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"This paper analyses the evolution of the French pension system from the mid-nineteenth century to the current period. Competing or complementary hypotheses that can explain the long-run rise in pension expenditure are discussed. The determinants that appear to offer the best explanation for the evolution of pension expenditure are economic growth, the process of industrialization and ageing. The time series related to these determinants are cointegrated over the long run. A multivariate model is estimated in order to assess the long-run elasticities between the pension expenditure and its main determinants." (author's abstract)

Für den Zeitraum 1880-1914 werden die Sozialsysteme Frankreichs und Deutschlands - speziell im Hinblick auf die Renten- und Pensionsempfänger - verglichen. Quantitativ ausgewertet werden die Zahl der Rentenempfänger sowie die Rentenhöhen über den Zeitverlauf. Obwohl Deutschland als Motor der Einführung von Sozialversicherungssystemen führend in Europa oder gar weltweit war (so waren 1902 bereits neun Millionen Personen rentenversichert), lassen sich die beiden Wohlfahrtssysteme nicht allein unter rechtlichen und institutionellen Aspekten befriedigend vergleichen. Betrachtet man das Sozialsystem in seiner Gesamtheit, so kann festgestellt werden, daß die soziale Lage älterer Menschen in Frankreich sich nicht wesentlich von der in Deutschland unterschied. (pra), "This paper aims to produce, with the methods of quantitative history, a comparative analysis of old age policies in France and Germany during the period 1880-1914. This period is particulary interesting for comparison. In Germany, Bismarck's social insurance laws become effective. In France, debates on retirement are widely present in parliamentary discussions; compulsory retirement pensions are obtained by some professions, as miners (1894) or railroaders (1910), but other old age welfare systems already exist (assistance, life annuities by personal and voluntary saving etc.). An analysis in economic history terms, with the contribution of homogeneous statistical series, seems likely to improve the understanding of different systems in application in both countries. Among these, what is, for each country, the number of persons drawing social security and receiving an old age pension? What are the characteristics of these welfare systems, and in particular what is the aggregate amount of social security benefits devoted to old age? The various series - and especially total expenditure devoted to old age - shall allow us to analyse differences between France and Germany. Also, they will allow us to understand if these differences are due to legislative or institutional differences, or if they actually represent inequalities in welfare levels. On the other hand, how can we explain these differences? Recent works have shown, for France, that the adoption of an efficient old age social insurance is linked to social and economic changes - industrialization, urbanization, family structure change - and more particulary, industrial concentration and generalization of wage-earning. Is it similar in Germany? And, in this case, industrial development differences that can be observed between the two countries may explain the social welfare advance in Germany, it's the socialist movement strength which has constrained Bismarck to pass avant-garde social laws. But is this the on

Les retraités et les préretraités exercent des activités de production en dehors de la stricte sphère domestique, mais cette production est non marchande et échappe largement à tout recensement officiel (comptabilité nationale). Cette production peut être associative (les retraités sont de plus en plus nombreux à travailler bénévolement au sein d'associations humanitaires, sportives, culturelles...) ou plus informelle (services de proximité, notamment au sein de la famille). Ces formes de production sont loin d'être négligeables et sont susceptibles de prendre de l'ampleur dans l'avenir avec l'arrivée à la retraite de générations différentes. L'objet de ce papier est d'analyser la signification économique, le statut économique de ces activités de production. Ensuite, il s'interroge sur l'articulation de ces activités avec les autres formes de production, les formes "officielles" ou "enregistrées", que celles-ci soient marchandes (entreprises privées) ou non marchandes (Etat et collectivités locales, administrations de sécurité sociale), Non Profit Making Production and Informal Voluntary Work: What Economic Significiance for Production Activities of Pensioners? Young pensioners produce many services during retirement, but this production doesn't have market value so it doesn't enter into National accounts. Pensioners can work for voluntary sector (voluntary works for friendly societies, charitable organizations, sports-club, other non-profit making organisations...). Or production can be more informal like solidarity between generations (managing dependence of older people, taking care of children...). All this production is significant (it represents about 1.2 million jobs in France) and new generations of pensioners should develop it in the future. This paper analyses first the economic importance of this production. Then, it wonders about the relation between this production and other production ways, "official" and "registered" productions, realized by private entreprises or by government services.

Les retraités et les préretraités exercent des activités de production en dehors de la stricte sphère domestique, mais cette production est non marchande et échappe largement à tout recensement officiel (comptabilité nationale). Cette production peut être associative (les retraités sont de plus en plus nombreux à travailler bénévolement au sein d'associations humanitaires, sportives, culturelles...) ou plus informelle (services de proximité, notamment au sein de la famille). Ces formes de production sont loin d'être négligeables et sont susceptibles de prendre de l'ampleur dans l'avenir avec l'arrivée à la retraite de générations différentes. L'objet de ce papier est d'analyser la signification économique, le statut économique de ces activités de production. Ensuite, il s'interroge sur l'articulation de ces activités avec les autres formes de production, les formes "officielles" ou "enregistrées", que celles-ci soient marchandes (entreprises privées) ou non marchandes (Etat et collectivités locales, administrations de sécurité sociale), Non Profit Making Production and Informal Voluntary Work: What Economic Significiance for Production Activities of Pensioners? Young pensioners produce many services during retirement, but this production doesn't have market value so it doesn't enter into National accounts. Pensioners can work for voluntary sector (voluntary works for friendly societies, charitable organizations, sports-club, other non-profit making organisations...). Or production can be more informal like solidarity between generations (managing dependence of older people, taking care of children...). All this production is significant (it represents about 1.2 million jobs in France) and new generations of pensioners should develop it in the future. This paper analyses first the economic importance of this production. Then, it wonders about the relation between this production and other production ways, "official" and "registered" productions, realized by private entreprises or by government services.