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With a lot of uncertainty, unclear, and frequently changing management protocols, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the orthopaedic surgical practice during this pandemic crisis. Surgeons around the world needed closed introspection, contemplation, and prospective consensual recommendations for safe surgical practice and prevention of viral contamination. One hundred orthopaedic surgeons from 50 countries were sent a Google online form with a questionnaire explicating protocols for admission, surgeries, discharge, follow-up, relevant information affecting their surgical practices, difficulties faced, and many more important issues that happened during and after the lockdown. Ten surgeons critically construed and interpreted the data to form rationale guidelines and recommendations. Of the total, hand and microsurgery surgeons (52%), trauma surgeons (32%), joint replacement surgeons (20%), and arthroscopy surgeons (14%) actively participated in the survey. Surgeons from national public health care/government college hospitals (44%) and private/semiprivate practitioners (54%) were involved in the study. Countries had lockdown started as early as January 3, 2020 with the implementation of partial or complete lifting of lockdown in few countries while writing this article. Surgeons (58%) did not stop their surgical practice or clinics but preferred only emergency cases during the lockdown. Most of the surgeons (49%) had three-fourths reduction in their total patients turn-up and the remaining cases were managed by conservative (54%) methods. There was a 50 to 75% reduction in the number of surgeries. Surgeons did perform emergency procedures without COVID-19 tests but preferred reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; 77%) and computed tomography (CT) scan chest (12%) tests for all elective surgical cases. Open fracture and emergency procedures (60%) and distal radius (55%) fractures were the most commonly performed surgeries. Surgeons preferred full personal protection equipment kits (69%) with a respirator (N95/FFP3), but in the case of unavailability, they used surgical masks and normal gowns. Regional/local anesthesia (70%) remained their choice for surgery to prevent the aerosolized risk of contaminations. Essential surgical follow-up with limited persons and visits was encouraged by 70% of the surgeons, whereas teleconsultation and telerehabilitation by 30% of the surgeons. Despite the protective equipment, one-third of the surgeons were afraid of getting infected and 56% feared of infecting their near and dear ones. Orthopaedic surgeons in private practice did face 50 to 75% financial loss and have to furlough 25% staff and 50% paramedical persons. Orthopaedics meetings were cancelled, and virtual meetings have become the preferred mode of sharing the knowledge and experiences avoiding human contacts. Staying at home, reading, and writing manuscripts became more interesting and an interesting lifestyle change is seen among the surgeons. Unanimously and without any doubt all accepted the fact that COVID-19 pandemic has reached an unprecedented level where personal hygiene, hand washing, social distancing, and safe surgical practices are the viable antidotes, and they have all slowly integrated these practices into their lives. Strict adherence to local authority recommendations and guidelines, uniform and standardized norms for admission, inpatient, and discharge, mandatory RT-PCR tests before surgery and in selective cases with CT scan chest, optimizing and regularizing the surgeries, avoiding and delaying nonemergency surgeries and follow-up protocols, use of teleconsultations cautiously, and working in close association with the World Health Organization and national health care systems will provide a conducive and safe working environment for orthopaedic surgeons and their fraternity and also will prevent the resurgence of COVID-19.

Denne avhandlingen svarer på følgende forskningsspørsmål: «Hvordan er det å bli adoptert til Guds barn en kontrast til å være under loven, ifølge Galaterne 4,1-7?» Dette blir gjort gjennom historisk eksegetiske metoder. Først blir den jødiske bakgrunnen for Paulus’ bruk av adopsjonsbegrepet υἱοθεσία undersøkt. Deretter blir den romerske rettspraksisen for adopsjon undersøkt, før bakgrunnen for uttrykket αββα i Gal 4,6 blir undersøkt. Eksegesen av Gal 4,1-7 viser at Paulus sammenligner det å være under loven med å være en umyndig arving som ikke på noen måte er forskjellig fra en slave (vers 1-2). Det å være under loven innebærer at en er slave under verdens grunnelementer (vers 3). Disse grunnelementene kan forstås som verdens elementære og styrende prinsipper. Vi var slaver under verdens styrende prinsipper inntil Gud sendte sin Sønn for å frigjøre oss fra loven og adoptere oss til sine sønner. Det å bli adoptert til sønner er slik en motsetning til slavekåret under loven og verdens grunnelementer. Undersøkelsen av den romerske rettspraksisen viser at den adopterte får alle rettigheter som hører med å tilhøre den nye familien. Gal 4,1-7 uttrykker følgelig en statusendring fra slave til sønn med alle tilhørende rettigheter. Paulus’ argument om adopsjon kulminerer i påstanden om at den troende er blitt arving (vers 7). Denne arveretten får en ikke gjennom den mosaiske loven (Gal 3,18), men kun gjennom guddommelig adopsjon. Den troende er ikke lenger under den mosaiske lovens autoritet men under Faderens autoritet. Forestillingen om gudommelig adopsjon alluderer til adopsjonsløftet i 2 Sam 7,14 og tradisjonen etter dette løftet. Den tidligjødiske tradisjonen anvendte løftet om guddommelig adopsjon anvendt både på Messias og på Israel, og den knytter adopsjonsløftet til den nye pakt. I lys av tradisjonen etter 2 Sam 7,14, sammen med Gal 3,26-27, kan en tolke adopsjonen i Gal 4,5 til å innebære at den troende deltar i løftet om guddommelig adopsjon og får del i Jesu sønnekår. Videre roper Den Hellige Ånd «αββα» fra den troendes hjerte (Gal 4,6). Dette er det samme begrepet Jesus brukte for å tiltale sin far (Mark 14,36). Sett i forhold til å være under loven, innebærer det å bli adoptert til Guds sønner følgelig en statusendring, et skifte i autoritet og et nytt paktforhold til Gud.

Mastergradsoppgave i lektorutdanning, Høgskolen i Innlandet, 2021. English: With the rise of English as a global language and its importance for international communication, Norwegians are exposed to and interact with it on a daily basis. As a result of the high socio-economic level, many Norwegians travel frequently and use English as a lingua franca. As more people around the world learn English, questions about ‘correct’ standards of English pronunciation have been raised: Should native accents of English be the standard for L2 speakers, or is pronunciation influenced by their L1 sufficient for communication? This thesis investigates upper secondary vocational pupils in Norway: What English accent do they aim for and what are their attitudes to English accents? The main aim of the study is to extend our knowledge of pupils’ views regarding English pronunciation and the implications this has for ELT in Norway. Using semi-structured interviews in focus groups, 12 pupils were interviewed. The study found that the pupils had the most favourable attitudes to American English pronunciation. Moreover, most pupils preferred American English in their own Englishproduction, though many noted that their actual pronunciation was closer to a Norwegianaccented English variety. The pupils did not say that they aim for a different accent outside the classroom, but some noted that they do speak differently in certain situations. The pupils did not seem to have unfavourable attitudes towards British English accents in general, but some thought they were not appropriate for non-native speakers. Attitudes towards Norwegian-accented English were also mixed. Nearly all the pupils thought American English accents were the most appropriate for Norwegian speakers, while three pupils thought Norwegian-accented English was as appropriate as American English accents. Based on the findings of the present study, along with previous research, it is argued that they have implications for ELT in Norway and especially for the English subject curriculum: Due to the English subject curriculum’s openness to interpretation, it is not clear to pupils and teachers what the standards are for English pronunciation. More explicit competence aims regarding pronunciation could help remedy this issue. Norsk: Ettersom engelsk har blitt et globalt språk og er viktig for internasjonal kommunikasjon, blir nordmenn eksponert for og bruker språket på en daglig basis. Som resultat av det generelt høye sosioøkonomiske nivået reiser mange nordmenn ofte og bruker engelsk som et fellesspråk med andre som ikke har engelsk som morsmål. Etter hvert som flere lærer engelsk rundt om i verden har det blitt stilt spørsmål angående ‘korrekt’ standard for engelsk uttale: Burde innfødte engelske aksenter være standarden for de som lærer engelsk som andrespråk, eller er uttale som er påvirket av deres morsmål godt nok? Denne avhandlingen undersøker elever ved yrkesfaglige linjer på videregående skole i Norge: Hvilken engelsk aksent sikter de seg inn på og hva er deres holdninger til engelske aksenter? Hovedmålet med studiet er å utvide vår forståelse av elevers syn på engelsk uttale og hvilke implikasjoner dette har for læring av engelsk i Norge. Ved bruk av semistrukturerte intervjuer i fokusgrupper ble 12 elever intervjuet. Studien fant at elevene hadde mest positive holdninger til amerikansk engelsk uttale. Dessuten foretrakk flest elever amerikansk engelsk for deres egen uttale, selv om mange sa at deres faktiske uttale var nærmere en ‘norskifisert’ variant. Elevene sa at de ikke sikter seg inn på en annen aksent utenfor klasserommet, men noen sa at de snakker annerledes i noen situasjoner. Det virket ikke som elevene hadde negative holdninger til britisk-engelsk aksenter generelt sett, men noen syntes at de ikke er passende hvis man ikke har de som morsmål. Holdninger til ‘norskifisert’ engelsk uttale var også blandet. Nesten alle elevene mente at amerikansk-engelsk aksenter var mest passende for nordmenn; tre elever mente at ‘norskifisert’ engelsk uttale var like passende som amerikansk-engelsk aksenter. Denne avhandlingen argumenterer for at funnene i studien, sammensett med tidligere forskning, har implikasjoner for læring av engelsk i Norge og spesielt for læreplanen i engelsk: Som følge av at læreplanen i engelsk er så åpen for tolkning er det ikke tydelig for elever og lærere hva standarden for engelsk uttale er. Mer eksplisitte kompetansemål angående uttale kan bidra til å rette opp dette problemet.

Objectives/Interrogation: Wrist arthroplasty surgery is increasingly performed e as an alternative to wrist arthrodesis. In our institution all patients with destroyed radiocarpal joints are offered wrist arthroplasty. The patients are included in a prospective follow-up study. The results in non-inflammatory[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 14th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT)

Objectives/Interrogation: We present 3 complications attributed to wear in a ball-and-socket metal-on-metal (MOM) or metal-on-polyetheretherketone (MOPEEK) wrist arthroplasty (Motec). Methods: 3 patients/2 men age 51, 52 and 74 years had a Motec wrist implanted for radiocarpal degeneration[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 14th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (IFSSH), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT), 11th Triennial Congress of the International Federation of Societies for Hand Therapy (IFSHT)