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Die Ultra-Vires-Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum EZB-Anleihekaufprogramm PSPP hat hohe Wellen geschlagen. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeichnet die Entwicklung nach, die in vorgenanntem Beschluss vorläufig kulminierte, und widmet sich der im Kern streitigen Frage nach der Abgrenzung zwischen Währungs- und Wirtschaftspolitik und ihrer gerichtlichen Überprüfbarkeit. Es wird argumentiert, dass ein die „Funktionsgrenzen der Rechtsprechung“ überschreitendes Justiziabilitätshindernis gerade nicht vorliegt, sich andernfalls ein verfassungsrechtlich nicht hinnehmbares Legitimations- und Kontrolldefizit materialisiert. Ein abschließender Ausblick zeigt, dass die hier thematisierte Abgrenzung zwischen Währungs- und Wirtschaftspolitik auch weiterhin relevant ist, im Ergebnis aber ernüchternd ausfällt.

Biogas is an important energy source produced by the anaerobic fermentation of raw faecal slurries and plant residues. Separation of the total digestate increases the fertilizer quality of the liquid fraction and the carbon sequestration potential of the solid fraction. A 12-day incubation study was carried out to investigate the relationships between the chemical composition of different digestate qualities and the immediate response of soil microbial activity and biomass indices. The highest cumulative (Σ) CO2-C efflux was observed after adding the solid fraction and lowest after adding the liquid fraction to soil, which was even lower than that of the control. The ΣCO2-C efflux showed the strongest negative correlation with the raw ash and strong positive correlations with the raw fibre concentration and the C/N ratio of the different digestate qualities. The highest and similar ΣN2O-N efflux was observed after adding the total digestate or the liquid fraction, which were equivalent to approximately 1% of added N. This relatively low percentage indicates a possible origin from nitrifier denitrification. Total digestate and its liquid fraction exhibited considerable net-N mineralisation rates, which could mainly be predicted by the C/N ratios of the different digestate qualities. Microbial biomass C did not respond to the application of any digestate quality, whereas the fungal ergosterol content increased after applying the solid and the composted solid fractions. This raw fibre–induced fungal growth led to strong net-N immobilisation in soil after applying these two digestate qualities.

This work would like to re-visit the roles of collaborative and intelligent robotic system and its enabling technologies including ROS and ROS2, integrated drive system, robotic sensors, horizontal integration of a robotic network, human-robot friendly and natural interaction, and deep learnt robots. It is expected that in Robotics 4.0, intelligences including motion, computing, perception and cognition will be seamlessly integrated to meet the diversified industrial and societal needs. Roadmap and case studies will be given to demonstrate the current endeavour to achieve the idea of Robotics 4.0.

IoT, IIoT and Industry 4.0 technologies are leading the way for digital transformation in manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, energy, retail, cities, supply chain, agriculture, buildings, and other sectors. Machine health monitoring and predictive maintenance of rotating machines is an innovative IIoT use case in the manufacturing and energy sectors. This chapter covers how machine health monitoring can be implemented using advanced sensor technology as a basis for predictive maintenance in rotating devices. It also covers how sensor data can be collected from the devices at the edge, preprocessed in a microcontroller/edge node, and sent to the cloud or local server for advanced data intelligence. In addition, this chapter describes the design and operation of three innovative models for education and training supporting the accelerated adoption of these technologies in industry sectors.