increased risk of severe outcomes, not only when there is high influenza A H3N2 virus circulation but also when influenza A H1N1pdm09 and influenza B viruses are circulating. FUNDING: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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- 2023
9. Transcriptional reprogramming in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum and its aphid host Myzus persicae during the switch between saprophytic and parasitic lifestyles
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Victoria Reingold, Adi Faigenboim, Sabina Matveev, Sabrina Haviv, Eduard Belausov, Andreas Vilcinskas, and Dana Ment
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Mycopathogen ,Host–pathogen interaction ,Transcriptomics ,Live imaging ,Fungal infection ,Early infection ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background The fungus Metarhizium brunneum has evolved a remarkable ability to switch between different lifestyles. It develops as a saprophyte, an endophyte establishing mutualistic relationships with plants, or a parasite, enabling its use for the control of insect pests such as the aphid Myzus persicae. We tested our hypothesis that switches between lifestyles must be accompanied by fundamental transcriptional reprogramming, reflecting adaptations to different environmental settings. Results We combined high throughput RNA sequencing of M. brunneum in vitro and at different stages of pathogenesis to validate the modulation of genes in the fungus and its host during the course of infection. In agreement with our hypothesis, we observed transcriptional reprogramming in M. brunneum following conidial attachment, germination on the cuticle, and early-stage growth within the host. This involved the upregulation of genes encoding degrading enzymes and gene clusters involved in synthesis of secondary metabolites that act as virulence factors. The transcriptional response of the aphid host included the upregulation of genes potentially involved in antifungal activity, but antifungal peptides were not induced. We also observed the induction of a host flightin gene, which may be involved in wing formation and flight muscle development. Conclusions The switch from saprophytic to parasitic development in M. brunneum is accompanied by fundamental transcriptional reprogramming during the course of the infection. The aphid host responds to fungal infection with its own transcriptional reprogramming, reflecting its inability to express antifungal peptides but featuring the induction of genes involved in winged morphs that may enable offspring to avoid the contaminated environment.
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- 2024
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10. Arts-Based Learning in Israel Education: A Qualitative Inquiry into Using Political Cartoons to Study Current Events in Israeli Society
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Matt Reingold
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An arts-based qualitative research study was conducted to study the use of political cartoons in Israel education in a high school class. Data analysis revealed that students' initial interest in the cartoons coupled with the diversity of representations of Israeli society on display in the cartoons facilitated an Israel education experience that afforded students the opportunity to engage in meaningful text-to-self connections that also deepened their understanding of the complexity of Israeli society.
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- 2024
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11. Attachment Representations of Female Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Reflected in the Bird's Nest Drawing Assessment
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Limor Goldner and Ortal Herzig Reingold
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The study examined the Bird's Nest Drawing (BND) of 14 adults who experienced child sexual abuse perpetrated by females, primarily their mothers. Descriptive analysis revealed the prevalence of insecure attachment and mainly an ambivalent representation. The drawings reflected vulnerability and under-protectiveness. Almost one-third of the drawings did not include caregiving and were suggestive of loneliness, abandonment, and rejection. When maternal caregiving was depicted, it was intrusive and characterized by a lack of separation, abandonment, or unsatisfying caregiving. The survivors' narratives (n = 4) revealed themes of sadness, lack of protection, and vulnerability related to their mothers' lack of competence. These findings suggest that the BND can serve as a valuable art therapy assessment tool to better understand attachment representations.
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- 2024
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12. Oracle Efficient Online Multicalibration and Omniprediction
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Garg, Sumegha, Jung, Christopher, Reingold, Omer, and Roth, Aaron
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
A recent line of work has shown a surprising connection between multicalibration, a multi-group fairness notion, and omniprediction, a learning paradigm that provides simultaneous loss minimization guarantees for a large family of loss functions. Prior work studies omniprediction in the batch setting. We initiate the study of omniprediction in the online adversarial setting. Although there exist algorithms for obtaining notions of multicalibration in the online adversarial setting, unlike batch algorithms, they work only for small finite classes of benchmark functions $F$, because they require enumerating every function $f \in F$ at every round. In contrast, omniprediction is most interesting for learning theoretic hypothesis classes $F$, which are generally continuously large. We develop a new online multicalibration algorithm that is well defined for infinite benchmark classes $F$, and is oracle efficient (i.e. for any class $F$, the algorithm has the form of an efficient reduction to a no-regret learning algorithm for $F$). The result is the first efficient online omnipredictor -- an oracle efficient prediction algorithm that can be used to simultaneously obtain no regret guarantees to all Lipschitz convex loss functions. For the class $F$ of linear functions, we show how to make our algorithm efficient in the worst case. Also, we show upper and lower bounds on the extent to which our rates can be improved: our oracle efficient algorithm actually promises a stronger guarantee called swap-omniprediction, and we prove a lower bound showing that obtaining $O(\sqrt{T})$ bounds for swap-omniprediction is impossible in the online setting. On the other hand, we give a (non-oracle efficient) algorithm which can obtain the optimal $O(\sqrt{T})$ omniprediction bounds without going through multicalibration, giving an information theoretic separation between these two solution concepts.
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- 2023
13. Dissenting Explanations: Leveraging Disagreement to Reduce Model Overreliance
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Reingold, Omer, Shen, Judy Hanwen, and Talati, Aditi
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,68 ,I.2 - Abstract
While explainability is a desirable characteristic of increasingly complex black-box models, modern explanation methods have been shown to be inconsistent and contradictory. The semantics of explanations is not always fully understood - to what extent do explanations "explain" a decision and to what extent do they merely advocate for a decision? Can we help humans gain insights from explanations accompanying correct predictions and not over-rely on incorrect predictions advocated for by explanations? With this perspective in mind, we introduce the notion of dissenting explanations: conflicting predictions with accompanying explanations. We first explore the advantage of dissenting explanations in the setting of model multiplicity, where multiple models with similar performance may have different predictions. In such cases, providing dissenting explanations could be done by invoking the explanations of disagreeing models. Through a pilot study, we demonstrate that dissenting explanations reduce overreliance on model predictions, without reducing overall accuracy. Motivated by the utility of dissenting explanations we present both global and local methods for their generation., Comment: V2: AAAI 2024 V1: AI & HCI Workshop at ICML 2023
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- 2023
14. Bidding Strategies for Proportional Representation in Advertisement Campaigns
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Navon, Inbal Livni, Peale, Charlotte, Reingold, Omer, and Shen, Judy Hanwen
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Computer Science - Computers and Society ,F.0 - Abstract
Many companies rely on advertising platforms such as Google, Facebook, or Instagram to recruit a large and diverse applicant pool for job openings. Prior works have shown that equitable bidding may not result in equitable outcomes due to heterogeneous levels of competition for different types of individuals. Suggestions have been made to address this problem via revisions to the advertising platform. However, it may be challenging to convince platforms to undergo a costly re-vamp of their system, and in addition it might not offer the flexibility necessary to capture the many types of fairness notions and other constraints that advertisers would like to ensure. Instead, we consider alterations that make no change to the platform mechanism and instead change the bidding strategies used by advertisers. We compare two natural fairness objectives: one in which the advertisers must treat groups equally when bidding in order to achieve a yield with group-parity guarantees, and another in which the bids are not constrained and only the yield must satisfy parity constraints. We show that requiring parity with respect to both bids and yield can result in an arbitrarily large decrease in efficiency compared to requiring equal yield proportions alone. We find that autobidding is a natural way to realize this latter objective and show how existing work in this area can be extended to provide efficient bidding strategies that provide high utility while satisfying group parity constraints as well as deterministic and randomized rounding techniques to uphold these guarantees. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solutions on data adapted from a real-world employment dataset., Comment: Foundations of Responsible Computing (FORC 2023)
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- 2023
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15. COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations Among U.S. Adults Aged ≥65 Years - COVID-NET, 13 States, January-August 2023.
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Taylor, Christopher, Patel, Kadam, Patton, Monica, Kawasaki, Breanna, Meek, James, Openo, Kyle, Ryan, Patricia, Falkowski, Anna, Bye, Erica, Plymesser, Kelly, Spina, Nancy, Tesini, Brenda, Moran, Nancy, Sutton, Melissa, Talbot, H, George, Andrea, Havers, Fiona, and Reingold, Arthur
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Humans ,Adult ,United States ,COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Hospitalization ,Intensive Care Units ,Vaccination - Abstract
Adults aged ≥65 years remain at elevated risk for severe COVID-19 disease and have higher COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates compared with those in younger age groups. Data from the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) were analyzed to estimate COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates during January-August 2023 and identify demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years during January-June 2023. Among adults aged ≥65 years, hospitalization rates more than doubled, from 6.8 per 100,000 during the week ending July 15 to 16.4 per 100,000 during the week ending August 26, 2023. Across all age groups, adults aged ≥65 years accounted for 62.9% (95% CI = 60.1%-65.7%) of COVID-19-associated hospitalizations, 61.3% (95% CI = 54.7%-67.6%) of intensive care unit admissions, and 87.9% (95% CI = 80.5%-93.2%) of in-hospital deaths associated with COVID-19 hospitalizations. Most hospitalized adults aged ≥65 years (90.3%; 95% CI = 87.2%-92.8%) had multiple underlying conditions, and fewer than one quarter (23.5%; 95% CI = 19.5%-27.7%) had received the recommended COVID-19 bivalent vaccine. Because adults aged ≥65 years remain at increased risk for COVID-19-associated hospitalization and severe outcomes, guidance for this age group should continue to focus on measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, encourage vaccination, and promote early treatment for persons who receive a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result to reduce their risk for severe COVID-19-associated outcomes.
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- 2023
16. Transcriptional reprogramming in the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum and its aphid host Myzus persicae during the switch between saprophytic and parasitic lifestyles
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Reingold, Victoria, Faigenboim, Adi, Matveev, Sabina, Haviv, Sabrina, Belausov, Eduard, Vilcinskas, Andreas, and Ment, Dana
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- 2024
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17. Factors associated with depressive symptoms among returnee migrants and non-migrants working adults in Madi municipality in Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study
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Adhikary, Pratik, Devkota, Hridaya Raj, Reingold, Arthur L., and Ghimire, Dirgha J.
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- 2024
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18. Bauer, Heike, Andrea Greenbaum, and Sarah Lightman, Eds. Jewish Women in Comics: Bodies and Borders: Syracuse University Press, 2023, 290 pages, 76 color illustrations
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Reingold, Matt
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- 2024
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19. Generative Models of Huge Objects
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Hu, Lunjia, Livni-Navon, Inbal, and Reingold, Omer
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Computer Science - Computational Complexity ,Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ,Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
This work initiates the systematic study of explicit distributions that are indistinguishable from a single exponential-size combinatorial object. In this we extend the work of Goldreich, Goldwasser and Nussboim (SICOMP 2010) that focused on the implementation of huge objects that are indistinguishable from the uniform distribution, satisfying some global properties (which they coined truthfulness). Indistinguishability from a single object is motivated by the study of generative models in learning theory and regularity lemmas in graph theory. Problems that are well understood in the setting of pseudorandomness present significant challenges and at times are impossible when considering generative models of huge objects. We demonstrate the versatility of this study by providing a learning algorithm for huge indistinguishable objects in several natural settings including: dense functions and graphs with a truthfulness requirement on the number of ones in the function or edges in the graphs, and a version of the weak regularity lemma for sparse graphs that satisfy some global properties. These and other results generalize basic pseudorandom objects as well as notions introduced in algorithmic fairness. The results rely on notions and techniques from a variety of areas including learning theory, complexity theory, cryptography, and game theory.
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- 2023
20. Swap Agnostic Learning, or Characterizing Omniprediction via Multicalibration
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Gopalan, Parikshit, Kim, Michael P., and Reingold, Omer
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,68T05, 68Q32 - Abstract
We introduce and study Swap Agnostic Learning. The problem can be phrased as a game between a predictor and an adversary: first, the predictor selects a hypothesis $h$; then, the adversary plays in response, and for each level set of the predictor $\{x \in \mathcal{X} : h(x) = v\}$ selects a (different) loss-minimizing hypothesis $c_v \in \mathcal{C}$; the predictor wins if $h$ competes with the adaptive adversary's loss. Despite the strength of the adversary, we demonstrate the feasibility Swap Agnostic Learning for any convex loss. Somewhat surprisingly, the result follows through an investigation into the connections between Omniprediction and Multicalibration. Omniprediction is a new notion of optimality for predictors that strengthtens classical notions such as agnostic learning. It asks for loss minimization guarantees (relative to a hypothesis class) that apply not just for a specific loss function, but for any loss belonging to a rich family of losses. A recent line of work shows that omniprediction is implied by multicalibration and related multi-group fairness notions. This unexpected connection raises the question: is multi-group fairness necessary for omniprediction? Our work gives the first affirmative answer to this question. We establish an equivalence between swap variants of omniprediction and multicalibration and swap agnostic learning. Further, swap multicalibration is essentially equivalent to the standard notion of multicalibration, so existing learning algorithms can be used to achieve any of the three notions. Building on this characterization, we paint a complete picture of the relationship between different variants of multi-group fairness, omniprediction, and Outcome Indistinguishability. This inquiry reveals a unified notion of OI that captures all existing notions of omniprediction and multicalibration.
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- 2023
21. Epidemiology of Invasive Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Disease-United States, 2008-2019.
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Oliver, Sara, Rubis, Amy, Soeters, Heidi, Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica, Harrison, Lee, Como-Sabetti, Kathy, Khanlian, Sarah, Wester, Rachel, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Marjuki, Henju, Wang, Xin, and Hariri, Susan
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Haemophilus influenzae ,Haemophilus influenzae vaccines ,epidemiology ,nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae ,Infant ,Child ,Infant ,Newborn ,Humans ,Female ,Pregnancy ,United States ,Aged ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Haemophilus Infections ,Serotyping ,Incidence ,Postpartum Period ,Infant ,Newborn ,Diseases - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the most common cause of invasive H. influenzae disease in the United States (US). We evaluated the epidemiology of invasive NTHi disease in the US, including among pregnant women, infants, and people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). METHODS: We used data from population- and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive H. influenzae disease conducted in 10 sites to estimate national incidence of NTHi, and to describe epidemiology in women of childbearing age, infants aged ≤30 days (neonates), and PWH living in the surveillance catchment areas. H. influenzae isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for species confirmation, serotyping, and whole genome sequencing of select isolates. RESULTS: During 2008-2019, average annual NTHi incidence in the US was 1.3/100 000 population overall, 5.8/100 000 among children aged
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- 2023
22. Shortage of essential pediatric medications puts children's health at risk. Results from a European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP) Survey 2023
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Christine Magendie, Gottfried Huss, Laura Reali, and Stephen Reingold
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Medicine shortages ,Paediatric primary care ,Public health ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Unparalleled drug shortages during the winter of 2022/2023 had a profound impact on paediatric primary care across Europe. A survey conducted by the European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP) evaluated the availability of essential pediatric drugs and the resulting challenges. The survey was conducted between January and March 2023 and included responses from 640 paediatricians from 18 countries. The results of the survey indicated that there were substantial shortages, particularly of child friendly formulations of commonly prescribed medicines. Paediatricians in the survey feared that the use of less appropriate alternatives could potentially compromise the efficacy and safety of treatment. The survey findings highlight the urgent need for coordinated actions at multiple levels to ensure the availability of essential pediatric medications and safeguard children's health in future crises.
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- 2024
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23. 'Easier to Understand but More Difficult to Digest': Student Experiences with Israeli Yom HaZikaron Cartoons
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Matt Reingold
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Language and Literature ,Judaism ,BM1-990 ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
Yom HaZikaron, Israel’s Remembrance Day, has received considerable scholarly attention, with research published about how the country’s youth understand the day but there has been no comparable data from diaspora Jews. This article presents findings about how a cohort of Canadian Jewish teenagers participating in a gallery walk of Israeli political cartoons provided new ways of thinking about and relating to Yom HaZikaron. The data revealed that students care about Yom HaZikaron but struggle to form a connection to the day. Political cartoons that depicted personal loss led students to form new insights into the day and to new associations and connections with Israelis.
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- 2024
24. Oracle Efficient Online Multicalibration and Omniprediction.
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Sumegha Garg, Christopher Jung 0001, Omer Reingold, and Aaron Roth 0001
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- 2024
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25. Dissenting Explanations: Leveraging Disagreement to Reduce Model Overreliance.
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Omer Reingold, Judy Hanwen Shen, and Aditi Talati
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- 2024
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26. 21 Epidemiologic Research in the Setting of Outbreak Response
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Reingold, Arthur, Sorenson, Robert A., editor, Higgs, Elizabeth S., Editor-in-Chief, Fallah, Mosoka P., Section Editor, Lurie, Nicole, Section Editor, McNay, Laura A., Section Editor, and Smith, Peter G., Section Editor
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- 2024
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27. Medical Compliance and Adherence Post-Discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
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Schimmel, Michael S., Reingold, Stephen M., Fornari, Victor, editor, Dancyger, Ida, editor, and Silver, Peter, editor
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- 2024
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28. Changes in the Incidence of Invasive Bacterial Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, 2014-2020.
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Prasad, Namrata, Rhodes, Julia, Deng, Li, McCarthy, Natalie, Moline, Heidi, Baggs, James, Reddy, Sujan, Jernigan, John, Havers, Fiona, Sosin, Daniel, Thomas, Ann, Lynfield, Ruth, Schaffner, William, Reingold, Arthur, Burzlaff, Kari, Harrison, Lee, Petit, Susan, Farley, Monica, Herlihy, Rachel, Nanduri, Srinivas, Pilishvili, Tamara, McNamara, Lucy, Schrag, Stephanie, Fleming-Dutra, Katherine, Kobayashi, Miwako, and Arvay, Melissa
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COVID-19 ,United States ,invasive bacterial disease ,nonpharmaceutical intervention ,United States ,Humans ,Infant ,Incidence ,Pandemics ,COVID-19 ,Bacterial Infections ,Streptococcus pneumoniae ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Streptococcus agalactiae - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Descriptions of changes in invasive bacterial disease (IBD) epidemiology during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States are limited. METHODS: We investigated changes in the incidence of IBD due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group A Streptococcus (GAS), and group B Streptococcus (GBS). We defined the COVID-19 pandemic period as 1 March to 31 December 2020. We compared observed IBD incidences during the pandemic to expected incidences, consistent with January 2014 to February 2020 trends. We conducted secondary analysis of a health care database to assess changes in testing by blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture during the pandemic. RESULTS: Compared with expected incidences, the observed incidences of IBD due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, GAS, and GBS were 58%, 60%, 28%, and 12% lower during the pandemic period of 2020, respectively. Declines from expected incidences corresponded closely with implementation of COVID-19-associated nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Significant declines were observed across all age and race groups, and surveillance sites for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Blood and CSF culture testing rates during the pandemic were comparable to previous years. CONCLUSIONS: NPIs likely contributed to the decline in IBD incidence in the United States in 2020; observed declines were unlikely to be driven by reductions in testing.
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- 2023
29. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 incidence and seroconversion among university students and employees: a longitudinal cohort study in California, June–August 2020
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Hunter, Lauren A, Wyman, Stacia, Packel, Laura J, Facente, Shelley N, Li, Yi, Harte, Anna, Nicolette, Guy, Consortium, the IGI SARS-CoV-2 Testing, Di Germanio, Clara, Busch, Michael P, Reingold, Arthur L, Petersen, Maya L, Urnov, Fyodor, McDevitt, Shana, Hirsch, Ariana, Ehrenberg, Alexander, Doudna, Jennifer A, Amen, M, Barry, Kerrie W, Boyle, John M, Brook, Cara E, Choo, Seunga, Cornmesser, Dilworth, David J, Fedrigo, Indro, Friedline, Skyler E, Graham, Thomas GW, Green, Ralph, Hamilton, Jennifer R, Hochstrasser, Megan L, Hockemeyer, Dirk, Krishnappa, Netravathi, Lari, Azra, Li, Hanqin, Lin-Shiao, Enrique, Lu, Tianlin, Lyons, Elijah F, Mark, Kevin G, Martell, Lisa Argento, Martins, A Raquel O, Mitchell, Patrick S, Moehle, Erica A, Naca, Christine, Nandakumar, Divya, O’Brien, Elizabeth, Pappas, Derek J, Pestal, Kathleen, Quach, Diana L, Rubin, Benjamin E, Sachdeva, Rohan, Stahl, Elizabeth C, Syed, Abdullah Muhammad, Tan, I-Li, Tollner, Amy L, Tsuchida, Connor A, Tsui, C Kimberly, Turkalo, Timothy K, Warf, M Bryan, Whitney, Oscar N, and Witkowsky, Lea B
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Biodefense ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Infectious Diseases ,Vaccine Related ,Prevention ,Clinical Research ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COVID-19 ,Incidence ,COVID-19 Testing ,Longitudinal Studies ,Universities ,Seroconversion ,Phylogeny ,Prospective Studies ,California ,Cohort Studies ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,Public health ,Infection control ,Epidemiology ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,IGI SARS-CoV-2 Testing Consortium ,Clinical Sciences ,Public Health and Health Services ,Other Medical and Health Sciences - Abstract
ObjectivesTo identify incident SARS-CoV-2 infections and inform effective mitigation strategies in university settings, we piloted an integrated symptom and exposure monitoring and testing system among a cohort of university students and employees.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA public university in California from June to August 2020.Participants2180 university students and 738 university employees.Primary outcome measuresAt baseline and endline, we tested participants for active SARS-CoV-2 infection via quantitative PCR (qPCR) test and collected blood samples for antibody testing. Participants received notifications to complete additional qPCR tests throughout the study if they reported symptoms or exposures in daily surveys or were selected for surveillance testing. Viral whole genome sequencing was performed on positive qPCR samples, and phylogenetic trees were constructed with these genomes and external genomes.ResultsOver the study period, 57 students (2.6%) and 3 employees (0.4%) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection via qPCR test. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that a super-spreader event among undergraduates in congregate housing accounted for at least 48% of cases among study participants but did not spread beyond campus. Test positivity was higher among participants who self-reported symptoms (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 12.7; 95% CI 7.4 to 21.8) or had household exposures (IRR 10.3; 95% CI 4.8 to 22.0) that triggered notifications to test. Most (91%) participants with newly identified antibodies at endline had been diagnosed with incident infection via qPCR test during the study.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that integrated monitoring systems can successfully identify and link at-risk students to SARS-CoV-2 testing. As the study took place before the evolution of highly transmissible variants and widespread availability of vaccines and rapid antigen tests, further research is necessary to adapt and evaluate similar systems in the present context.
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- 2023
30. Bacterial and viral infections among adults hospitalized with COVID-19, COVID-NET, 14 states, March 2020-April 2022.
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Armistead, Isaac, Meek, James, Anderson, Evan, Weigel, Andy, Reeg, Libby, Como-Sabetti, Kathryn, Ropp, Susan, Muse, Alison, Bushey, Sophrena, Shiltz, Eli, Sutton, Melissa, Talbot, H, Chatelain, Ryan, Havers, Fiona, Shah, Melisa, Patel, Kadam, Milucky, Jennifer, Taylor, Christopher, and Reingold, Arthur
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COVID‐19 ,COVID‐NET ,SARS‐CoV‐2 ,bacterial coinfection ,viral coinfection ,Adult ,Humans ,Coinfection ,COVID-19 ,Influenza ,Human ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Virus Diseases ,Bacterial Infections - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bacterial and viral infections can occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but prevalence, risk factors, and associated clinical outcomes are not fully understood. METHODS: We used the Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET), a population-based surveillance system, to investigate the occurrence of bacterial and viral infections among hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2020 and April 2022. Clinician-driven testing for bacterial pathogens from sputum, deep respiratory, and sterile sites were included. The demographic and clinical features of those with and without bacterial infections were compared. We also describe the prevalence of viral pathogens including respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus/enterovirus, influenza, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and non-SARS-CoV-2 endemic coronaviruses. RESULTS: Among 36 490 hospitalized adults with COVID-19, 53.3% had bacterial cultures taken within 7 days of admission and 6.0% of these had a clinically relevant bacterial pathogen. After adjustment for demographic factors and co-morbidities, bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19 within 7 days of admission were associated with an adjusted relative risk of death 2.3 times that of patients with negative bacterial testing. Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative rods were the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens. Among hospitalized adults with COVID-19, 2766 (7.6%) were tested for seven virus groups. A non-SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified in 0.9% of tested patients. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with clinician-driven testing, 6.0% of adults hospitalized with COVID-19 were identified to have bacterial coinfections and 0.9% were identified to have viral coinfections; identification of a bacterial coinfection within 7 days of admission was associated with increased mortality.
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- 2023
31. Acute Cardiac Events During COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations.
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Woodruff, Rebecca, Garg, Shikha, George, Mary, Patel, Kadam, Jackson, Sandra, Loustalot, Fleetwood, Wortham, Jonathan, Taylor, Christopher, Whitaker, Michael, Alden, Nisha, Meek, James, Anderson, Evan, Weigel, Andy, Henderson, Justin, Bye, Erica, Davis, Sarah, Barney, Grant, Bennett, Nancy, Shiltz, Eli, Sutton, Melissa, Talbot, H, Price, Andrea, Sperling, Laurence, Havers, Fiona, and Reingold, Arthur
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,United States ,adults ,heart diseases ,hospitalization ,Adult ,Humans ,COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Hospital Mortality ,Hospitalization ,Heart Diseases - Abstract
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is associated with cardiac complications. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with acute cardiac events during COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among adults. METHODS: During January 2021 to November 2021, medical chart abstraction was conducted on a probability sample of adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection identified from 99 U.S. counties in 14 U.S. states in the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network. We calculated the prevalence of acute cardiac events (identified by International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision-Clinical Modification codes) by history of underlying cardiac disease and examined associated risk factors and disease outcomes. RESULTS: Among 8,460 adults, 11.4% (95% CI: 10.1%-12.9%) experienced an acute cardiac event during a COVID-19-associated hospitalization. Prevalence was higher among adults who had underlying cardiac disease (23.4%; 95% CI: 20.7%-26.3%) compared with those who did not (6.2%; 95% CI: 5.1%-7.6%). Acute ischemic heart disease (5.5%; 95% CI: 4.5%-6.5%) and acute heart failure (5.4%; 95% CI: 4.4%-6.6%) were the most prevalent events; 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1%-0.5%) experienced acute myocarditis or pericarditis. Risk factors varied by underlying cardiac disease status. Patients with ≥1 acute cardiac event had greater risk of intensive care unit admission (adjusted risk ratio: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.8-2.1) and in-hospital death (adjusted risk ratio: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.1) compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Acute cardiac events were common during COVID-19-associated hospitalizations, particularly among patients with underlying cardiac disease, and are associated with severe disease outcomes. Persons at greater risk for experiencing acute cardiac events during COVID-19-associated hospitalizations might benefit from more intensive clinical evaluation and monitoring during hospitalization.
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- 2023
32. Comparison of Influenza and Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children Younger Than 18 Years Old in the United States: FluSurv-NET (October-April 2017-2021) and COVID-NET (October 2020-September 2021).
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Delahoy, Miranda, Ujamaa, Dawud, Taylor, Christopher, Cummings, Charisse, Anglin, Onika, Holstein, Rachel, Milucky, Jennifer, OHalloran, Alissa, Patel, Kadam, Pham, Huong, Whitaker, Michael, Chai, Shua, Alden, Nisha, Kawasaki, Breanna, Meek, James, Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly, Anderson, Evan, Openo, Kyle, Weigel, Andy, Teno, Kenzie, Reeg, Libby, Leegwater, Lauren, Lynfield, Ruth, McMahon, Melissa, Ropp, Susan, Rudin, Dominic, Muse, Alison, Spina, Nancy, Bennett, Nancy, Popham, Kevin, Billing, Laurie, Shiltz, Eli, Sutton, Melissa, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Talbot, H, Crossland, Melanie, McCaffrey, Keegan, Hall, Aron, Burns, Erin, McMorrow, Meredith, Reed, Carrie, Havers, Fiona, Garg, Shikha, and Reingold, Arthur
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COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,children ,influenza ,surveillance ,Adolescent ,Child ,Humans ,United States ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Influenza ,Human ,COVID-19 ,Pandemics ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Hospitalization - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 are significant causes of respiratory illness in children. METHODS: Influenza- and COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among children
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- 2023
33. Association between epidemiologic case definition categories and adverse clinical outcome in patients with Clostridiodes difficile infection in San Francisco County, California: a five-year retrospective cohort study.
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Siraw, Bekure, Meyahnwi, Didien, and Reingold, Arthur
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Adverse outcome ,Case definition category ,Clostridiodes difficile ,Mortality ,Recurrence ,Humans ,Community-Acquired Infections ,Retrospective Studies ,Clostridioides difficile ,Clostridium Infections ,San Francisco ,Cross Infection ,Risk Factors - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Understanding the predictors of adverse clinical outcomes following incident Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) can help clinicians identify which patients are at risk of complications and help prioritize the provision of their care. In this study, we assessed the associations between epidemiologic case definition categories and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with CDI in San Francisco County, California. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using CDI surveillance data (n = 3274) from the California Emerging Infections Program for the time period 2016 to 2020. After independent associations were established, two multivariable logistic and log-binomial regression models were constructed for the final statistical analysis. RESULT: The mean cumulative incidence of CDI cases was 78.8 cases per 100,000 population. The overall recurrence rate and the 30-day all-cause mortality rate were 11.1% and 4.5%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared to the community associated CDI cases, healthcare facility onset (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI [1.3-7]) and community-onset-healthcare facility associated (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI [1.4-4.3]) CDI cases were found to have higher odds of all-cause 30-day mortality. Community onset-healthcare facility-associated CDI case definition category was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence of CDI (ARR = 1.7; 95% CI [1.2-2.4]). CONCLUSION: Although the incidence of community-associated CDI cases has been rising, the odds of all-cause 30-day mortality and the risk of recurrent CDI associated with these infections are lower than healthcare facility onset and community-onset healthcare facility-associated CDI cases.
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- 2023
34. Loss Minimization through the Lens of Outcome Indistinguishability
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Gopalan, Parikshit, Hu, Lunjia, Kim, Michael P., Reingold, Omer, and Wieder, Udi
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
We present a new perspective on loss minimization and the recent notion of Omniprediction through the lens of Outcome Indistingusihability. For a collection of losses and hypothesis class, omniprediction requires that a predictor provide a loss-minimization guarantee simultaneously for every loss in the collection compared to the best (loss-specific) hypothesis in the class. We present a generic template to learn predictors satisfying a guarantee we call Loss Outcome Indistinguishability. For a set of statistical tests--based on a collection of losses and hypothesis class--a predictor is Loss OI if it is indistinguishable (according to the tests) from Nature's true probabilities over outcomes. By design, Loss OI implies omniprediction in a direct and intuitive manner. We simplify Loss OI further, decomposing it into a calibration condition plus multiaccuracy for a class of functions derived from the loss and hypothesis classes. By careful analysis of this class, we give efficient constructions of omnipredictors for interesting classes of loss functions, including non-convex losses. This decomposition highlights the utility of a new multi-group fairness notion that we call calibrated multiaccuracy, which lies in between multiaccuracy and multicalibration. We show that calibrated multiaccuracy implies Loss OI for the important set of convex losses arising from Generalized Linear Models, without requiring full multicalibration. For such losses, we show an equivalence between our computational notion of Loss OI and a geometric notion of indistinguishability, formulated as Pythagorean theorems in the associated Bregman divergence. We give an efficient algorithm for calibrated multiaccuracy with computational complexity comparable to that of multiaccuracy. In all, calibrated multiaccuracy offers an interesting tradeoff point between efficiency and generality in the omniprediction landscape.
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- 2022
35. Omnipredictors for Constrained Optimization
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Hu, Lunjia, Livni-Navon, Inbal, Reingold, Omer, and Yang, Chutong
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Computers and Society ,Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Mathematics - Optimization and Control - Abstract
The notion of omnipredictors (Gopalan, Kalai, Reingold, Sharan and Wieder ITCS 2021), suggested a new paradigm for loss minimization. Rather than learning a predictor based on a known loss function, omnipredictors can easily be post-processed to minimize any one of a rich family of loss functions compared with the loss of hypotheses in a class $\mathcal C$. It has been shown that such omnipredictors exist and are implied (for all convex and Lipschitz loss functions) by the notion of multicalibration from the algorithmic fairness literature. In this paper, we introduce omnipredictors for constrained optimization and study their complexity and implications. The notion that we introduce allows the learner to be unaware of the loss function that will be later assigned as well as the constraints that will be later imposed, as long as the subpopulations that are used to define these constraints are known. We show how to obtain omnipredictors for constrained optimization problems, relying on appropriate variants of multicalibration. We also investigate the implications of this notion when the constraints used are so-called group fairness notions.
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- 2022
36. Factors associated with depressive symptoms among returnee migrants and non-migrants working adults in Madi municipality in Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study
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Pratik Adhikary, Hridaya Raj Devkota, Arthur L. Reingold, and Dirgha J. Ghimire
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Mental health ,Working population ,Labour ,Migration ,Depressive symptoms ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Mental health is a growing concern worldwide. It is not well understood whether international labour migrants from Nepal who return to Nepal are at higher risk of developing mental health problems. The purpose of our study was to determine the prevalence of and examine the associated factors for depressive symptoms among returnee migrants and non-migrant working male adults in Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional survey of a probability-based sample of 725 participants was conducted in February 2020. The sample was comprised of two groups based on migration status: returning migrants and non-migrants. The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms. Logistic regression was applied to investigate factors associated with symptoms of depression. Results The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10.1%. However, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was lower (7%) among returnee migrants compared to non-migrants (13.7%). Men in the lower income group had a higher chance of having depressive (AOR = 5.88, 95% CI: 2.17–15.96) than those in the higher income group. Similarly, Buddhists and Christians were more likely to be depressed (AOR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.03–4.68) than Hindus. Participants with more than two children had a higher chance of having of depressive symptoms (AOR = 4.80, 95% CI: 1.15–20.05) compared with those without children. Unmarried men were more likely to be depressed (AOR = 4.07, 95%, CI:1.11–14.92) than those who were married. Conclusion The working Nepali adult male population in Nepal, including returning migrants, is at risk of depressive symptoms, but this association was lower in those in the higher income group, returnee migrants, those who were married, Hindus and those with no children. Our results highlight the need to monitor and develop national policies to ensure the mental health of the Nepali male adult population, including returnee migrants.
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- 2024
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37. Leximax Approximations and Representative Cohort Selection
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Henzinger, Monika, Peale, Charlotte, Reingold, Omer, and Shen, Judy Hanwen
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Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Computer Science - Computers and Society - Abstract
Finding a representative cohort from a broad pool of candidates is a goal that arises in many contexts such as choosing governing committees and consumer panels. While there are many ways to define the degree to which a cohort represents a population, a very appealing solution concept is lexicographic maximality (leximax) which offers a natural (pareto-optimal like) interpretation that the utility of no population can be increased without decreasing the utility of a population that is already worse off. However, finding a leximax solution can be highly dependent on small variations in the utility of certain groups. In this work, we explore new notions of approximate leximax solutions with three distinct motivations: better algorithmic efficiency, exploiting significant utility improvements, and robustness to noise. Among other definitional contributions, we give a new notion of an approximate leximax that satisfies a similarly appealing semantic interpretation and relate it to algorithmically-feasible approximate leximax notions. When group utilities are linear over cohort candidates, we give an efficient polynomial-time algorithm for finding a leximax distribution over cohort candidates in the exact as well as in the approximate setting. Furthermore, we show that finding an integer solution to leximax cohort selection with linear utilities is NP-Hard., Comment: 27 pages. Shortened version to appear in FORC 2022
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- 2022
38. Water and war: The effect of functioning chlorinated water stations in reducing waterborne diseases during conflict in northwest Syria, 2017-2021.
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Haar, Rohini, Abdelrahman, Sarah, Muzzall, Evan, Aladhan, Ibrahim, Shobak, Kasim, Kawas, Mohamad, Aksh, Aya, Reingold, Arthur, AlMhawish, Naser, and Blair, Alden
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Since 2011, Syria has been engulfed in a complex conflict marked by both targeted and indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure. Water infrastructure has been continuously targeted, exacerbating problems with contamination of and access to clean adequate drinking water, and increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. We aimed to determine whether having access to more functional and chlorinated water stations is associated with a reduced risk of waterborne disease in northwest Syria. We examined the effect of functioning chlorinated water stations on the incidence of waterborne disease in 10 districts of Northwest Syria between January 1, 2017, and June 30, 2021, using weekly reported disease surveillance data and data from a water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) system evaluation program of the Assistance Coordination Unit (ACU). We ran eight negative binomial models to examine the association between functioning chlorinated water stations and the incidence of four of the five waterborne diseases: acute bloody diarrhea (ABD), acute other diarrhea (AOD), acute jaundice syndrome (AJS), and severe typhoid fever (STF). Dose-response models were used to investigate how the incidence of disease can theoretically be reduced as functioning and chlorinated water stations strategically increase. Compared to areas with lower quintiles of functioning and chlorinated water stations, the rates of the four waterborne diseases were lower in areas with higher quintiles of functioning and chlorinated water stations. Exposure to functioning water stations had a stronger association with lower rates of waterborne diseases than exposure to chlorinated water stations. Dose-response models demonstrate a potential for curbing the incidence of acute diarrhea and acute jaundice syndrome. The results of this study provide an understanding of the effects of water station functionality and chlorination in conflict settings. These findings support greater prioritization of WASH activities in countries experiencing violence against civilian infrastructure.
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- 2023
39. Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae — 10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011–2018
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Oliver, Sara E, Rubis, Amy B, Soeters, Heidi M, Reingold, Arthur, Barnes, Meghan, Petit, Susan, Moore, Ashley E, Harrison, Lee H, Lynfield, Ruth, Angeles, Kathy M, Burzlaff, Kari E, Thomas, Ann, Schaffner, William, Marjuki, Henju, Wang, Xin, and Hariri, Susan
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunization ,Prevention ,Vaccine Related ,Clinical Research ,Pediatric ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,United States ,Infant ,Haemophilus influenzae ,Incidence ,Haemophilus Infections ,Serogroup ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Haemophilus Vaccines ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) can cause meningitis and other serious invasive disease. Encapsulated Hi is classified into six serotypes (a-f) based on chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule; unencapsulated strains are termed nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Hi serotype b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children in the pre-Hib vaccine era, and secondary transmission of Hi among children (e.g., to household contacts and in child care facilities) (1,2) led to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation for antibiotic chemoprophylaxis to prevent Hib disease in certain circumstances.* High Hib vaccination coverage since the 1990s has substantially reduced Hib disease, and other serotypes now account for most Hi-associated invasive disease in the United States (3). Nevertheless, CDC does not currently recommend chemoprophylaxis for contacts of persons with invasive disease caused by serotypes other than Hib and by NTHi (non-b Hi). Given this changing epidemiology, U.S. surveillance data were reviewed to investigate secondary cases of invasive disease caused by Hi. The estimated prevalence of secondary transmission was 0.32% among persons with encapsulated Hi disease (≤60 days of one another) and 0.12% among persons with NTHi disease (≤14 days of one another). Isolates from all Hi case pairs were genetically closely related, and all patients with potential secondary infection had underlying medical conditions. These results strongly suggest that secondary transmission of non-b Hi occurs. Expansion of Hi chemoprophylaxis recommendations might be warranted to control invasive Hi disease in certain populations in the United States, but further analysis is needed to evaluate the potential benefits against the risks, such as increased antibiotic use.
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- 2023
40. Workshop-based learning and networking: a scalable model for research capacity strengthening in low- and middle-income countries
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Perier, Celine, Nasinghe, Emmanuel, Charles, Isabelle, Ssetaba, Leoson Junior, Ahyong, Vida, Bangs, Derek, Beatty, P Robert, Czudnochowski, Nadine, Diallo, Amy, Dugan, Eli, Fabius, Jacqueline M, Baker, Hildy Fong, Gardner, Jackson, Isaacs, Stephen, Joanah, Birungi, Kalantar, Katrina, Kateete, David, Knight, Matt, Krasilnikov, Maria, Krogan, Nevan J, Langelier, Chaz, Lee, Eric, Li, Lucy M, Licht, Daniel, Lien, Katie, Lyons, Zilose, Mboowa, Gerald, Mwebaza, Ivan, Mwesigwa, Savannah, Nalwadda, Geraldine, Nichols, Robert, Penaranda, Maria Elena, Petnic, Sarah, Phelps, Maira, Popper, Stephen J, Rape, Michael, Reingold, Arthur, Robbins, Richard, Rosenberg, Oren S, Savage, David F, Schildhauer, Samuel, Settles, Matthew L, Sserwadda, Ivan, Stanley, Sarah, Tato, Cristina M, Tsitsiklis, Alexandra, Van Dis, Erik, Vanaerschot, Manu, Vinden, Joanna, Cox, Jeffery S, Joloba, Moses L, and Schaletzky, Julia
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Infectious Diseases ,Good Health and Well Being ,Partnerships for the Goals ,Capacity Building ,Developing Countries ,Global Health ,Humans ,Poverty ,Students ,Universities ,Capacity strengthening ,Africa ,Uganda ,research ,infectious diseases ,Public Health and Health Services - Abstract
Science education and research have the potential to drive profound change in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through encouraging innovation, attracting industry, and creating job opportunities. However, in LMICs, research capacity is often limited, and acquisition of funding and access to state-of-the-art technologies is challenging. The Alliance for Global Health and Science (the Alliance) was founded as a partnership between the University of California, Berkeley (USA) and Makerere University (Uganda), with the goal of strengthening Makerere University's capacity for bioscience research. The flagship program of the Alliance partnership is the MU/UCB Biosciences Training Program, an in-country, hands-on workshop model that trains a large number of students from Makerere University in infectious disease and molecular biology research. This approach nucleates training of larger and more diverse groups of students, development of mentoring and bi-directional research partnerships, and support of the local economy. Here, we describe the project, its conception, implementation, challenges, and outcomes of bioscience research workshops. We aim to provide a blueprint for workshop implementation, and create a valuable resource for bioscience research capacity strengthening in LMICs.
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- 2022
41. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Coinfection and Clinical Characteristics Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Who Were Hospitalized or Died with Influenza — United States, 2021–22 Influenza Season
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Adams, Katherine, Tastad, Katie J, Huang, Stacy, Ujamaa, Dawud, Kniss, Krista, Cummings, Charisse, Reingold, Arthur, Roland, Jeremy, Austin, Elizabeth, Kawasaki, Breanna, Meek, James, Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly, Anderson, Evan J, Openo, Kyle P, Reeg, Libby, Leegwater, Lauren, McMahon, Melissa, Bye, Erica, Poblete, Mayvilynne, Landis, Zachary, Spina, Nancy L, Engesser, Kerianne, Bennett, Nancy M, Gaitan, Maria A, Shiltz, Eli, Moran, Nancy, Sutton, Melissa, Abdullah, Nasreen, Schaffner, William, Talbot, H Keipp, Olsen, Kristen, Staten, Holly, Taylor, Christopher A, Havers, Fiona P, Reed, Carrie, Budd, Alicia, Garg, Shikha, O’Halloran, Alissa, and Brammer, Lynnette
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Influenza ,Pediatric ,Immunization ,Infectious Diseases ,Biodefense ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Vaccine Related ,Prevention ,Lung ,Pneumonia & Influenza ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Child ,Humans ,Adolescent ,United States ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Influenza ,Human ,Coinfection ,Seasons ,Prevalence ,COVID-19 ,Death ,General & Internal Medicine - Abstract
The 2022-23 influenza season shows an early rise in pediatric influenza-associated hospitalizations (1). SARS-CoV-2 viruses also continue to circulate (2). The current influenza season is the first with substantial co-circulation of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 (3). Although both seasonal influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 can contribute to substantial pediatric morbidity (3-5), whether coinfection increases disease severity compared with that associated with infection with one virus alone is unknown. This report describes characteristics and prevalence of laboratory-confirmed influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 coinfections among patients aged
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- 2022
42. Epidemiologic features, clinical characteristics, and predictors of mortality in patients with candidemia in Alameda County, California; a 2017–2020 retrospective analysis
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Meyahnwi, Didien, Siraw, Bekure B, and Reingold, Arthur
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Hematology ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Infectious Diseases ,Sepsis ,Good Health and Well Being ,Humans ,Aged ,Candidemia ,Retrospective Studies ,Candida ,Candida albicans ,Risk Factors ,California ,Antifungal Agents ,Bloodstream infections ,Emerging infections ,Invasive candidiasis ,Microbiology ,Medical Microbiology ,Clinical sciences ,Medical microbiology ,Public health - Abstract
BackgroundBloodstream infections caused by Candida species are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an ever-changing epidemiology. We conducted this study to assess trends in the epidemiologic features, risk factors and Candida species distribution in candidemia patients in Alameda County, California.MethodsWe analyzed data collected from patients in Alameda County, California between 2017 and 2020 as part of the California Emerging Infections Program (CEIP). This is a laboratory-based, active surveillance program for candidemia. In our study, we included incident cases only.ResultsDuring the 4-year period from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2020, 392 incident cases of candidemia were identified. The mean crude annual cumulative incidence was 5.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (range 5.0-6.5 cases per 100,000 population). Candida glabrata was the most common Candida species and was present as the only Candida species in 149 cases (38.0%), followed by Candida albicans, 130 (33.2%). Mixed Candida species were present in 13 patients (3.3%). Most of the cases of candidemia occurred in individuals with one or more underlying conditions. Multivariate regression models showed that age ≥ 65 years (RR 1.66, CI 1.28-2.14), prior administration of systemic antibiotic therapy, (RR 1.84, CI 1.06-3.17), cirrhosis of the liver, (RR 2.01, CI 1.51-2.68), and prior admission to the ICU (RR1.82, CI 1.36-2.43) were significant predictors of mortality.ConclusionsNon-albicans Candida species currently account for the majority of candidemia cases in Alameda County.
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- 2022
43. Oracle Efficient Online Multicalibration and Omniprediction
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Garg, Sumegha, primary, Jung, Christopher, additional, Reingold, Omer, additional, and Roth, Aaron, additional
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- 2024
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44. Conference Report – Recommendations from the Forum for Collaborative Research Symposium on hepatitis B elimination and universal hepatitis B adult vaccination in the United States
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Mitchell Leus, Mayland Treat, Veronica Miller, and Arthur Reingold
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Hepatitis B virus ,Universal adult vaccination ,ImplementationB elimination ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Published
- 2024
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45. The impact of pneumococcal serotype replacement on the effectiveness of a national immunization program: a population-based active surveillance cohort study in New ZealandResearch in context
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Andrew Anglemyer, Xiaoyun Ren, Charlotte Gilkison, Zoe Kumbaroff, Julie Morgan, Kara DuBray, Audrey Tiong, Arthur Reingold, and Tony Walls
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Pneumococcal disease ,Serotype replacement ,PCV ,Antimicrobial resistance ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Summary: Background: In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) PCV7 was introduced in 2008, then PCV10 in 2011 and PCV13 in 2014. In 2017 PCV10 was re-introduced, replacing PCV13. In the present study, we investigate the resultant rapidly changing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) epidemiology. Methods: We compare the IPD incidence rate ratio (IRR) in NZ (2022 versus 2020) with other countries, and describe the IPD epidemiology (including trends in overall IPD and serotype 19A, and antimicrobial resistance) within NZ. Additionally, we performed a genomic-epidemiology investigation identifying the most common 19A sequence types and associated risk factors. Findings: Though IPD incidence rates have increased in the US and Australia (2021–22) after declines in 2020, in NZ the incidence rate is the highest since 2011 with a significantly higher IRR than US (p
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- 2024
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46. Metric Entropy Duality and the Sample Complexity of Outcome Indistinguishability
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Hu, Lunjia, Peale, Charlotte, and Reingold, Omer
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Computational Complexity ,Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
We give the first sample complexity characterizations for outcome indistinguishability, a theoretical framework of machine learning recently introduced by Dwork, Kim, Reingold, Rothblum, and Yona (STOC 2021). In outcome indistinguishability, the goal of the learner is to output a predictor that cannot be distinguished from the target predictor by a class $D$ of distinguishers examining the outcomes generated according to the predictors' predictions. In the distribution-specific and realizable setting where the learner is given the data distribution together with a predictor class $P$ containing the target predictor, we show that the sample complexity of outcome indistinguishability is characterized by the metric entropy of $P$ w.r.t. the dual Minkowski norm defined by $D$, and equivalently by the metric entropy of $D$ w.r.t. the dual Minkowski norm defined by $P$. This equivalence makes an intriguing connection to the long-standing metric entropy duality conjecture in convex geometry. Our sample complexity characterization implies a variant of metric entropy duality, which we show is nearly tight. In the distribution-free setting, we focus on the case considered by Dwork et al. where $P$ contains all possible predictors, hence the sample complexity only depends on $D$. In this setting, we show that the sample complexity of outcome indistinguishability is characterized by the fat-shattering dimension of $D$. We also show a strong sample complexity separation between realizable and agnostic outcome indistinguishability in both the distribution-free and the distribution-specific settings. This is in contrast to distribution-free (resp. distribution-specific) PAC learning where the sample complexity in both the realizable and the agnostic settings can be characterized by the VC dimension (resp. metric entropy)., Comment: 37 pages. To appear in ALT 2022
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- 2022
47. KL Divergence Estimation with Multi-group Attribution
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Gopalan, Parikshit, Narodytska, Nina, Reingold, Omer, Sharan, Vatsal, and Wieder, Udi
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Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Information Theory ,Statistics - Machine Learning - Abstract
Estimating the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between two distributions given samples from them is well-studied in machine learning and information theory. Motivated by considerations of multi-group fairness, we seek KL divergence estimates that accurately reflect the contributions of sub-populations to the overall divergence. We model the sub-populations coming from a rich (possibly infinite) family $\mathcal{C}$ of overlapping subsets of the domain. We propose the notion of multi-group attribution for $\mathcal{C}$, which requires that the estimated divergence conditioned on every sub-population in $\mathcal{C}$ satisfies some natural accuracy and fairness desiderata, such as ensuring that sub-populations where the model predicts significant divergence do diverge significantly in the two distributions. Our main technical contribution is to show that multi-group attribution can be derived from the recently introduced notion of multi-calibration for importance weights [HKRR18, GRSW21]. We provide experimental evidence to support our theoretical results, and show that multi-group attribution provides better KL divergence estimates when conditioned on sub-populations than other popular algorithms., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures
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- 2022
48. The Ideological Perspective of School Principals' Perceptions-Educational Leaders Defining Their Roles
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Dery, Keren and Reingold, Roni
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This research describes the perceptions of school principals in the context of their role in leading the professional development of the teaching staff. Their perceptions were examined in reference to three educational ideologies: socialization, acculturation and individuation. Data analysis of semi structured interviews conducted with 20 school principals, revealed a contradiction between the educational ideology that emerged in the context of the overall educational practice and the ideology referred to in the context of their role in teachers professional development. In the context of the educational practice, the majority of principals described an individuation ideology. In the context the principals' role regarding the professional development of the teaching staff, the majority of school principals presented the socialization ideology as their guiding ethos. In addition, the minority of principals demonstrated a combination of these two ideologies. None of the principals presented the acculturation ideology.
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- 2021
49. Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis.
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Huerga, Helena, Villalba, Julian, Grandjean, Louis, Sotgiu, Giovanni, Egere, Uzochukwu, Singh, Sarman, Zhu, Limei, Lienhardt, Christian, Denholm, Justin, Seddon, James, Whalen, Christopher, García-Basteiro, Alberto, Triasih, Rina, Chen, Cheng, Singh, Jitendra, Huang, Li-Min, Sharma, Surendra, Hannoun, Djohar, Del Corral, Helena, Mandalakas, Anna, Malone, LaShaunda, Ling, Du-Lin, Kritski, Afrânio, Stein, Catherine, Vashishtha, Richa, Boulahbal, Fadila, Fang, Chi-Tai, Boom, W, Netto, Eduardo, Lemos, Antonio, Hesseling, Anneke, Kay, Alexander, Jones-López, Edward, Horsburgh, C, Lange, Christoph, Andrews, Jason, Martinez, Leonardo, Cords, Olivia, Liu, Qiao, Acuna-Villaorduna, Carlos, Bonnet, Maryline, Fox, Greg, Carvalho, Anna, Chan, Pei-Chun, Croda, Julio, Hill, Philip, Lopez-Varela, Elisa, Donkor, Simon, Fielding, Katherine, Graham, Stephen, Espinal, Marcos, Kampmann, Beate, and Reingold, Arthur
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Adolescent ,Adult ,Aged ,BCG Vaccine ,Child ,Child ,Preschool ,Humans ,Infant ,Infant ,Newborn ,Retrospective Studies ,Tuberculosis ,Tuberculosis ,Pulmonary ,Vaccination - Abstract
BACKGROUND: BCG vaccines are given to more than 100 million children every year, but there is considerable debate regarding the effectiveness of BCG vaccination in preventing tuberculosis and death, particularly among older children and adults. We therefore aimed to investigate the age-specific impact of infant BCG vaccination on tuberculosis (pulmonary and extrapulmonary) development and mortality. METHODS: In this systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and Embase without language restrictions for case-contact cohort studies of tuberculosis contacts published between Jan 1, 1998, and April 7, 2018. Search terms included mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB, tuberculosis, and contact. We excluded cohort studies that did not provide information on BCG vaccination or were done in countries that did not recommend BCG vaccination at birth. Individual-level participant data for a prespecified list of variables, including the characteristics of the exposed participant (contact), the index case, and the environment, were requested from authors of all eligible studies. Our primary outcome was a composite of prevalent (diagnosed at or within 90 days of baseline) and incident (diagnosed more than 90 days after baseline) tuberculosis in contacts exposed to tuberculosis. Secondary outcomes were pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and mortality. We derived adjusted odds ratios (aORs) using mixed-effects, binary, multivariable logistic regression analyses with study-level random effects, adjusting for the variable of interest, baseline age, sex, previous tuberculosis, and whether data were collected prospectively or retrospectively. We stratified our results by contact age and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020180512. FINDINGS: We identified 14 927 original records from our database searches. We included participant-level data from 26 cohort studies done in 17 countries in our meta-analysis. Among 68 552 participants, 1782 (2·6%) developed tuberculosis (1309 [2·6%] of 49 686 BCG-vaccinated participants vs 473 [2·5%] of 18 866 unvaccinated participants). The overall effectiveness of BCG vaccination against all tuberculosis was 18% (aOR 0·82, 95% CI 0·74-0·91). When stratified by age, BCG vaccination only significantly protected against all tuberculosis in children younger than 5 years (aOR 0·63, 95% CI 0·49-0·81). Among contacts with a positive tuberculin skin test or IFNγ release assay, BCG vaccination significantly protected against tuberculosis among all participants (aOR 0·81, 95% CI 0·69-0·96), participants younger than 5 years (0·68, 0·47-0·97), and participants aged 5-9 years (0·62, 0·38-0·99). There was no protective effect among those with negative tests, unless they were younger than 5 years (0·54, 0·32-0·90). 14 cohorts reported on whether tuberculosis was pulmonary or extrapulmonary (n=57 421). BCG vaccination significantly protected against pulmonary tuberculosis among all participants (916 [2·2%] in 41 119 vaccinated participants vs 334 [2·1%] in 16 161 unvaccinated participants; aOR 0·81, 0·70-0·94) but not against extrapulmonary tuberculosis (106 [0·3%] in 40 318 vaccinated participants vs 38 [0·2%] in 15 865 unvaccinated participants; 0·96, 0·65-1·41). In the four studies with mortality data, BCG vaccination was significantly protective against death (0·25, 0·13-0·49). INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that BCG vaccination at birth is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children but is ineffective in adolescents and adults. Immunoprotection therefore needs to be boosted in older populations. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health.
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- 2022
50. Shortage of essential pediatric medications puts children's health at risk. Results from a European Confederation of Primary Care Paediatricians (ECPCP) Survey 2023
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Magendie, Christine, Huss, Gottfried, Reali, Laura, and Reingold, Stephen
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- 2024
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- View/download PDF
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