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The induction mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by heat shock (HS) is still unknown. Here, we discovered that HS activates the HO-1 expression in a mouse hepatoma cell line (Hepa 1-6). Knockdown experiments showed that the HS-induced HO-1 expression was dependent on HS factor 1 (HSF1). A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that the HS-activated HSF1 bound to the HS elements (HSEs) in the upstream enhancer 1 region (E1). Unexpectedly, HS also facilitates the BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) binding to the Maf recognition elements (MAREs) in E1. We examined the effects of a catalytically inactive CRISPR-associated 9 nucleases (dCas9) with short guide RNAs (sgRNAs), and demonstrated that the HSF1 binding to HSEs in E1 was indispensable for the HS-induced HO-1 expression. Heme treatment (HA) dissociates BACH1 from MAREs and facilitated the binding of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) to MAREs. Following treatment with both HS and HA, the HO-1 induction and the HSF1 binding to HSEs in E1 were most notably observed. These results indicate that the HS-induced HO-1 expression is dependent on the HSF1 binding to HSEs in E1, although modulated by the BACH1 and NRF2 binding to MAREs within the same E1.

Introduction To date, details on how iron is supplied from the mother to the fetus through the placenta have remained unclear. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that heme oxygenase (HO)-1, which is an inducible isoform of the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme degradation pathway, may be involved in the effective reutilization of iron. In this study, we examined the distribution and gene expression of HO-1 in the villous tissue of human placenta at various periods of pregnancy. Methods Using the placenta of 38 samples for which consent was obtained, chronological changes in the localization of HO-1 protein were examined by histological examination. RT-PCR was also performed to examine the expression of HO-1, transferrin receptor-1, and ferroportin 1. Ferric iron in the tissues was analyzed by Prussian blue staining. Results Immunohistochemical studies showed that HO-1 protein was exclusively expressed in trophoblastic cells throughout gestation. In the miscarriage placenta in the first trimester, ho-1 mRNA levels were significantly higher than normal. Placenta with fetal death (miscarriage) in the first and second trimester indicate significantly higher ratio of ho-1 gene for iron production to the fpn-1 gene for iron excretion than normal. These suggest that the role of HO-1 with various physiological functions is changing throughout pregnancy. Discussion These findings suggest that HO-1 in placenta plays an important role in iron supplying system in the second trimester to support fetal development.

The mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction by heat shock (HS) loading remains unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of transcription factors to HS-induced HO-1 expression, using a rat hepatoma cell line (H-4-II-E). Our results demonstrated that HS treatment resulted in a marked induction of HO-1. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a slight mismatch in the expression levels of HO-1 and HSP70 by HS among cells, suggesting a conflict between multiple induction mechanisms. We observed HS-induced nuclear localization of, not only phosphorylated HSF1 but also NRF2, which is a typical transcription factor activated by oxidative stress. HSF1 knockdown in H-4-II-E markedly reduced HO-1 induction by HS, while NRF2 knockdown resulted in a partial effect. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that HS loading resulted in significant binding of HSF1 to the HSE in the promoter proximal region of HO-1 gene and another HSE located close to the Maf recognition element (MARE) in the −4 kb upstream enhancer region 1, where NRF2 also bound, together with basic leucine zipper transcription factor 1, a negative transcription factor of HO-1. These observations indicate that HO-1 induction by HS is mainly mediated by HSF1 binding to the proximal HSE. NRF2 binding to MARE by HS is predominantly suppressed by an increased binding of BACH1.

Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) plays a crucial role in cellular copper homeostasis. Atox1 captures cytosolic copper for subsequent transfer to copper pumps in trans Golgi network, thereby facilitating copper supply to various copper-dependent oxidereductases matured within the secretory vesicles. Atox1 and other copper chaperones handle cytosolic copper using Cys thiols which are ideal ligands for coordinating Cu(I). Recent studies demonstrated reversible oxidation of these Cys residues in copper chaperones, linking cellular redox state to copper homeostasis. Highlighted in this review are unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones. Also, summarized are the redox nodes in the cytosol which potentially play dominant roles in the redox regulation of copper chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):246-254, 2017.

Glutathione is a small thiol-containing peptide that plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Glutathione serves as a physiologic redox buffer by providing thiol electrons for catabolizing harmful oxidants and reversing oxidative effects on biomolecules. Recent evidence suggests that the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) defines the redox states of Cys residues in proteins and fine-tunes their stabilities and functions. To elucidate the redox balance of cellular glutathione at subcellular resolution, a number of redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) variants have been developed. In this study, we constructed and functionally validated organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted roGFP and elucidated the redox status of the cytosolic glutathione at a subcellular resolution. These new redox sensors firmly established a highly reduced redox equilibrium of cytosolic glutathione, wherein significant deviation was observed among cells. By targeting the sensor to the cytosolic and lumen sides of the Golgi membrane, we identified a prominent redox gradient across the biological membrane at the Golgi body. The results demonstrated that organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted sensors enable the assessment of glutathione oxidation near the cytosolic surfaces of different organelle membranes.

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme responding to various stresses and has cytoprotective activities. Although HO-1 has been referred to as heat shock protein (HSP) 32, the heat-mediated induction of HO-1 varies among different species and cell lines. We examined the effects of heat shock on HO-1 expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells deficient in heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) or nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Heme-induced expression of HO-1 was 2-fold higher in Hsf1−/− cells than in the wild-type cells at both mRNA and protein levels. In Nrf2−/− cells, heme-induced expression of HO-1 was not detected. In contrast, HO-1 expression was markedly induced by heat shock at 40–42 °C in Nrf2−/− cells while the wild-type cells were not responsive. The heat-induced expression of HO-1 in Nrf2−/− cells were almost completely diminished by transfection of siRNA against Hsf1 gene. These results suggest that HSF1 and NRF2 suppress heme-induced and heat-induced HO-1 expression, respectively.

In this study, we synthesized Dicer-substrate siRNA conjugated with palmitic acid at the 5'-end of the sense strand (C16-DsiRNA), and examined its RNAi effect on β-catenin as a target gene in a colon cancer cell line, HT29Luc, both in vitro and in vivo. We examined the in vitro RNAi effect in HT29Luc cells and found that C16-DsiRNA strongly inhibited expression of the β-catenin gene in comparison with non-modified DsiRNA. Also, high membrane permeability of C16-DsiRNA was exhibited, and it was confirmed that most of the C16-DsiRNA was localized in cytoplasm of HT29Luc cells. In regard to the in vivo RNAi effect, C16-DsiRNA complexed with Invivofectamine targeting the β-catenin gene was locally administered to a subcutaneous tumor formed by implantation of HT29Luc cells into the subcutis of nude mice; we evaluated the effect by measuring the bioluminescence increase, which reflects tumor growth, using an in vivo imaging system. As a result, C16-DsiRNA strongly inhibited the growth of tumors formed in subcutis of nude mice compared with non-modified DsiRNA, and this in vivo RNAi effect lasted up to 15 days. Our results suggest that C16-DsiRNA should be vigorously pursued as a novel nucleic acid medicine for clinical treatment of cancer.

Developed regions, including Japan, have become “aged societies,” and the number of adults with senile dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, has also increased in such regions. Neurotrophins (NTs) may play a role in the treatment of AD because endogenous neurotrophic factors (NFs) prevent neuronal death. However, peptidyl compounds have been unable to cross the blood–brain barrier in clinical studies. Thus, small molecules, which can mimic the functions of NFs, might be promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products, such as or nutraceuticals or those used in traditional medicine, can potentially be used to develop new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we introduced the neurotrophic activities of polyphenols honokiol and magnolol, which are the main constituents of Magnolia obovata Thunb, and methanol extracts from Zingiber purpureum (BANGLE), which may have potential therapeutic applications in various neurodegenerative disorders.

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent glutathione oxidation are associated with various physiological processes and diseases, including cell differentiation, senescence, and inflammation. GFP-based redox sensors provide a straight-forward approach to monitor ROS levels and glutathione oxidation within a living cell at the subcellular resolution. We utilized palmitoylated versions of cytosolic glutathione and hydrogen peroxide sensors (Grx1-roGFP2 and roGFP2-Orp1, respectively) and demonstrated a unique redox environment near biological membranes. In HeLa cells, cytosolic glutathione was practically completely reduced (EGSH/GSSG = − 333 mV) and hydrogen peroxide level was under the detectable range. In contrast, the cytoplasmic milieu near membranes of intracellular vesicles exhibited significant glutathione oxidation (EGSH/GSSG > − 256 mV) and relatively high H2O2 production, which was not observed for the plasma membrane. These vesicles colocalized with internalized EGFR, suggesting that H2O2 production and glutathione oxidation are characteristics of cytoplasmic surfaces of the endocytosed vesicles. The results visually illustrate local redox heterogeneity within the cytosol for the first time., Highlights • Palmitoylated versions of redox sensors were constructed. • The sensors successfully visualized local redox environment near membranes. • The cytosol is oxidative near endocytosed vesicles containing EGFR., Graphical abstract fx1

Human antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1) plays a crucial role in cellular copper homeostasis. Atox1 captures cytosolic copper for subsequent transfer to copper pumps in trans Golgi network, thereby facilitating copper supply to various copper-dependent oxidereductases matured within the secretory vesicles. Atox1 and other copper chaperones handle cytosolic copper using Cys thiols which are ideal ligands for coordinating Cu(I). Recent studies demonstrated reversible oxidation of these Cys residues in copper chaperones, linking cellular redox state to copper homeostasis. Highlighted in this review are unique redox properties of Atox1 and other copper chaperones. Also, summarized are the redox nodes in the cytosol which potentially play dominant roles in the redox regulation of copper chaperones. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(4):246-254, 2017.

In this study, we investigated the protective effect of glutamine on barrier dysfunction induced by ethanol, by using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Our results show that addition of glutamine to culture medium significantly improved the disruption of integrity caused by ethanol, which was associated with increased expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Ethanol exposure moderately activates heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), which was characterized by increased DNA-binding activity and phosphorylation status of HSF1. Remarkably, glutamine treatment enhanced ethanol-mediated expression of Hsp70 and activation of HSF1. Up-regulation of Hsp70 by pretreatment with heat stress also promoted recovery from the ethanol-induced barrier dysfunction. Taken together, these observations indicate that glutamine protects the intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cells, in part by modulating HSF1-mediated Hsp70 expression.

In this study we investigated the effect of free heme, the local level of which was increased by bleeding, on the intestinal barrier function, using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). Our results show that the addition of hemin to the culture medium markedly disrupted the barrier function, which was significantly improved by glutamine supplementation. Although hemin treatment caused the increased expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inhibition of HO activity resulted in the aggravation of hemin-induced barrier dysfunction. Up-regulation of HO-1 by pretreatment with a low concentration of hemin almost completely prevented hemin-induced barrier dysfunction. Taken together, these observations indicate that an abnormally high level of intracellular free heme causes barrier dysfunction, probably through the modulation of proteins forming tight junctions.

Hemorrhagic shock causes oxidative stress that leads to tissue injuries in various organs including the lung, liver, kidney and intestine. Excess amounts of free heme released from destabilized hemoproteins under oxidative conditions might constitute a major threat because it can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. Cells counteract this by rapidly inducing the rate-limiting enzyme in heme breakdown, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a low-molecular-weight stress protein. The enzymatic HO-1 reaction removes heme. As such, endogenous HO-1 induction by hemorrhagic shock protects tissues from further degeneration by oxidant stimuli. In addition, prior pharmacological induction of HO-1 ameliorates oxidative tissue injuries induced by hemorrhagic shock. In contrast, the deletion of HO-1 expression, or the chemical inhibition of increased HO activity ablated the beneficial effect of HO-1 induction, and exacerbates tissue damage. Thus, HO-1 constitutes an essential cytoprotective component in hemorrhagic shock-induced oxidative tissue injures. This article reviews recent advances in understanding of the essential role of HO-1 in experimental models of hemorrhagic shock-induced oxidative tissue injuries with emphasis on the role of its induction in tissue defense.

Properties of mutant delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) found in patients with ALAD porphyria were studied by enzymological and immunological analyses after the synthesis of enzyme complexes using a cell-free system. Enzyme activities of homozygous G133R, K59N/G133R, V153M, and E89K mutants were 11%, 22%, 67%, and 75% of the wild-type ALAD, respectively, whereas that of K59N, a normal variant, was 112%. Enzyme activities of L273R, C132R and F12L were undetectable. Co-synthesis of F12L, L273R, G133R, K59N/G133R, or C132R mutants with the wild-type at various ratios showed that ALAD activity was proportionally decreased in the amount of the wild-type in the complex. In contrast, co-synthesis of V153M, K59N, and E89K with the wild-type did not influence enzyme activity of the wild-type. Surface charge changes in K59N, E89K, C132R and G133R predicted by mutations were also confirmed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A compound E89K and C132R complex showed ALAD activity similar to that was found in erythrocytes of the patient. These findings indicate that cell-free synthesis of ALAD proteins reflects enzymatic activities found in patients, and suggest that, in addition to the direct effect of mutations on the catalytic activity, conformational effects play an important role in determining enzyme activity.

昨今の生命科学の進歩は薬理学の研究をより病態に応じた新薬の開発へと向かわせている．しかし，肝不全，腎不全，多臓器不全など，急性臓器不全は高い死亡率を示すにもかかわらず，その治療において決め手となる薬物は未だ開発されていない．これら急性臓器不全の組織障害の病態生理は完全に明らかでないが，好中球の活性化や虚血・再潅流にともなう酸化ストレスによる細胞傷害が大きな役割を果たしている．酸化ストレスはヘムタンパク質からヘムを遊離させる．遊離ヘムは脂溶性の鉄であることから，活性酸素生成を促進して細胞傷害を悪化させる．この侵襲に対抗するために，ヘム分解の律速酵素：Heme Oxygenase-1（HO-1）が細胞内に誘導される．HO-1によるヘム分解反応産物である一酸化炭素，胆汁色素には，抗炎症・抗酸化作用がある．したがって，遊離ヘム介在性酸化ストレスよって誘導されたHO-1は酸化促進剤である遊離ヘムを除去するのみならず，これらの代謝産物の作用を介して細胞保護的に機能する．一方，HO-1の発現抑制やHO活性の阻害は酸化ストレスによる組織障害を悪化させる．この，HO-1の細胞保護作用に着目して，HO-1誘導を酸化ストレスによる組織障害の治療に応用する試みがなされている．本稿では，急性臓器不全モデルにおいて障害臓器に誘導されたHO-1が，遊離ヘム介在性酸化ストレスから組織を保護するのに必須の役割を果たしていることを述べる．また，抗炎症性サイトカイン：インターロイキン11，塩化スズ，グルタミンがそれぞれ，肝臓，腎臓，下部腸管特異的にHO-1を誘導し，これら組織特異的に誘導されたHO-1が標的臓器の保護・回復に重要な役割を果たしていることを示す．HO-1誘導剤の開発は急性臓器不全の新しい治療薬となる可能性を秘めている．

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, which is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the catabolism of heme, is upregulated by a variety of stresses including oxidative stresses and inflammatory cytokines, in many cell types. Recent studies have suggested that upregulation of HO-1 might provide cytoprotection and immunomodulatory functions in addition to its obvious role in heme metabolism. In this study, we examined whether HO-1 was upregulated following degranulation in mast cells that initiate vigorous immunity reactions. To trigger degranulation, rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells were passively sensitized using an antiserum collected from ovalbumin (OA) immunized-Brown Norway rats, and the cells were stimulated by treatment with OA. Degranulation was confirmed by measuring the release of beta-hexosaminidase. HO-1 mRNA and presence of HO-1 protein were detected using Northern blot and Western blot analyses, respectively. The effect of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on HO-1 expression was also tested. HO-1 mRNA transiently increased at 1--2 h after RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated to degranulate. Its mRNA increases were dependent on the extent of degranulation. Following the upregulation of HO-1 mRNA, HO-1 protein was also increased. We also detected intracellular production of reactive oxygen species following degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. NAC attenuated the HO-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. This is the first report to reveal induction of both HO-1 mRNA and protein by degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. We showed that NAC inhibited HO-1 upregulation. These results suggest that oxidative stress in activated RBL-2H3 cells results in the upregulation of HO-1.

Gastric mucosal cell death by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is suggested to be involved in NSAID-induced gastric lesions. Therefore, cellular factors that suppress this cell death are important for protection of the gastric mucosa from NSAIDs. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is up-regulated by various stressors and protects cells against stressors. Here, we have examined up-regulation of HO-1 by NSAIDs and the contribution of HO-1 to the protection of gastric mucosal cells against NSAIDs both in vitro and in vivo. In cultured gastric mucosal cells, all NSAIDs tested up-regulated HO-1. In rats, orally administered indomethacin up-regulated HO-1, induced apoptosis, and produced lesions at gastric mucosa. An inhibitor of HO-stimulated NSAID-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo and also stimulated NSAID-produced gastric lesions, suggesting that NSAID-induced up-regulation of HO-1 protects the gastric mucosa from NSAID-induced gastric lesions by inhibiting NSAID-induced apoptosis. Indomethacin activated the HO-1 promoter and caused nuclear accumulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor for the HO-1 gene. Examination of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and experiments with its inhibitor strongly suggest that the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and resulting up-regulation of HO-1 by NSAIDs is mediated through NSAID-dependent activation (phosphorylation) of p38 MAPK. This is the first report showing the protective role of HO-1 against irritant-induced gastric lesions.

The molecular basis of the enzymatic defect responsible for delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) porphyria (ADP) was investigated in a 14-year-old male who presented clinical and laboratory findings typical of ADP. Nucleotide sequence analysis of ALAD cDNAs from the proband revealed two novel mutations, a 265G to A base transition (C1) and a 394C to T base transition (C2), resulting in amino acid substitutions, Glu89Lys and Cys132Arg, respectively. Both mutations were present within exon 5 of the ALAD gene, and appeared to influence the binding of zinc to the enzyme which is essential for enzyme activity. It was found that the C1 mutation was inherited from his father, while the C2 mutation was from his mother. Expression of these mutant ALAD cDNAs in Chinese hamster ovary cells produced normal ALAD mRNA levels, but markedly decreased ALAD protein and enzyme activity. These results suggest that the combination of the two aberrant ALADs with little enzyme activity accounts for the markedly decreased ALAD activity observed in the proband. This case represents the molecular analysis of the ALAD gene defects in the first case of ADP identified in North America, who is a compound heterozygote for two novel ALAD gene defects.

Catechins in green tea have anticancer and antiangiogenesis activities, with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) being the most potent antiangiogenic tea catechin. This study examined whether chemical modification of catechin enhanced anticancer and antiangiogenic effects. Catechin, conjugated with fatty acid (acyl-catechin), strongly inhibited DNA polymerase, HL-60 cancer cell growth, and angiogenesis. Catechin conjugated with stearic acid [(2R,3S)-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-yl octadecanoate; catechin-C18] was the strongest inhibitor in DNA polymerase alpha and beta and angiogenesis assays. Catechin-C18 also suppressed human endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation on the reconstituted basement membrane, suggesting that it affected not only DNA polymerases but also signal transduction pathways in HUVECs. These data indicate that acyl-catechins target both DNA polymerases and angiogenesis as anticancer agents. These results suggest that acylation of catechin is an effective chemical modification to improve the anticancer activity of catechin.

Oxidative stresses associated with ischemia/reperfusion, neutrophil activation, and anesthesia with certain volatile agents, etc., are thought to play an important role in the development of acute organ failure in critical illnesses, such as acute lung injury, acute coronary artery insufficiency, acute liver failure, acute renal failure, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Such oxidative stressors provoke a set of cellular responses, particularly those that participate in the defense against tissue injuries. Free heme, which can be rapidly released from hemeproteins, may constitute a major threat in the oxidant stress because it catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. To counteract such insults, cells respond by inducing the 33-kDa heat shock protein, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation. Induced HO-1 as such removes free heme by an enzymatic process. In addition, HO-1 induction itself confers protection to tissues from further oxidative injuries. In contrast, the abrogation of HO-1 induction, or chemical ablation of HO activity abolishes the beneficial effect of HO-1, and results in the aggravation of tissue injuries. In this article, we review recent advances in the essential role of HO-1 in tissue protection in various models of experimental oxidative tissue injuries as well as in human disorders, which is related to critically ill conditions, with special emphasis on the role of its induction in tissue defense and its potential therapeutic implications. Drug Dev. Res. 67:130–153, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

b Depart- We examined whether or not changes occur in the quantity of carbon monoxide (CO) production as a consequence of the intake of ordinary meals. The study was performed by following diurnal changes in the concentration of CO in the breath over approximately 12 hr after each meal on 17 healthy subjects. CO is a product of the reaction of the enzyme heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1) induced through oxidative stress. The aver- age value for diurnal variations in the concentration of CO in the breath was 1.9 ± ± ± ± ± 0.5 (0.8 to 3.3) ppm, and the maximum range of variation in individual cases came within the narrow range of 0.4 to 1.3 ppm. There were no significant differences in average values be- fore and after meals. The value for the total quantity of CO in the breath 12 hr sought on the basis of the area under the diurnal variation curve was 22.8 ppm (0.39 mmol). This figure was very close to the heme breakdown quantity of 0.35 mmol (theoretical value, corresponding to the CO production quantity) every 12 hr.

Hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation (HSR) induces oxidative stress, which leads to acute lung injury. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 (EC 1.14.99.3), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, is inducible by oxidative stress and is thought to play an important role in the protection from oxidative tissue injuries. In this study, we examined expression of HO-1 as well as tissue injuries in the lung, liver, and kidney after HSR in rats. We also pretreated animals with heme arginate (HA), a strong inducer of HO-1, and examined its effect on the HSR-induced lung injury. HO-1 expression significantly increased in the liver and kidney following HSR, while its expression in the lung was very low and unchanged after HSR. In contrast to HO-1 expression, tissue injury and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression was more prominent in the lung compared with those in the liver and kidney. HA pretreatment markedly induced HO-1 in pulmonary epithelial cells, and ameliorated the lung injury induced by HSR as judged by the improvement of histological changes, while it decreased TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression, lung wet weight to dry weight ratio, and myeloperoxidase activity. In contrast, inhibition of HO-1 by tin-mesoporphyrin administration abolished the beneficial effect of HA pretreatment. These findings suggest that tissues with higher HO-1 may be better protected than those with lower HO-1 from oxidative tissue injury induced by HSR. Our findings also indicate that HA pretreatment can significantly suppress the HSR-induced lung injury by virtue of its ability to induce HO-1.

Monocrotaline (MCT), a pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant toxin, is known to cause pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rats. Recent findings suggest that pulmonary inflammation may play a significant role in the pathogenesis in MCT-induced PH. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, is known to be induced by various oxidative stresses, including inflammation and free heme, and its induction is thought essential in the protection against oxidative tissue injuries. In this study, we examined expression of HO-1 as well as non-specific delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism and biosynthesis, respectively, in a rat model of PH produced by subcutaneous injection of MCT (60 mg/kg). MCT treatment caused infiltration of inflammatory cells, fibrosis of the interstitium, and pulmonary arterial wall thickening with marked elevation of right ventricular (RV) pressure, which are characteristics of MCT-induced PH. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) increased at 1 week after MCT treatment, reached a maximum at 2 weeks, and then decreased to the pretreatment level at 3 weeks. HO-1 expression was markedly increased at 1 week, and continued to increase by 3 weeks following MCT treatment, both at transcriptional and protein levels in the mononuclear cells in the lung. ALAS1 mRNA levels in the lung also significantly increased at 2 weeks after MCT treatment. These findings suggest that pulmonary HO-1 expression was presumably induced by proinflammatory cytokine(s) in MCT-treated rats, resulting in the derepression of heme-repressible ALAS1 expression, and that HO-1 induction plays a significant role as an inflammatory factor in this condition.

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate whether glutamine pretreatment improves intestinal injury in rats with endotoxemia by its heme oxygenase-1 induction in the lower intestinal tract. Design Randomized, blinded, controlled animal study. Setting University-based animal research facility. Subjects Sprague-Dawley male rats, weighing 220-250 g (n = 201). Interventions Rats were treated with glutamine (0.75 g/kg) dissolved in lactated Ringer's solution via the tail vein. Endotoxemia was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg for survival study). Lipopolysaccharide-treated animals were pretreated with glutamine or lactated Ringer's solution 9 hrs before lipopolysaccharide treatment. Some of the glutamine-pretreated animals further received tin mesoporphyrin (1 micromol/kg), a specific inhibitor of heme oxygenase activity, 1 hr before lipopolysaccharide treatment. Measurements and main results Glutamine treatment markedly induced heme oxygenase-1 messenger RNA and protein in the mucosal epithelial cells as well as in the lamina propria cells in the ileum and the colon, whereas its expression in the duodenum and the jejunum was not influenced by the treatment. Glutamine treatment before lipopolysaccharide administration significantly ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced mucosal injury, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death in the ileum and the colon, as judged by significant decreases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression, histologic damage scores, and expression of activated caspase-3 and by an increase in gene expression of Bcl-2. In addition, glutamine treatment markedly decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality. In contrast, treatment with tin mesoporphyrin abolished the beneficial effect of glutamine pretreatment. Conclusions Glutamine pretreatment significantly ameliorated intestinal tissue injury of rats following lipopolysaccharide treatment. The same treatment also improved the survival of animals from endotoxemia. The protective effect of glutamine is mediated by its lower intestine-specific induction of heme oxygenase-1, since its inhibition by tin mesoporphyrin completely abolished the beneficial effect of glutamine.

Oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic renal injury, degrades heme proteins, such as cytochrome P450, and causes the elevation in the level of cellular free heme, which can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, is induced not only by its substrate, heme, but also by oxidative stress. In various models of oxidative tissue injuries, the induction of HO-1 confers protection on tissues from further damages by removing the prooxidant heme, or by virtue of the antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and/or antiapoptotic actions of one or more of the three products, i.e., carbon monoxide, biliverdin IXalpha, and iron by HO reaction. In contrast, the abrogation of HO-1 induction, or chemical inhibition of HO activity, abolishes its beneficial effect on the protection of tissues from oxidative damages. In this article, we review the protective role of HO-1 in renal ischemic injury, and its potential therapeutic applications. In addition, we summarize recent findings in the regulatory mechanism of ho-1 gene expression.

Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) deficiency porphyria, or Doss porphyria, was first reported in Germany in 1979. Only four bona fide cases of Doss porphyria have been reported to date that were confirmed by immunological and molecular analyses of their ALAD mutations. Here we describe the fifth case of Doss porphyria. A 17-year-old German male suffered from colicky abdominal pain and severe polyneuropathy for 2 years. Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was increased 32-fold, and coproporphyrin 76-fold compared with the upper limit of their respective normal ranges. Urinary excretion of porphobilinogen (PBG) and uroporphyrin was only slightly increased. Faecal porphyrins were within the normal range. Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin concentrations were elevated 5.4-fold. ALAD activity in erythrocytes was decreased to 10% of the normal value, and was not activated by zinc and by dithiothreitol. Blood lead levels were within the normal range, excluding lead poisoning in the proband. Erythrocyte ALAD activity was about one-half of the normal value in both parents, whereas it was normal in the proband's brother. Urinary excretion of ALA, PBG and total porphyrins was within the normal range in both parents and the brother. Molecular genetic studies of the ALAD gene in the proband revealed two base changes, C to A and C to T, both in intron 3 at -11 bp upstream of the exon 3 start site. In addition to the proband, the father carried the (-11)C-to-T, while the mother carried the ALAD gene in the proband's brother. These findings suggest that the observed compound heterozygosity of the ALAD gene may be responsible for Doss porphyria in the proband. The proband was successfully treated with haem arginate infusion. The clinical condition improved, and urinary excretion of ALA and coproporphyrin fell to levels of approximately 50% compared with their pretreatment levels during acute relapses. The haem therapy was continued once weekly for 1 year. At the end of 1 year, urinary ALA and porphyrin levels were significantly lowered, and the proband is now almost free of clinical symptoms.

Oxidative stresses such as oxidant stimuli, inflammation, exposure to xenobiotics, or ionizing irradiation provoke cellular protective responses, principally involving transcriptional activation of genes encoding proteins which participate in the defense against oxidative tissue injuries. Excess of free heme, which is released from hemeproteins under such conditions, may constitute a major threat because it can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposure of mammalian cells to oxidative stimuli induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, as well as a 33-kDa heat shock protein. In various model systems, HO-1 induction confers protection on tissues from further injuries, while the abrogation of its induction accelerates cellular injuries. In this article, we review recent advances in the regulatory mechanism of ho-1 gene expression and the role of HO-1 in various models of experimental oxidative tissue injuries, and its potential therapeutic implications.

Heme catabolism during embryonic period is not well understood. It has been suggested that placental heme oxygenase (HO)-1, which is an inducible isoform of the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme degradation pathway, may be involved in supporting normal fetal development. In this study, we examined the distribution of HO-1 protein in the developing mouse embryo, as well as developmental changes of ho-1 gene expression, and the enzyme activity of HO and biliverdin IXα reductase (BVR-A) in placenta. Ectoplacental cone in embryonic day (E) 6.5 embryo already showed HO-1 protein expression, which became restricted only to trophoblastic cells after placenta formation was completed on day E14.5. The placenta of E13.5–E14.5 embryos expressed high levels of HO-1 mRNA, which was decreased significantly towards the end of pregnancy. However, HO-1 expression in placenta was significantly higher than uterus throughout the gestational period. In contrast to HO-1, the placental level of BVR-A activity remained low and did not show changes throughout the gestational period. The correlation between HO-1 expression and placental development suggests that HO-1 might be essential for normal embryonic development.

Hepatic heme concentration and the gene expression of δ-aminolevurinate (ALA) synthase (ALAS), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis and is negatively regulated by cytosolic-free heme, were examined in senescence-accelerated mice SAMP1, in comparison with SAMR1. Hepatic-free heme concentrations in cytosolic fraction were significantly lower in SAMP1 than in SAMR1 of the same age. ALAS mRNA level after ALA administration (200 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) was transiently increased at 1 h in SAMP1, but not in SAMR1. ALA administration also caused a reduction of ALAS transcripts in SAMR1 only, accompanied by an increased gene expression of ATP-binding cassette-mitochondrial erythroid transporter. These results suggested that the hepatic heme supply mechanism was slightly impaired in the SAMP1 system of heme transport from mitochondria to cytosol. Taken together, a gradual accumulation of heme in mitochondria accompanied by senescence results in the generation of reactive oxygen species within mitochondria, which might cause the abnormally accelerated senescence in SAMP1.

We investigated age-dependent neuronal loss in the hippocampus and the protective effect of magnolol using SAMP1 mice in comparison with SAMR1. SAMP1 and SAMR1, 2 to 10 months old, were used. Magnolol (2 and 5 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for 7 days to 2-month-old mice and evaluation was carried out at 4 months. The density of neurofibrils and axons decreased with aging in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. The rate of decrease in SAMP1 was greater than that of SAMR1. Treatment with magnolol dose-dependently prevented the decrease of density in CA1 and CA3 at 4 months. However, until the age of 4 months, SAMP1 animals did not behaviorally differ from SAMR1 either with or without magnolol. It has been suggested that imbalance between the rates of generation and utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and organic free radicals may be one of the main reasons for accelerated aging of SAMP1 animals. These findings suggest that the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of magnolol may contribute to the protective effect against neuronal loss in the hippocampus.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of heme oxygenase-1 induction in the intestinal tissue injury in a rat model of sepsis.Randomized, masked, controlled animal study.University-based animal research facility.Sprague-Dawley male rats, weighing 220-250 g (n = 126).Rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Another group of rats was injected with interleukin-6 (10 microg/kg) intravenously. In some rats, tin mesoporphyrin (1 micromol/kg) was administered intravenously 1 hr before lipopolysaccharide treatment.Following lipopolysaccharide treatment, expression of heme oxygenase-1 and nonspecific delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS-N), the rate-limiting enzymes of heme catabolism and biosynthesis, respectively, was examined in various regions of the intestine. Lipopolysaccharide treatment markedly increased heme oxygenase-1 messenger RNA and protein concentrations in the mucosal epithelial cells in the duodenum and the jejunum, whereas its expression in the ileum and the colon was hardly detectable and was not influenced by the treatment. ALAS-N messenger RNA was also more markedly increased in the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum than in the colon following lipopolysaccharide treatment. Interleukin-6 administration also induced heme oxygenase-1 and ALAS-N gene expression in a pattern similar to that following lipopolysaccharide treatment. In contrast to the marked heme oxygenase-1 expression in the upper intestine, lipopolysaccharide-induced mucosal injury and inflammation in the upper intestine were far less than observed in the lower intestine as judged both by tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression and by histologic analysis. Of note, inhibition of heme oxygenase activity by tin mesoporphyrin produced a significant tissue injury in the upper intestine of the lipopolysaccharide-treated animals.Intestinal heme oxygenase-1 and ALAS-N gene expression was regulated in a site-specific manner in a rat model of sepsis. Our findings also suggest that heme oxygenase-1 induction may play a fundamental role in protecting mucosal epithelial cells of the intestine from oxidative damages that occur in sepsis.

Cytotoxic free radicals generated during the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) are thought to cause hepatotoxicity. Here, the cytotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride in a liver cell line expressing CYP2E1 (HLE/2E1) are compared with those in the mother cell line (HLE). The effects of carbon tetrachloride on the gene expression of HSP70, a potential marker of oxidative stress, were also examined. The viability of HLE/2E1 cells after exposure to carbon tetrachloride was significantly decreased compared with that of HLE cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that the HSP70 mRNA level was significantly increased after carbon tetrachloride treatment in both cell lines, while the magnitude of its increase was much greater in HLE/2E1 cells than in HLE cells. These results suggest that the oxidative stress induced by CYP2E1 plays an important role in the increase in cytotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in CYP2E1-overexpressing cells.

Objective: To investigate whether tin chloride pretreatment ameliorates renal injury in rats with ischemic acute renal failure (IARF) by virtue of its kidney-specific heme oxygenase-1 induction. Design: Randomized, masked, controlled animal study. Setting: University-based animal research facility. Subjects: Sprague-Dawley male rats, weighing 200-230 g (n = 359). Interventions: Rats were injected with tin chloride subcutaneously, because subcutaneous administration of tin chloride is known to specifically and potently induce renal heme oxygenase activity in the rat. Anesthetized rats were subjected to bilateral flank incisions, and the right kidney was removed. Renal ischemia for 40 mins was performed by left renal microvascular clamping, followed by reflow of the blood. Measurements and Main Results: Tin chloride treatment specifically induced heme oxygenase-1 mRNA and protein in the proximal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney without apparent cell injury in the rat. Tin chloride treatment before renal ischemia augmented the induction of heme oxygenase-1 in IARF rats at both transcriptional and protein concentrations in the renal epithelial cells compared with IARF animals. Tin chloride pretreatment, which decreased microsomal heme concentration, ameliorated the ischemic renal injury as judged by the significant decrease in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations and the lesser tubular epithelial cell injuries. In contrast, inhibition of heme oxygenase activity by treatment with tin mesoporphyrin, which increased microsomal heme concentration, abolished the beneficial effect of tin chloride pretreatment. Conclusion: These findings indicate that tin chloride pretreatment significantly ameliorates renal injury in rats with IARF by virtue of its specific heme oxygenase-1 induction in renal epithelial cells. These findings also suggest that heme oxygenase-1 induction plays an important role in protecting renal cells from oxidative damage caused by heme.

Surgical bleeding associated with splanchnic hyperaemia due to portal hypertension complicates the anaesthetic management of hepatic transplantation. Although the mechanism(s) of portal hypertension are not fully understood, carbon monoxide, a product of the heme oxygenase (HO) reaction, is thought to be one of the endogenous vasodilators in the liver. In this study, the expression of mRNA encoding inducible HO isozyme (HO-1) in the livers of patients with portal hypertension undergoing hepatic transplantation was determined in comparison with those without portal hypertension. HO-1 mRNA levels were significantly greater in the portal hypertension group than in the group without portal hypertension. In contrast with HO-1, the gene expression of non-specific δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS-N), which is down-regulated by heme in the liver, was the same in both groups. These results suggest that HO-1 is up-regulated through heme-independent stimuli according to the development of portal hypertension, and that induced HO-1 plays a pathophysiological role in portal hypertension through carbon monoxide production.

Oxidative stress conditions such as oxidant stimuli, inflammation, exposure to xenobiotics and ionizing irradiation provoke cellular responses, principally involving transcriptional activation of genes encoding proteins that participate in the defense against oxidative tissue injuries. Excess of free heme, which is released from hemeproteins under these conditions, may constitute a major threat because it catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. Exposure of mammalian cells to oxidative stimuli induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, as well as the 32-kDa heat shock protein. In various tissue injury systems, HO-1 induction has been shown to confer protection, while its abrogation has been shown to accelerate cellular injuries. In this review, recent findings concerning the role of HO-1 as a protective response against oxidative stress conditions are summarized, with a particular emphasis on its protective role in ischemic acute renal failure.

Isoflurane is considered to be a less hepatotoxic volatile anesthetic than halothane since it not only undergoes quantitatively much less metabolism to form toxic reactive intermediates, but also preserves better hepatic blood flow. However, the biochemical basis for the reduced hepatotoxicity has not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the induction of two heat shock proteins, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in the livers of rats pretreated with or without phenobarbital, followed by exposure to isoflurane or halothane under hypoxic conditions. In the phenobarbital-pretreated rats, the maximal induction of HSP70 was observed by halothane-hypoxia treatment, followed by a half-maximal induction by isoflurane-hypoxia treatment, and less than 30% induction by hypoxia treatment alone. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, an indicator of hepatic dysfunction, which correlated well with the extent of centrilobular necrosis, showed similar changes with increases in HSP70 mRNA. In contrast, HO-1 mRNA was induced only by treatment with halothane-hypoxia. In addition, changes in the expression of HSP70 and HO-1 mRNAs were correlated with their protein expression in the liver. In non-pretreated rats, neither isoflurane-hypoxia exposure nor halothane-hypoxia exposure caused apparent hepatic injury. There was also no induction of HSP70 or HO-1 mRNA by these treatments in non-pretreated animals. These findings demonstrate that there is a significant difference in hepatic injury, and in the induction of HO-1 and HSP70 between halothane-hypoxia and isoflurane-hypoxia treatments. Isoflurane is known to be safer than halothane, which may, in part, be accounted for by the generation of less oxidative stress in the presence of isoflurane, as assessed by reduced induction of heat shock proteins compared with halothane treatment.

The properties of 9 delta -aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD) mutants from patients with ALAD porphyria (ADP) were examined by bacterial expression of their complementary DNAs and by enzymologic and immunologic assays. ALADs were expressed as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and purified by glutathione-affinity column chromatography. The GST-ALAD fusion proteins were recognized by anti-ALAD antibodies and were enzymatically active as ALAD. The enzymatic activities of 3 ALAD mutants, K59N, A274T, and V153M, were 69.9%, 19.3%, and 41.0% of that of the wild-type ALAD, respectively, whereas 6 mutants, G133R, K59N/G133R, F12L, R240W, V275M, and deITC, showed little activity (< 8%). These variations generally reflect the phenotype of ALAD in vivo in patients with ADP and indicate that GST-ALAD fusion protein is indeed useful for predicting of the phenotype of ALAD mutants. The location of F12L mutation in the enzyme's molecular structure indicates that its disturbance of the quaternary contact of the ALAD dimer appears to have a significant influence on the enzymatic activity. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to human ALAD were developed that specifically recognized a carboxy terminal portion of ALAD, or other regions In the enzyme. This study represents the first complete analysis of 9 mutants of ALAD identified In ADP and indicates the highly heterogeneous nature of mutations in this disorder. (Blood. 2001;97:2972-2978) (C) 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.