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Nanoparticles of tin oxide (SnO2) doped with iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) and Europium oxide (Eu2O3) were synthesized through the solid-state synthesis method. The phase analysis confirms the tetragonal rutile phase for all samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The luminescence intensity and expansion of lattice depend on doping percentage, which validates the successful blending of Fe and Eu in SnO2 lattice. The lattice dislocation and strain are calculated using the Williamson–Hall (WH) parcel, which also supports the development of the grain boundary in the doped samples. An increase in a large number of recombination centers leads to quenching in optical spectra by using the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, and the shift in the band gap estimated from UV–visible absorption spectra confirms the impact of the grain boundary. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) under the physical properties measurement system (PPMS) confirms room temperature ferromagnetism RTFM, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed clear images of grain boundaries. Conductivity studies show an increase in resistance to Fe/Eu doping. Among all the tailored samples, Sn(1−x)Fex/EuO2, for x = 0.04 wt. % and 0.02 wt. % proved as a potential candidate for magneto-opto-electronic, i.e., spintronics device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for low operating voltage, fast resistive switching, cost-effective material materials, and devices leads to wearable technology. Nanoparticles of titanium dioxide TiO2 and iron (Fe3+) and europium (Eu3+) as Fe: Eu (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) TiO2 samples were prepared using solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed an increase in particle size with Eu doping due to larger ionic size, whereas, for Fe, it is substituted as ionic radii are almost similar to that with Ti. The average crystallite size calculated by the W–H plot was found to be 44.75 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence showed analogous atomic weight percent of all the elements present supporting energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) results. Magnetic results showed maximum room temperature magnetization with 2:1FeEuTiO2. UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis) showed a decrease in the band gap from 3.46 to 2.42 eV. In photoluminescence (PL), wide spectra are observed, which shift to the visible range with the sharpest peak of 2% Eu: 1% Fe: TiO2. Morphology appeared as cluster nanoparticles ~ 42.94 nm for 2% Fe: 1% Eu: TiO2 at 10kx magnification. TEM analysis is well supported with XRD lattice planes that are well matched with the d spacing calculations. Electrically, pure TiO2 is more conductive than the doped Fe: Eu (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2) TiO2 powder samples because of oxygen valences and more defects. Extensive study of the materials which can be deployed in fabricating memory devices on the basis of all the optical, magnetic, and electrical properties onto the optimum level makes a stable bipolar resistive fast time switching memory device. The study concluded that 2% Fe: 1% Eu-doped titania can be employed for magneto-opto-electronic, i.e., switching memory device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, nanoparticles of tin oxide (SnO2) annealed at temperatures of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C were prepared via solid-state reaction method. Structural and optical properties of prepared SnO2 nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental study was performed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption characterizing techniques. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the pure tetragonal rutile structure of tin oxide nanoparticles without any impurity phase. SEM images depict the formation of nanorods at all annealing temperatures of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C while EDAX analysis confirms the presence of Sn and O without any impurities. UV-Vis absorption spectra show that the band gap of prepared tin oxide nanoparticles decreases initially from 3.44 eV at 400 °C to 3.03 eV at 500 °C and further increases to 3.39 eV at 600 °C. FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of O-Sn-O bond along with one unwanted absorption peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]