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Este artigo é uma introdução à Análise do Discurso da Sociologia do Conhecimento (ADSC). Trata-se de uma abordagem da pesquisa discursiva dentro das ciências sociais que goza de antiga recepção no espaço de língua alemã e recentemente também em âmbito internacional. Essa abordagem combina a análise de regimes de saber/poder postulada por Foucault com o paradigma interpretativo da sociologia, em especial com a tradição pragmática do interacionismo simbólico e da sociologia do conhecimento social-construtivista. São apresentados importantes conceitos fundamentais, além de sugestões para a metodologia e a aplicação metódica de estudos discursivos correspondentes.

Gary Alan FINE is among the most prominent figures in contemporary sociological ethnography worldwide. In this conversation, he talks about influences in his academic career and key intellectual choices. Considered to be a "serial ethnographer" who has worked in multiple settings, his work focuses on small groups and peopled ethnography, as well as on rumors, gossip, and moral story telling in tiny and larger publics. FINE describes his core theoretical interest as residing in the interplay of structure, interaction, and culture and discusses the multiple local ways society is realized by people in formal and informal social settings: ranging from baseball teams, restaurant kitchens, weather reporting to chess players—to name but a few research sites. Influenced by symbolic interactionist thinking and other important approaches to social worlds, he argues for a confident voice of ethnographic research and writing as well as the importance of conceptual work in a theory-informed empirical sociology of what people do together.

In the following conversation, Howard S. BECKER talks about his lifelong travel with and between sociology and jazz music, his professional training as a sociologist, the hazards of a career, and his involvement with photography and performance. He reflects on the different ways used by artists and sociologists to tell solid stories about social phenomena, and tells a compelling account in its own right about the methodology of sound sociological field work and case study research. By explaining core concepts of his sociological perspective (such as the concept of labeling and "doing things together") and referring to concrete research examples, BECKER in all modesty fully engages with what could be called today's sociological imagination, leaving narrow disciplinary constraints behind in order to explore society with curiosity, using methodologically sensible but nevertheless refreshing approaches. The audio file is accessible from http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49829. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1602122

Wie wissen Soziologinnen und Soziologen, was sie wissen? Trotz der Internationalisierung der Soziologie bestehen nach wie vor starke sprachräumliche Unterschiede in der soziologischen Wissensproduktion, in eingesetzten Theorien, Methoden und Fragestellungen. Der nachfolgende Beitrag erläutert die Entwicklung und Ausprägung der Unterschiedlichkeit soziologischer Wissenskulturen im Hinblick auf den Einsatz qualitativer bzw. interpretativer Ansätze seit den 1960er Jahren in Deutschland und Frankreich. Er stützt sich auf ein von uns 2012-2014 geleitetes Forschungsprojekt und dessen empirische Grundlagen: Dokumentenanalysen und Interviews. Wissenskulturen werden als die Arten und Weisen der Produktion und Legitimation von (hier: soziologischem) Wissen verstanden. Diesbezüglich lässt sich von der Erkenntnisproduktion als dem zentralen Handlungsproblem soziologischen Forschens sprechen. Während für die französischsprachige Soziologie diagnostisch von einer Lösung dieses Erkenntnisproblems durch die den Forschenden zugeschriebenen Kompetenzen und Inspirationen ausgegangen werden kann, schiebt sich im deutschsprachigen Raume eine prozedurale Legitimation durch Verfahren in den Vordergrund. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert exemplarisch die Ausgangssituation dieser Entwicklungen um die Wende zu den 1960er Jahren und bettet sie in die weitere Entfaltung der jeweiligen Soziologien ein. Er will damit zur gegenwärtigen Entwicklung einer reflexiven Soziologie beitragen. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1601145

American Anthropologist Paul RABINOW, known worldwide for his work on French philosopher Michel FOUCAULT as well as for his theoretical, conceptual and empirical work on emerging biosociality, has recently developed an anthropology of the contemporary that conceives of anthropology as a practice of studying how current relations of knowledge, thought, and care are given form within shifting relations of power. He argues that currently the dominant knowledge production practices, institutions, and venues for understanding things human in the 21st century are inadequate institutionally and epistemologically. In response, he has designed modes of experimentation and collaboration consisting in focused conceptual work and the exploration of new forms of case-based inquiry. The challenge is to produce knowledge in such a way that the work enhances us ethically, scientifically, politically, and ontologically. What concepts, venues, and forms are most pertinent for building a reflective relation to the present? The following interview invites to reflect on the "demands of the day" in current anthropological and social sciences research. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1601199

Kathy CHARMAZ is one of the most important thinkers in grounded theory methodology today. Her trailblazing work on constructivist grounded theory continues to inspire research across many disciplines and around the world. In this interview, she reflects on the aura surrounding qualitative inquiry that existed in California in the late 1960s to early 1970s and the lessons she learned from her first forays into empirical research. She comments on the trajectory that grounded theory research has followed since then and gives an account of her own perspective on constructivist grounded theory. In doing so, she underlines the importance of the Chicago School and symbolic interactionist tradition for grounded theory research work today and shows where the latter is positioned in the current field of qualitative fieldwork. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1601165

In 2005, Adele CLARKE first published her book on "Situational Analysis," a well-received elaboration of grounded theory methodology. Situational analysis (SA) combines older as well as more recent traditions of pragmatist sociology, especially those of the Chicago School and social worlds/arenas theory by Anselm STRAUSS, with FOUCAULT's perspective on discourse, feminist thinking, and post-positivist epistemology. In this interview with Reiner KELLER, she explains the theoretical foundations and academic motivations of this approach, and describes the concrete analytical strategies proposed by SA. In due course, she recounts her past experiences, from her very first encounters with qualitative research up to more recent influences from feminist studies and science & technology studies. CLARKE also clarifies where SA is positioned within the broader field of qualitative methodologies, and discusses questions regarding the contribution of SA to the analysis of complex social change. SA is designed to offer an analytical heuristic able to confront these complexities with a considerably expanded set of strategies for doing qualitative research. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs140212

In this contribution I begin by reviewing past views on the future of qualitative social research. In different ways, all of these views give the same account of a problematic present state which must be overcome by following their own particular "mandatory directives" for future developments. I then discuss four structural mechanisms from which current problems in the transmission of qualitative and interpretative designs or approaches originate. Recently, supporters of "post-qualitative research" have addressed such problems by arguing for a form of strong theorism in qualitative social research. However, this type of response can lead back to an outdated dominance of theory over research and empirical substance. In conclusion, some alternative options for navigating qualitative and interpretative research through post-positivist waters are discussed. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1401165

In this paper I discuss the theoretical basis of a sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (Wissenssoziologische Diskursanalyse, WDA), and its methodological implications and transpositions. WDA's emphasis is on the analysis of societal knowledge conditions and politics of knowledge. This specific "translation" between sociology of knowledge and the Foucauldian (type of) discourse analysis in recent times gains in influence not only in sociology but in history, pedagogics/educational science, linguistics, political science, studies of religion, as well as criminology. WDA translates FOUCAULT's concepts and theoretical considerations into a social constructivist frame of reference provided by BERGER and LUCKMANN's sociology of knowledge, thereby linking it to the methodological pool provided by the interpretative paradigm. Unlike most linguistic approaches to discourse, the analysis of knowledge FOUCAULT aimed at comes to the fore, thereby pulling "discursive struggles" into the focus of social scientific discourse analysis. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs100352

A conjoint congress of two sections of the German Sociological Association (Sociology of Knowledge and Sociology of the Body and Sports) met to explore the various dimensions of body knowledge: explicit and implicit, reflexive and incorporated, expert knowledge and knowledge of laypersons. Relating to different social fields (school, medicine, sports, work, and sexuality), it was explained and discussed how different dimensions of body knowledge are interrelated. An additional focus was on the scope and problems of theorizing the relation of body knowledge and body praxis and on methodological questions concerning how to get access to pre-reflexive body practices. The discussions revealed that research in the sociology of knowledge expanded significantly during the last ten years, and that improving its theorizing and methodologies are central concerns for the future. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1002277

URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702P57

Actual efforts to use Michel FOUCAULT's ideas about discourse for empirical research induce a linguistic bias which misses FOUCAULT's interests in power/knowledge. Against such tendencies, this article argues for a grounding of discourse theory and empirical discourse research in the sociology of knowledge, especially in the German-based Hermeneutische Wissenssoziologie, which follows the BERGER/LUCKMANN approach to knowledge. For the purposes of empirical discourse research on knowledge, the author first considers the interpretative dimension of research. Then, some conceptual tools for knowledge analysis are presented (interpretative scheme, classification, phenomenal structure, narrative structure). Third, drawing on grounded theory and sequential analysis, concrete work on texts is discussed. Finally, the article insists that discourse research should not be reduced to the analysis of spoken or written texts. Instead, different kinds of materiality—for example as dispositifs—have to be considered. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702198

This contribution starts with a critical discussion of recent work on discourse theory and analysis in historical research by Achim Landwehr and Philipp Sarasin. It argues against both a study of language bias in discourse research, as proposed by Landwehr, and the notion of ›discourse theory as philosophical attitude‹ put forward by Sarasin. The article then outlines a research programme for discourse analysis, which can be termed the ›sociology of knowledge approach to discourse‹ (wissenssoziologische Diskursanalyse). Such an approach may also prove useful for historical discourse research too. Going beyond questions of language, the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse looks at social relations and the politics of knowledge, as well as the discursive construction of reality as a ›material‹ process. This approach to discourse integrates insights from Foucault’s theories of discourse into interpretative paradigms from the social sciences, especially the ›German‹ approach to the sociology of knowledge. Furthermore, it combines research questions focused on the concept of ›discourse‹ with methods drawn from qualitative social research. The author advocates the use of analytical concepts from the sociology of knowledge, such as interpretative frameworks, classification systems, phenomenological and narrative structures, and the use of methodological strategies from ›grounded theory‹.

The contribution outlines a research pro­gramme which I have coined the "sociology of knowledge approach to discourse" (Wissens­sozio­logische Diskursanalyse). This approach to dis­course integrates important insights of FOU­CAULT's theory of discourse into the interpretative paradigm in the social sciences, especially the "German" approach of hermeneutic sociology of knowledge (Hermeneutische Wissenssoziologie). Accordingly, in this approach discourses are con­sidered as "structured and structuring structures" which shape social practices of enunciation. Un­like some Foucauldian approaches, this form of discourse analysis recognises the importance of socially constituted actors in the social production and circulation of knowledge. Furthermore, it com­bines research questions related to the concept of "discourse" with the methodical toolbox of qual­itative social research. Going beyond ques­tions of language in use, "the sociology of knowl­edge ap­proach to discourse" (Wissenssozio­logi­sche Dis­kurs­analyse) addresses sociological inter­ests, the analyses of social relations and politics of knowl­edge as well as the discursive construction of re­al­ity as an empirical ("material") process. For empiri­cal research on discourse the approach proposes the use of analytical concepts from the sociology of knowledge tradition, such as inter­pretative schemes or frames (Deutungsmuster), "clas­sifi­ca­tions", "phenomenal structure" (Phäno­men­struktur), "narrative structure", "dispositif" etc., and the use of the methodological strategies of "grounded theory". URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0503327