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This contribution aims to define an analysis procedure for abnormal deposits in human tissues starting from in vivo characterization, down to the nanoscale using major instrumentation. Such an integrated approach is based on recent literature, but particularly on our research over the last twenty years on pathological calcifications. To this end, we begin by describing four successive analytical steps, on the injury site or physician’s surgery, at the hospital, at a typical physicochemical laboratory, and finally at a large scale (possibly multinational) facility. For the first step, we present various techniques which can be implemented on portable instruments. For the second step, commercial analytical setups are used. In a physicochemical laboratory, prototype or commercial setups are used and finally on large scale instruments, characterization techniques with better spatial resolution and/or higher sensitivity or techniques specific to synchrotron radiation are employed.

We reflect on the innovation process that led to the development of the pulse trawl that was successfully trialed at a commercial scale, but eventually ended with the European Parliament passing legislation to ban its use. The ban was imposed despite published and emerging evidence that suggested that the environmental performance and catch efficiency of the pulse trawl was superior to the conventional beam trawl design. We used a stakeholder questionnaire to understand which factors undermined wider acceptance of the pulse trawl. The main factors where a lack of involvement of certain key stakeholders earlier in the process that would have ensured better co-development of innovation and a shared vision of the environmental or governance questions that needed to be addressed. Although the stakeholder process itself was seen to be positive, it was implemented too late in the innovation process, as was the implementation of an independent peer review process. We conclude by identifying a pathway for future fishing gear innovation processes that integrate the lessons learnt from the pulse trawl innovation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoiding unwanted catches and reducing discards is an important objective of fisheries management. Fishers can avoid unwanted catches to some extent by improving selectivity of their fishing operations. This can be achieved through technical measures and gear modifications but also by adjusting when and where fishing takes place. Having access to real-time information, as provided through information sharing within a fleet, can help fishers avoid unwanted catches. Yet, there often remains a reluctance to share catch information with others. This paper compiles information from 15 case study examples of existing information sharing schemes in fisheries throughout the world. We compare the structure and operation of each of these schemes and determine what motivated participants to join and share potentially sensitive catch information. While there is no one-size-fits-all approach to designing and implementing information sharing schemes in fisheries, this paper highlights how industry and stakeholder support is often important, and understanding the needs, concerns, and motivations of any group of fishers is fundamental in developing and expanding such approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing is well known to curtail the size distribution of fish populations. This paper reports the discovery of small-scale spatial patterns in length appearing in several exploited species of Celtic Sea demersal 'groundfish'. These patterns match well with spatial distributions of fishing activity, estimated from vessel monitoring records taken over a period of 6 years, suggesting that this 'mobile' fish community retains a persistent impression of local-scale fishing pressure. An individual random-walk model of fish movement best matched these exploitation 'footprints' with individual movement rates set to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00227-015-2665-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users., Author(s): Francisco de Castro[sup.1] , Samuel Shephard[sup.1] , Sarah B. M. Kraak[sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3 ] [sup.4] , David G. Reid[sup.3] , Keith D. Farnsworth[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) School of Biological [...]