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A 6-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of aphonia, vomiting, regurgitation, chronic purulent nasal discharge, and recurrent signs of respiratory infection. Radiographic examination revealed alveolar lung pattern and generalized megaesophagus at the thoracic and caudal cervical region. Additional examinations by computed tomography and virtual tracheoscopy revealed a large mass on the nasopharyngeal area that occupied about 90% of the tracheal lumen. With the aid of tracheostomy, the mass was removed with traction and sharp excision. According to histopathological findings the mass was diagnosed as nasopharyngeal polyp. A recheck examination performed a week later and the clinical manifestations of the megaesophagus were resolved and also three years later during a phone call, his owner reported he was doing well. To the best of the knowledge of the authors, megaesophagus following nasopharyngeal polyp is only reported in three other cats.

Understanding anatomical structures from the past to the present has been one of the guidelines for advancing medical and veterinary science worldwide. The lack of comprehensive information on the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the Shal sheep nasal cavity (Ovis aries) encouraged us to write this article. Computed tomography (CT) scan is a method that shows different parts of the body without superimposition of adjacent structures. Radiographic imaging also gives very high-resolution images of bones to examine bone structures. Paranasal sinuses of Shal sheep were composed of frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, and palatine sinuses, and the nasal sinuses were composed of dorsal, and middle nasal sinuses, which were identified and labeled in keeping with cheek teeth as landmarks. The width of the frontal bone and length of the nasal cavity at the level of the 6th cheek tooth were 7 ± 0.3 and 13 ± 0.8 cm, respectively. The volumes of both the right and left sinuses were measured automatically, and the accurate location of sinuses, canals, nasal folds, conchae, and meatuses, and connections between different parts of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were described. The volume of the frontal, maxillary, and palatine sinuses were 279.3 ± 16.4, 80.6 ± 2.6, and 13.5 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. Frontal, maxillary, and lacrimal sinuses were observed like other ruminants. But the palatine sinus in this breed was not present in the Egyptian sheep, Saanen, and Markhz goats. Also, unlike Sanan and Markhz goats and like Egyptian sheep, ventral nasal sinus was not observed in this breed.

Abstract Background Considering the relationship between human morphology and physiology with the Rhesus monkey, this animal is the most prominent species of laboratory primate for human and animal health research. Moreover, sending Macaca mulatta monkey into space and simulating a living environment for humans shows the similarity of this animal's physiology with humans. Objective So far, no comprehensive study has been done on computed tomography (CT) scan and radiography of skulls in Rhesus monkeys. Therefore, providing accurate documents from the CT anatomy of the skull in these animals can help us to better understand normal conditions and diseases, and we can use a functional atlas of diagnostic imaging from the skull of this animal. Methods Ten mature monkeys weighing 6.5 kg were used for this project (five males and five females). A radiographic examination with standard views was performed during general anaesthesia. Then the monkeys were placed in a spherical CT scan during general anaesthesia with standard sternal recumbency. Results The frontal bone was seen as two parallel radiopaque lines coming forward and downward. The frontal sinus in the Rhesus monkey was not visible in both lateral and dorsoventral radiographs, which could indicate the degeneration of this sinus in this species. The number of teeth in an adult monkey was 32. Molar teeth had a bilophodont arrangement. Conclusions The comparison between the size of the eye ball in human and Rhesus monkey, unlike other measured parameters, did not differ much, and this indicates that the volume ratio of the eye ball to the whole skull in Rhesus monkey is higher than that of humans.

Abstract Background In mynahs with foreign body ingestion, delayed diagnosis increases the risk of poor outcomes. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate various radiologic features on plain and contrast radiographs in mynahs for assessing the presence of ingested foreign bodies. Methods In our cross‐sectional study, a total of 41 mynahs were included. The diagnosis was made by history, surgery, excision by forceps or excretion in the faeces. Overall, 21 mynahs were considered not to have a foreign body in their gastrointestinal tract. Plain and post‐contrast [oral administration of barium sulphate colloidal suspension of 25% weight/volume (20 mg/kg)] lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs from the cervical and coelomic cavity were taken. Different parameters including oesophageal, proventricular, and small intestinal diameters and opacities were assessed. Image evaluation was performed by two national board‐certified radiologists blinded to the final diagnoses. Results The inter‐ and intra‐observer reliabilities of the diagnostic features were significant (p < 0.001). The diagnosis of the foreign body was highly accurate [90.2% (95% CI: 76.9%, 92.3%)] with the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the representative characteristic curve of 90.0%, 90.5%, and 0.93%, respectively for plain radiographs. The size and opacity of the oesophagus, proventriculus, and intestinal loops as well as serosal details were significantly different between mynahs with and without foreign body intake (p < 0.05). Conclusions Lateral and ventrodorsal plain radiographs are highly reliable for diagnosing the presence of non‐opaque obstructing objects in the gastrointestinal tract of mynahs. Attention should be paid to the size and opacity of the oesophagus, extension, and opacity of the proventriculus, segmental opacity of intestinal loops, and decrease in serosal details.

Abstract Background Elephants are currently the largest mammals on earth. A comprehensive examination of the anatomy of this animal to diagnose various disorders is required. In addition, due to the heavy head of these animals, adaptations have been made in the anatomical structure of the neck that is worth studying. Objective This study aimed to investigate a standard morphologic and morphometric description of the elephant cervical spine. Another aim of this study was to compare the changes in the cervical skeleton of elephants with horses and cattle. Methods For this study, the cervical vertebrae of the Asian elephant, cattle and horse were examined. CT Images were obtained using Somatom Spirit II CT Machine. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 24 software. Results Two dorsal tubercles and a groove between them were observed on the dorsal arch of the atlas vertebra of the Asian elephant. In elephant samples, the variation of vertebral body height, spinous process height, transverse process width, vertebral body length and vertebral foramen volume indices were statistically significant. The volume of the vertebral foramen in the elephant decreases in the second vertebra compared to the first vertebra, decreases in the third vertebra, decreases in the fourth, increases in the fifth, decreases in the sixth and increases in the seventh. Conclusions In this study, the structure of the cervical vertebrae of the Asian elephant was examined, and certain features were observed. One of the main features was the reduction of the length of the vertebrae, which leads to the decrease of the ratio of neck length to the size of the body. This condition can be due to the high weight of the head in the elephant. To maintain this weight, it is necessary to reduce the length of the neck and confer less mobility.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, use of rabbits in research as laboratory animals is quite prevalent, however imaging modal-ities for producing anatomical illustrations are rare. Computed tomography (CT) is a nonaggressive modality which provides more anatomical detailed data. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to create a plenary and exact deliniation and morphometric evaluation of cervical ver-tebrae in rabbits. METHODS: A CT scanner with two detectors was used in this study. Several parameters were measured in 10 healthy, adult female white New Zealand rabbits and the results were evaluated. RESULTS: Some parameters including VBH, SCH, PDL, PDW, VBL, EPH, and EPW had no significant difference through cervical vertebrae but other parameters such as SPH, TPL, TPW, SPA, and TPA were significantly different. In the fifth cervical vertebrae, transverse process had three parts, as well as having a big transverse foramen while in the sixth vertebra, transverse process resembled a wide plate CONCLUSIONS: VBH had an invariable measure from the second to seventh cervical vertebrae. SPH had an invariable measure from the second cervical vertebra to the sixth one, then once more it increased at the location of the seventh cervical vertebra and was invariable up to the first thoracic vertebra. This study presents a complete and precise description and morphometric evaluation of cervical vertebrae in rabbits using CT scan. As an important feature of this study, no specimen was killed and anatomical studies were performed using the CT scan technique .