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The article presents various communications of the European Neurological Society (ENS). The Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the ENS was held on June 16-20, 2007 in Rhodes, Greece. Updates of the posters presented at the 17th ENS Meeting are now available via the ENS web site: www.ensinfo.com. Meanwhile, the second deadline of the ENS fellowship stipend 2008 is on October 15, 2007.

The article provides announcements from the European Neurological Society (ENS). It updates recent development in the ENS and the American Academy of Neurology's joint membership project. It informs neurologists around the world about the ENS 2006 Preliminary Program in Lausanne, Switzerland. It suggests on the vertical integration of the teaching courses with scientific communications in selected topics.

Comments on the Presidential Symposium at the 14th European Neurological Society Meeting in Barcelona, Spain. Discussion of the participants on Parkinson's disease and Lewy Body disorders; Topics of the presentations; Discussion of a research on mechanisms which cause nerve cell degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Cites news events related to the European Neurological Society (ENS). Election of Michael Donaghy, Jose Ferro and Gustave Moonen to the ENS committee on June 25, 2002 in Berlin, Germany; 12th European Stroke Conference in Valencia Spain; 2nd University of Munich Epilepsy Course in Munich, Germany; 3rd International Congress on Vascular Dementia in Prague, Czech Republic; 5th World Stroke Congress in Vancouver, British Columbia; 20th Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis.

Highlights the Eleventh Meeting of the European Neurological Society from April 21-24, 2001 in Paris, France. Frontiers in neurological research; Animal model disorders for the study of disease mechanisms and treatments; Abstract statistics of the meeting.

Reports on developments related to the European Neurological Society. Profile of neurologist Stefano Di Donato; Business Meeting of the organization; Tenth ENS meeting in Jerusalem.

The article highlights the Seventeenth European Neurological Society Meeting on June 16 to 20, 2007 in Rhodes, Greece. Nine hundred fifty-nine abstracts which were submitted to the Scientific Committee have been evaluated. The abstracts are peer-reviewed by experts assigned by the Scientific Committee of the meeting. Out of the total number of abstracts submitted for presentation, 188 were rejected.

Highlights the results of the study of M. Zonta and colleagues on the role of astrocytes as signal transducer in neuronal activation and cerebral arteriole vasodilation. Working neurons' release of the neurotransmitter, glutamate ionotropic receptors and astrocytic metabotropic receptors; Association of the response of astrocytes to neural activity and the observed dilation of arterioles.

Reports that the recreational drug "ecstacy" induces serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotoxicity at recreational doses. Production of breain serotonin neurotoxicity; Experiment results showing effects of "ecstacy" on squirrel monkeys and baboons.

Cites news events and scientific developments in the field of neuroscience. Discovery of the sensitivity and uniqueness of death signaling pathway in mice motoneurons expressing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant superoxide dismutase 1; Research on Fas-triggered death in normal embryonic mice neurons; Receipt of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine to Sydney Brenner, John Sulston and H. Robert Horvitz for their work on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans to advance knowledge on control of cellular development.

Highlights the results of the study showing that prefrontal cortex in humans is activated during pattern recognition processing.

This article focuses on the nature of decisions regarding trustworthiness. The authors claim that the decision to trust someone or not is a crucial act of survival and the basis for social interaction. Strategic thinking, they say, depends on one's ability to determine if a person can be relied upon to finish a task. New research has demonstrated that the assessment of trustworthiness in faces, and the accompanying social judgment, is linked to distinct patterns of activation in the bilateral amygdala.

Reports on the finding by neuroscientists at the University of Bonn in Germany that the rhinal cortex and hippocampus directly interact during the formation of declarative memory, as published in the December 2001 issue of "Nature Neuroscience." Process of memory formation; Phase synchronization of gamma-band EEG oscillations in humans; Word memorization trial in epileptic patients.

Focuses on wild-type huntingtin up-regulation of BDNF transcription in Huntington's disease. Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Discusses a study by I. Levy and colleagues claiming that no reports have been made on the association of eccentricity maps and object categorization within the visual cortex. Results functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning experiments; Association between object images and visual field eccentricity organization; Implications of the study for other research related to the role category-selective regions play in vision.

Reports on developments related to the European Neurological Society as of July 2001. Anita Harding Lecture; Congress announcements.

Focuses on mitral cell activity patterns in zebrafish. Response of mitral cell to odorant stimuli; Olfactory receptor neurons and odor patterns.

Presents updates on the European Neurological Society (ENS) as of October 2000. Research project by neurologist Joanna Ilzecka as an ENS fellow; Scientific activities of the Young Neurologists and Trainees; Conference of the European Committee for Therapeutics and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; Danube symposium in Lublin, Poland; Congresses on color Doppler sonography and on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Comments on the theory of cybernetics that guide the motor coordination of humans through optimal feedback control. Experiments that support the assumption of optimal performance in a behavioral task; Task-irrelevant deviations in behavior that are only corrected when they interfere with goal achievement.

Highlights the results of the study by L.L. Eldridge and colleagues showing that the hippocampus selectively supports episodic memory retrieval. Crucial significance of the hippocampus in declarative memory; Patient characteristics; Time-limited role of hippocampus in memory retrieval.

Demonstrates that the recorded blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) corresponds significantly with neural signals from the visual cortex of monkeys. Use of electrophysiological measurement technique; Superimposition of intracortical microelectrode recordings of the response to checkerboard patterns on brain images produced by BOLD fMR; Link between cerebral hemodynamic changes and neural activation.

Discusses the suppression of melatonin by rod-based illuminance in humans. Secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland; Dose-dependent suppression of melatonin to light in five night-time sessions; Possibility of receptors other than rods are involved in melatonin regulation.

Reports that neprilysin content is reduced in Alzheimer brain areas. Role of neprilysin in the breakdown of neuropeptides.

Focuses on the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan in beta-amyloid formation in Alzheimer's disease. Consistency of agrin.