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Permission must be received for any subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Please contact info@hebook.org for more information., Cover title; description based on screen of 2003-08-20., Electronic access restricted; authentication may be required., (Heb) heb90010.0001.001., Http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb. 90010., Archaeology -- Egypt -- History., Archaeological museums and collections -- Egypt -- History., Egyptology -- History., Egypt -- Antiquities., Nationalism -- Egypt -- History.

onindigenous species (NIS) cause global biotic homogenization and extinctions, with commercial shipping being a leading vector for spread of aquatic NIS. To reduce transport of NIS by ships, regulations requiring ballast water exchange (BWE) have been implemented by numerous countries. BWE appears to effectively reduce risk for freshwater ports, but provides only moderate protection of marine ports. In the near future, ships may be required to undertake ballast water treatment (BWT) to meet numeric performance standards, and BWE may be phased out of use. However, there are concerns that BWT systems may not operate reliably in fresh or turbid water, or both. Consequently, it has been proposed that BWE could be used in combination with BWT to maximize the positive benefits of both management strategies for protection of freshwater ports. We compared the biological efficacy of "BWE plus BWT" against "BWT alone" at a ballast water treatment experimental test facility. Our comparative evaluation showed that even though BWT alone significantly reduced abundances of all tested organism groups except total heterotrophic bacteria, the BWE plus BWT strategy significantly reduced abundances for all groups and furthermore resulted in significantly lower abundances of most groups when compared to BWT alone. Our study clearly demonstrates potential benefits of combining BWE with BWT to reduce invasion risk of freshwater organisms transported in ships' ballast water, and it should be of interest to policy makers and environmental managers.

This study investigated the extent to which shipping contributes to the introduction of nonindigenous species into the Great Lakes and adjacent Canadian ports, potential options for controlling such introductions, and the issue of whether this problem is of regional or national concern. It complements 'The Shipping Study - The Role of Shipping in the Introduction of Nonindigenous Aquatic Organisms to the Coastal Waters of the United States. Data on shipping traffic patterns and ballast water management practices were collected, and estimates were made of the amount and sources of ballast water released in the Great Lakes and adjacent Canadian ports.

This study examines the roles of ballast water and ballast sediments from foreign ports as methods for the transport and release of nonindigenous species in the United States coastal and aquatic ecosystems. It specifically assesses the types of vessels arriving to ports in Chesapeake Bay and the amount of ballast water discharged. It compares the physical and chemical characterization of arriving ballast water and site discharge, as well as the biodiversity of the ballast water and sediments arriving in Chesapeake Bay aboard vessels from world ports. The Chesapeake Bay was chosen as the site to be investigated since prior studies indicated that it was receiving more ballast waters from foreign ports than any other harbor region on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

This study investigated the extent to which shipping contributes to the introduction of nonindigenous species into U.S. waters; potential options for controlling such introductions; and the issue of whether this problem is of regional or national concern. Data on shipping traffic patterns and ballast water management practices were collected, and estimates were made of the amount and sources of ballast water released in or near U.S. waters. The feasibilities of various options for controlling ballast water-mediated invasions were examined via consultations with experts in various fields and investigation into capabilities of products on the market. Recommendations include potential strategies for managing/reducing the risk of nonindigenous species invasions.